CS-MJ-T-3- Theory: Computer Organization & Architecture

Major Course, Theory, Semester – III, Credits - 06, Contact hours - 60

Course description:
This course provides a foundational understanding of digital logic, data
representation, computer organization, and the architecture of modern computer systems. It
begins with basic concepts like logic gates, Boolean algebra, and sequential circuits.
Students will then explore number systems, computer arithmetic, and essential components
of computer organization, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory. The
course also covers input/output organization, memory hierarchy, and key architectural
principles like RISC, CISC, and pipelining. By the end of the course, students will gain
practical insights into how computers process, store, and retrieve data, enabling them to
understand the inner workings of modern computer systems.

Course Outcomes (COs):

1. After completing this course satisfactorily, a student will be able to:
Demonstrate proficiency in number systems, fixed and floating-point representation, and ALU
operations.
2. Understand the structure and operation of essential computer components.
3. Understand CPU design and operation
4. Understand memory hierarchy and organization
5. Describe input-output organization

1. Introduction 9L
Logic gates, Boolean algebra, combinational circuits, circuit simplification, flip-flops and sequential
circuits, decoders, multiplexers, registers, counters and memory units.

2. Data Representation and Basic Computer Arithmetic 12L

Number systems, complements, fixed and floating point representation, character representation,
addition, subtraction, magnitude comparison, multiplication and division algorithms for integers.

3. Basic Computer Organization and Design 10L

Computer registers, bus system, instruction set, timing and control, instruction cycle, memory
reference, input-output and interrupt, Interconnection Structures, Bus Interconnection design
of basic computer.

4. Central Processing Unit 9L

Register organization, arithmetic and logical micro-operations, stack organization, micro
programmed control. Instruction formats, addressing modes, instruction codes, machine
language, assembly language, input output programming, RISC, CISC architectures, pipelining
and parallel architecture.

5. Memory Organization 10L

Cache memory, Associative memory, mapping.

6. Input-Output Organization 10L

Input / Output: External Devices, I/O Modules, Programmed I/O, Interrupt-Driven I/O, Direct
Memory Access, I/O Channels.
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emerging trends and future directions in AI; AI and creativity (generative models, artistic applications).

Books:
1. S. Goswami, A. K. Das, A. Chakrabarti, “AI for Everyone: A Beginner's Handbook for
Artificial Intelligence (AI)”, Pearson, 2024.
2. P. Verdegem, “AI for Everyone?: Critical Perspectives”, University of Westminster Press,
2021.
3. Shawn Schuster, “AI For All: How Everyday People Can Benefit from Artificial Intelligence”,
UMLAUT Publishing, 2021.

CS-SEC-P-3- Practical: Data Analysis through Python/R(Lab)

Skill Enhancement Course, Practical, Semester – III, Credits - 03, Contact hours - 40.

Objective:
The objective of the "Data Analysis through Python/R (Lab)" course is to equip students
with the skills and knowledge required to analyze, manipulate, and visualize data using
Python or R programming. The course focuses on fundamental data analysis techniques,
data preprocessing, exploratory data analysis (EDA), statistical modeling, and machine
learning. Students will learn how to work with real-world datasets, develop data-driven
insights, and apply various algorithms and models to extract meaningful information.
The course also emphasizes effective communication of findings through visualizations
and reports.

Course Outcomes:
Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to:

1. Understand and apply fundamental data structures in Python/R for data manipulation.
2. Import, clean, and preprocess datasets from various sources such as CSV, Excel, and
databases.
3. Perform exploratory data analysis (EDA) using statistical measures and visualizations to
identify patterns and trends.
4. Implement and apply various data transformation techniques such as normalization,
standardization, and feature engineering.
5. Conduct statistical tests and understand concepts like correlation and hypothesis testing.
6. Build and evaluate regression and classification models using Python/R for predictive
analytics.
7. Apply clustering techniques for unsupervised learning and pattern discovery.
8. Analyze and forecast time series data using appropriate methods such as ARIMA or
exponential smoothing.
9. Perform dimensionality reduction using techniques like Principal Component Analysis
(PCA).
10. Communicate findings and insights effectively through visualizations and comprehensive
reports. Develop and evaluate end-to-end data analysis projects, including data acquisition,
analysis, model building, and result presentation.
Sample Programs:

1. Write a Python/R script to create, manipulate, and perform basic operations on lists (Python) or
vectors (R). Perform operations such as slicing, indexing, and appending elements.
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2. Write a Python/R program to load and manipulate data using dictionaries (Python) or data frames
(R).
3. Write a Python/R script to load a CSV file into a Pandas DataFrame (Python) or a data frame (R).
Perform basic operations like viewing the first few rows, summary statistics, and exporting the
modified dataset to a new CSV file. Import data from an Excel file and perform similar operations.

