MAT 102

SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

CONTENTS

 Prerequisite
 Concept Development
 Generalization
 Classification
 Methods for solution
 Demerits
 Why REM/RREM method ?

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PREREQUISITE
RELATION BETWEEN 2 STRAIGHT LINES Interpretation
 2 or more st. lines constitute a
system.
 The relation ⇨

 Intersecting ⇔ 1 common point.

 Parallel ⇔ no common point.

 Coincident ⇔ all points common.

 Gist: There is no 4th situation, no

matter as many number of st. lines are
included in the system.
What may happen if there is a (3rd),(4th ), ….. st. line ?

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 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

St lines ⇢ Eqs Result interpretation

 Every equation like ax + by + c = 0 The equations of the system may
represents a straight line. have
 The equation ax + by + c = 0 is a  Only 1 common solution
linear equation in 2 variables.
 No common solution
 2 or, more such equations will
 Infinite solutions
make a system of linear equations.

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 GENERALIZATION
The equation Conclusion: The system of Linear equations may have:
𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏  Unique solution ;
is a linear equation in n variables.  Many (Infinite) solutions ;
 No solution .
A SLE consists of m linear equations,
each in n variables. It may be written The SLE is named homogeneous if
as follows. each eq has zero on the RHS.
Otherwise it is non-homogeneous.
𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏1 h
𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 0
o
𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏2 m
o
o 𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 0
u
……………………………………… g
s ………………………………………
e
𝑎𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏𝑚 n
e 𝑎𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 0

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 MATRIX FORM OF SLE
𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏1
𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏2
………………………………………
𝑎𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏𝑚
Matrix Form
𝑎11 𝑎12 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥1 𝑏1
𝑎21 𝑎22 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥2 𝑏2
⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋮ =
⋮
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 𝑏𝑚

𝐴𝑋 = 𝑏
𝐴: Coefficient Matrix 𝑋: Unknown or Solution Matrix 𝑏: Constant Matrix
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 CLASSIFICATION

System of
Linear
Equations

Trivial
solution
Non
Homogeneous
Homogeneous
Infinite
solutions

Inconsistent Consistent
(solution (solution
perishes) exists)

Unique Redundant
(only 1 (infinite
solution) solutions)

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 METHODS FOR SOLUTION
Solution:

For accurate solution: The given system is converted to matrix form:

−5 3 −3 𝑎 17
 Matrix Method
4 −3 8 𝑏 = 9
 Determinant method 8 5 0 𝑐 −2
 REM/RREM method
⇨ AX = b [ say ]
There are some computer-based methods ⇨ A-1 A X = A -1 b
which give approximate solution.
⇨ X = A -1 b [ ∵ A -1 A = I (Unit matrix )]
𝑎 −40 −15 15 17
Q-1: 1
⇨ 𝑏 = 64 24 28 9
Solve: – 5𝑎 + 3𝑏 – 3𝑐 = 17 𝑐
260
44 49 3 −2
4𝑎 – 3𝑏 + 8𝑐 = 9
8𝑎 + 5𝑏 = – 2 𝑎 −13/4 𝑎 = −13/4
⇨ 𝑏 = 24/5 ∴ 𝑏 = 24/5
𝑐 91/20 𝑐 = 91/20
.

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 DEMERITS

 If M is not square, this method can’t be applied.

This is the defect. [ ref. sld-7 ]
Even if M is square, this method
 Does not work for the system when |M| = 0.
 Becomes too much lengthy when M is 4x4, 5x5, ……

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 WHY REM/RREM METHOD ?

All problems related to the solution are overcome when we apply the
general REM/RREM method , which depends on the REF/RREF (M), to
solve a SLE.

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 SOLUTION OF NON-HOMOGENEOUS SLE
The given system of linear equations :
3𝑥1 + 6𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 16 REF
2𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 13
REF 𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 16
3 6 1 −1
0 3 5 11
3 6 1 −1 Augmented Matrix 0 0 0 7
0 3 5 11

Not Equal
3 6 1 16 Rank(Augmented Matrix) = 3
0 0 7 7 𝐴 𝑏 = 2 4 3 13
Rank(Coefficient Matrix) = 2
Rank(Augmented Matrix) = 3
1 3 2 16
No. of Variables = 3
All Equal

Rank(Coefficient Matrix) = 3 REF Inconsistent System!!!

No. of Variables = 3 No Solution!!!
3 6 1 −1

Both Equal
Consistent System!!! 0 3 5 11 Rank(Augmented Matrix) = 2
Unique Solution!!!
0 0 0 0 Rank(Coefficient Matrix) = 2
No. of Variables = 3
Consistent System!!!
Many Solution!!!
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CONSISTENT SLE: UNIQUE SOLUTION
Solve the system of linear equations :
3𝑥1 + 6𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 16
2𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 13
𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 16 Rank(Augmented Matrix) = 3

