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e45a01c09e4f04f47dcbcd25104c57f7

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bb0089786
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VISHWANATH ACADEMY

BIOLOGY PROJECT
SESSION: - 2024-25

SUBMITTED SUBMITTED TO

BARKAT MR. AMIT SRIVASTAVA


ALI
PGT - BIOLOGY
ROLL NO. -
CERTIFICATE

This is certifying that BARKAT ALI of class XII (Sci.) of Vishwanath


Academy has completed this project titled ‘INFERTILITY’ during the
academic session 2024-25 under my supervision. He/She has taken
proper care and shown the utmost sincerity on completion of this
project. I/We certify that this project is up to my expectations and asper
the latest guidelines issued by CBSE (New Delhi).

EXT. EXAMINER INT. SUBJECT TEACHER PRINCIPAL

AMIT SRIVASTAVA DR. CHARU KHARE


….…………………… (PGT-Physics) (Principal)

STUDENT

BARKAT ALI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to


my subject teacherAmit srivastava as well as our principal ma’am Dr.
Charu Khare, who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
project titled ‘INFERTILITY ’. They helped me in doing a lot of
literature search regarding the project topic due to that I came to know
about so many new things (literature searching, syntaxing &
drafting of a document, plagiarism concerns, abstract writing skills
etc.).
Lastly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me
in finalizing this project report within a specific timeframe.

STUDENT

BARKAT ALI
INDEX

S Content Page
r No.
N Introduction 1
o.
1. Theory 2
Infertility in males 3
2.
Infertility in females 4
3.
Treatment 5
4.
Surgical method 6
5.
Assisted contraception 7
6.
Contraception 8

9 Bibliography 9
I

INTRODUCTION

Infertility is the inability of an individual, plant or animal to reproduce


by natural means. It has been around for ages among both men and
women
and affects social life and mental stability in the society for individuals
affected. Infertility rates have increased by 4% since the 1980s.About 40%
of the issues involved with infertility are due to the man, another 40% due
to the woman, and 2 0 % result from complications with both partners.

Infertility affects millions of people and has an impact on their families


and communities. Estimates suggest that approximately one in every
six people of reproductive age worldwide experience infertility in their
lifetime.
Page 5 of 12
I

THEORY
WHAT IS INFERTILITY?
Infertility is a disease of the male or female reproductive system
defined by the failure to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more of
regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Infertility can be primary or
secondary. Primary infertility is when a pregnancy has never been
achieved by a
person, and secondary infertility is when at least one prior pregnancy
has been achieved.

SOCIAL EFFECTS ON INFERTILITY


Although both women and men can experience infertility, women in a
relationship with a man are often perceived to suffer from infertility,
regardless of whether they are infertile or not. Infertility has
significant negative social impacts on the lives of infertile couples and
particularly women, who frequently experience violence, divorce,
social stigma,
emotional stress, depression, anxiety and low self-esteem.
Page 6 of 12
I

INFERTILITY IN MALES
Male infertility is defined as the inability of a male to make a fertile female
pregnant, also for a minimum of at least one year of
unprotected intercourse. This is mainly caused by three
syndromes.
HYPOGONADISM
Hypogonadismis an abnormally low level of testosterone, the male sex
hormone involved in making sperm. It could be by a tumour, taking illegal
drugs or Klinefelter syndrome.
DAMAGED TESTICLES
The testicles store and produce sperms. If they're damaged it can severely
affect the quality of the semen. The testicles can be damaged by
infection, testicular cancer, surgery, injury or undescended testis.

ABNORMAL SPERM AND AZOOSPERMIΑ:


A common cause of infertility in men is poor quality semen, the
fluid containing sperm that's ejaculated during sex. Possible reasons
for
abnormal semen include low sperm count, non-motile sperm and
abnormal sperm (abnormal shape).
Page 7 of 12
I

INFERTILITY IN FEMALES
Infertility is commonly caused by problems with ovulation. Some
problems stop an egg being released at all, while others prevent an egg
being released during some cycles but not others. FIBROIDS: Non-
cancerous growths called fibroids in or around the womb can affect
fertility. In some cases, they may prevent a fertilized egg attaching itself
in the womb, or they may block a fallopian tube.

ENDOMETRIOSIS: It is a condition where small pieces of the womb


lining start growing in other places, such as the ovaries. This can damage
the ovaries or fallopian tube and cause fertility problems. DRUGS:
Illegal drugs such as Marijuana, cocaine can seriously affect fertility and
make ovulation more difficult.

Page 8 of 12
I

TREATMENT
MEDICINES:
Common fertility medicines include:
Clomiphene -Encourages the monthly release of an egg in women who
do not ovulate regularly or cannot ovulate at all.
Gonadotrophins : Can help stimulate ovulation in women and
may improve fertility in men.
Metformin : It is particularly beneficial for women with polycystic Ovary
syndrome (PCOS).
Clomiphene citrate : Stimulates pituitary gland which generates
follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone which increases
sperm production.

Page 9 of 12
I

SURGICAL METHODS
• Fallopian tube surgery
If the oviduct is scarred or blocked it Can be removed so that the egg
can Pass through it. Most common in Ectopic pregnancy.
• Endometriosis, fibroids and PCOS
Laparoscopic surgery is used destroy fluid filled sacs called cysts in case
of endometriosis and used to remove submucosal layer in the womb in case
of fibroids. Laparoscopic ovarian drilling can be done in case of PCOS.
• Surgical extraction of sperm
If an individual has an obstruction in the release of sperm or born
without vas deferens that drains the sperm from the testicle.

Page 10 of 12
I

ASSISTED CONTRACEPTION
Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)
Intrauterine insemination (IUI), also known as artificial insemination
involves inserting sperm into the womb via a thin plastic tube passed
through the cervix. Sperm is first collected and washed in a fluid the best
quality
specimen are collected.
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
IVF is when an egg is fertilized outside the body. Fertility medicines
is taken to encourage the ovaries to produce more eggs than usual.
Egg and sperm donation
You may be able to receive eggs or sperm from a donor to help
infertile conceive.
Page 11 of 12
I

CONCLUSION

Reproduction is a large aspect of life for many cultures within developing


nations, and infertility can lead to social and familial problems such as
rejection or abandonment as well as personal psychological issues. Currently,
fertility treatment options and programs are only available through private
health sectors in developing nations and little-to-no treatment is
available through public health sectors. The fertility treatment options
offered through the private sectors are often costlier not easily
accessible. Additionally, counselling is considered an essential aspect of
fertility treatment, and due to lack of education and resources such forms of
therapy remain scarce as well. The lack of fertility treatment is problematic,
and high birth and population rates are every reason to implement treatment
options rather than reject them.
Page 12 of 12
I

BIBLIOGRAPY

=>Ncert textbook
=> www. scribd. com
= > Biology reference book

Page 13 of 12

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