4. Write a Python/R script to identify and handle missing data (drop or impute missing values) in a
dataset. Detect and treat outliers using statistical techniques. Perform data normalization or
standardization on numerical columns.
5. Perform univariate and multivariate analysis using Python (Pandas, Matplotlib, Seaborn) or R
(ggplot2, dplyr).
Generate summary statistics (mean, median, mode, standard deviation, etc.) for numerical columns.
Create visualizations such as histograms, boxplots, scatter plots, and pair plots to explore
relationships between variables.
6. (a) Write a Python/R script to apply log transformations, binning, or scaling to numerical data.
(b) Create new features using existing ones (e.g., adding a column for a calculated field).
(c) Perform one-hot encoding for categorical variables and label encoding for target variables.
7. Write a Python/R script to compute and visualize the correlation matrix for a dataset. Perform
hypothesis testing using t-tests or ANOVA to compare means between groups. Apply chi-square
tests for independence on categorical data.
8. Create line plots, bar plots, pie charts, and heatmaps using Python (Matplotlib/Seaborn) or R
(ggplot2).
Create advanced visualizations like violin plots, KDE plots, and facet grids to represent multi-
dimensional data.
Customize plots by adding titles, labels, legends, and changing color schemes.

9. Implement a simple linear regression model in Python (Scikit-learn) or R to predict a target

variable. Evaluate the model using metrics like R-squared, mean squared error, and visualize the
regression line. Extend to multiple linear regression and evaluate its performance.

10. Implement a logistic regression model in Python/R to classify binary data. Evaluate model
performance using confusion matrix, accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Explore other
classification algorithms like Decision Trees and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) for comparison.
11. Implement the K-means clustering algorithm in Python/R to group data based on similarity.
Visualize clusters and calculate the silhouette score to evaluate cluster quality. Apply hierarchical
clustering and compare the results with K-means.
12. Load and visualize time series data using Python (Pandas) or R. Perform decomposition of time
series into trend, seasonality, and residuals. Implement ARIMA or exponential smoothing to
forecast future data points.
13. Write a Python/R script to perform PCA on a dataset and reduce its dimensions. Visualize the
explained variance and transformed data. Use the reduced dataset to perform further analysis or
machine learning.
14. Implement cross-validation techniques to evaluate model performance. Use techniques like
GridSearchCV (Python) or tune. grid (R) to find the best hyperparameters for models. Compare
multiple models and choose the best one based on performance metrics.

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 B.Sc. Other than Mathematics (Minor)
SEMESTER-III
Course Code: MATH-MI-T-02
Course title: Calculus & Differential Equations
Minor Course; Credit-4; Full Marks-50
COURSE CONTENT: 4 Credits (3+1) (Theory + Tutorial)
Unit 1. [25L]
● Real-valued functions defined on an interval, limit and Continuity of a function (using 𝜀 − 𝛿 ). Algebra
of limits. Differentiability of a function.
● Successive derivative: Leibnitz’s theorem and its application to problems of type
𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 sinx, 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.
● Partial derivatives. Euler’s theorem on homogeneous function of two and three variables.
● Curvature, rectilinear asymptotes.

● Indeterminate Forms: L’Hospital’s Rule (Statement and Problems only).

● Statement of Rolle’s Theorem and its geometrical interpretation. Mean value theorems of Lagrange and
Cauchy. Statements of Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s theorems with Lagrange’s and Cauchy’s forms of
remainders. Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s infinite series of functions like ex, sinx, cosx, (1+x)n, log(1+x) with
restrictions wherever necessary.
● Application of the principle of maxima and minima for a function of a single variable.

Unit 2. [5L]
● Reduction formulae, derivations and illustrations of reduction formulae of the type
∫𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫(log 𝑥)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 , ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
Unit 3. [ 20L]
● First order equations: (i) Exact equations and those reducible to such equations. (ii) Euler’s and
Bernoulli’s equations (Linear). (iii) Clairaut’s Equations: General and Singular solutions.

● Second order differential equation: (i) Method of variation of parameters, (ii) Method of undetermined
coefficients.

● Linear homogeneous equations with constant coefficients, method of variation of parameters,

simultaneous differential equations.

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:

1. R. G. Bartle and D. R. Sherbert, Introduction to Real Analysis, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd.,
Singapore.
2. T. Apostol, Mathematical Analysis, Narosa Publishing House.
3. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, Tata McGraw-Hill
4. Anton, I. Birens and S. Davis, Calculus, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
5. G. B. Thomas and R.L. Finney, Calculus, Pearson Education.
6. Santi Narayan, Integral Calculus, S. Chand.
7. S. L. Ross, Differential Equations, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, India.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 17