All Equal
Solution: The augmented matrix of the system is:
3 6 1 16 3 6 1 16 Rank(Coefficient Matrix) = 3
𝐴 𝑏 = 2 4 3 13 ~ 0 0 7 7 𝑅2 ⟶ 3𝑅2 − 2𝑅1
𝑅3 ⟶ 3𝑅3 − 𝑅1 No. of Variables = 3
1 3 2 16 0 3 5 32
Consistent System!!!
3 6 1 16 Unique Solution!!!
~ 0 3 5 32 𝑅2 ⟷ 𝑅3
0 0 7 7 REF
No. of Free Variables = No. of Unknown (Variables) – No. of Pivot = 3 – 3 = 0
Hence the system is consistent and therefore the system has unique solution.
By back substitution:
7𝑥3 = 7 ⟹ 𝑥3 = 7/7 = 1
1 1
3𝑥2 + 5𝑥3 = 32 ⟹ 𝑥2 = (32 − 5𝑥3 ) = (32 − 5 × 1) = 9
3 3
1 1
3𝑥1 + 6𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 16 ⟹ 𝑥1 = 16 − 6𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 16 − 6 × 9 − 1 = −13 12
3 3
CONSISTENT SLE: MANY SOLUTION
Solve the system of linear equations:

Both Equal
2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 8 Rank(Augmented Matrix) = 2
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 Rank(Coefficient Matrix) = 2
−𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −4
Solution: The augmented matrix of the system is: No. of Variables = 3

2 −4 6 8 2 −4 6 8 Consistent System!!!
𝐴 𝑏 = 3 2 1 4 ~ 0 16 −16 −16
𝑅2 ⟶ 2𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 Many Solution!!!
𝑅3 ⟶ 2𝑅3 + 𝑅1
−1 2 −3 −4 0 0 0 0
REF
No. of Free Variables = No. of Unknown (Variables) – No. of Pivot = 3 – 2 = 1
Hence the system is consistent and therefore the system has many solution (redundant solution).
Here the free variable is 𝑧 and let 𝑧 = 𝑡 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
By back substitution: (General Solution)
𝑧=𝑡
1
0. 𝑥 + 16𝑦 − 16𝑧 = −16 ⟹ 𝑦 = −16 + 16𝑧 = −1 + 𝑧 = −1 + 𝑡 = 𝑡 − 1
16
1 1 1
2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 8 ⟹ 𝑥 = (4𝑦 − 6𝑧) = 8 + 4 𝑡 − 1 − 6𝑡 = 4 − 2𝑡 = 2 − 𝑡
2 2 2 13
CONSISTENT SLE: MANY SOLUTION (CONT…)
Solve the system of linear equations:
2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 8
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
−𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −4
Solution(continue):

By back substitution: (General Solution)

𝑧=𝑡
1
0. 𝑥 + 16𝑦 − 16𝑧 = −16 ⟹ 𝑦 = −16 + 16𝑧 = −1 + 𝑧 = −1 + 𝑡 = 𝑡 − 1
16
1 1
2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 8 ⟹ 𝑥 = 8 + 4 𝑡 − 1 − 6𝑡 = 4 − 2𝑡 = 2 − 𝑡
2 2
General Solutions are:
𝒙 = 𝟐 − 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒕 − 𝟏, 𝒛=𝒕

Particular Solution:
For particular solution let 𝑡 = 1 then
𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧=1
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INCONSISTENT SLE: NO SOLUTION
Solve the system of linear equations by using gaussian elimination method:
𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 − 3𝑥3 = −1
5𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 − 4𝑥3 = 2
3𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 7
Solution: The augmented matrix of the system is:
1 2 −3 −1
𝐴 𝑏 = 5 3 −4

Not Equal
2
Rank(Augmented Matrix) = 3
3 −1 2 7
1 2 −3 −1 Rank(Coefficient Matrix) = 2
𝑅2 ⟶ 𝑅2 − 5𝑅1
~ 0 −7 11 7 No. of Variables = 3
𝑅3 ⟶ 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
0 −7 11 10
Inconsistent System!!!
1 2 −3 −1 No Solution!!!
~ 0 −7 11 7 𝑅3 ⟶ 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
0 0 0 3 REF

The system contains an equation of the form 0 = 3 (which is impossible) .

Hence the system is inconsistent and therefore the system has no solution. 15
 SHORT QUESTIONS
 When does an SLE become consistent?
 How many particular solutions can an SLE have?
 How many free variables do exist for a unique solution of SLE?
 How many general solutions can an SLE have?
 An SLE can’t have all free variables. True or false?
 Write down the condition of consistency of an SLE?
 Write down the condition of an SLE has a unique solution and
when it is redundant.

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 PROBLEMS
Solve: 3. 7𝑥 – 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑡 = 0
1. 3𝑥 – 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 0 𝑥 + 9𝑦 – 𝑧 = −8
2𝑥 + 5𝑧 – 3𝑡 =4
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 7𝑧 = 0
𝑥– 𝑦– 𝑧– 𝑡 = −5
6𝑥 + 𝑦 – 𝑧 = −1

4. 𝑎 + 𝑏– 𝑐– 𝑑 =7
2. 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟= 0
−2𝑎 + 𝑏 – 𝑑 = 0
−𝑝 + 𝑞– 𝑟 =9
𝑎– 𝑏 + 𝑐– 𝑑 = 9
4𝑝 − 7𝑞 + 9𝑟 = 1
5𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 3𝑐 + 2𝑑 = 1

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ANY QUESTION???

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