8th International conference on Research in Engineering, Science and Technology
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Extractive Distillation of Ethanol-Water
Using Ionic Liquids as Entrainers
Fadia GUELLA1, Hussam ALDOORI1 , Hassiba BENYOUNES1
1 U.S.T. Oran Laboratory of physical chemistry of materials, catalysis and environment,
Oran, Algeria
Abstract
In recent years, ionic liquids (ILs) have received considerable attention for their use in chemical
industry and are considered to be an alternative to conventional entrainers in extractive
distillation, because of their ability to selectively separate azeotropic/close boiling mixtures [1,
2].
In this work, an extractive distillation process was investigated, comparing the
imidazoliumbased ionic liquids (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate), [EMIM][OAc] and (1-
ethyl-3methylimidazolium dicyanamide), [EMIM][DCA] with ethylene glycol (EG) organic
solvent for ethanol dehydration. These ionic liquids were proposed with the aim of obtaining a
higher selectivity than EG traditional solvent.
The thermodynamic behavior of the ethanol/water mixture in the presence of the solvent was
studied using Simulis Thermodynamics software; ionic liquids were created as new
components, with the required thermodynamic and physical property parameters. The
experimental data for ethanol/water/ethylene glycol mixture were fitted with the non-
randomtwo-liquid (NRTL) activity coefficient model to determine the binary interaction
parameters, while, binary interaction parameters for ionic liquids were obtained from the
literature.
The vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) behavior of ethanol-water in the presence of
[EMIM][DCA] showed that this ionic liquid enhances the relative volatility of ethanol and
allows to eliminate the ethanol-water azeotrope. The main operating conditions of anhydrous
ethanol production have been determined to achieve a high distillate purity of 99.9 mol% in
ethanol. It has been found that the [EMIM] [DCA] ionic liquid is very effective for the
separation of ethanol-water azeotropic system even at low concentrations and less energy
consuming compared to the conventional benchmark solvent EG.
Introduction
Bioethanol and biodiesel have received increasing attention as excellent alternative fuels and
have virtually limitless potential for growth. As bioethanol is part of biofuels, the main
challenge facing its production is the separation of high purity ethanol.
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Over the years, many technologies have been proposed to separate ethanol/water mixture [3–
11]. Among others, extractive distillation is an energy-efficient technology that allows the
separation of this complex azeotropic mixture [12–15]. This separation technology implies the
addition of a high boiling solvent as separating agent at the top of the extractive distillation
column. This solvent has a major affinity with the component to be ‘‘extracted’’ that is obtained
at the bottom of the column along with the solvent. The interaction between the solvent and
one of the components are mainly hydrogen bonding. In turn, the solvent has less affinity with
the component to be obtained at the top of the column [12].
The currently used organic solvents for water–ethanol separation such as glycols [12, 13, 1620]
show some disadvantages. Although, their boiling point is high, they still have some volatility
that eventually pollutes the top product and large amounts of solvent or high reflux ratios are
needed to obtain the desired product purity. This volatility makes them difficult to contain in
the process. Recently, ionic liquids have been proposed as potential replacement of these
organic solvents due to their high separation ability, non-detectable vapor pressure, relative low
melting point and recyclability. Many studies have demonstrated the great ability of these new
class of solvents to separate complex mixtures by extractive distillation [21–23]. In extractive
distillation column, the entrainer is fed at a different location than the main mixture, bringing
an additional extractive section in the column, between the stripping and the rectifying sections
[24]. The basic principle is that the extractive entrainer interacts differently with the
components of the original mixture and thereby alters their relative volatility. These
interactions occur predominantly in the liquid phase and the entrainer is introduced above the
original mixture feed point to ensure that the entrainer remains in appreciable concentration in
the liquid phase in the column section below [25]. In this way, it is possible to obtain one pure
component at the top of one column and the other, together with the solvent at the bottom,
which may be separated easily in a secondary distillation column, due to a high boiling point
of the solvent. The solvent doesn’t need to be vaporized in the extractive distillation process.
The success of an extractive distillation process relies on the choice of an extractive agent
whose selection criteria are related to thermodynamics (selectivity and boiling point) and to
process operation (minimal entrainer-feed flow rate ratio, low corrosion, price, toxicity, and
high thermal stability) [26].
Methods
The thermodynamic behavior of ethanol/water azeotropic mixture in the presence of ethylene
glycol and ionic liquids was studied using Simulis Thermodynamics software v2.0.14.
Physicochemical and thermodynamic properties of ionic liquids were estimated, such as critical
properties and vapor pressure [27], standard enthalpy of vaporization [28] and heat capacity
[29].
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The ethanol/water mixture forms a positive azeotrope at atmospheric pressure, the composition
of the azeotrope is 89.43 mol% of ethanol corresponding to a minimum boiling temperature of
78.15°C (according to DECHEMA database). The NRTL activity coefficient model was used
to calculate the vapor liquid equilibrium of this strongly polar mixture, where the vapor phase
is assumed to be ideal. The binary interaction parameters of ethanol-water-ethylene glycol
system were regressed from the VLE experimental data, while, binary interaction parameters
of ethanol-ILs and water-ILs systems were obtained from the literature.
Table 1 Binary interaction parameters regressed for ethanol-water-ethylene glycol system
using the NRTL model.
Binary Aij Aji α RMS
Ethanol- water -138.796 1332.722 0.28 0.0051
Ethanol- ethylene glycol 1298.18 74.064 0.3 0.081
Water- ethylene glycol 52.685 -37.91 0.3 0.054
Figure 1 Regression of the VLE experimental data by the NRTL model for ethanol-water,
ethanol-ethylene glycol and water-ethylene glycol systems.
Table 2 Binary interaction parameters of the NRTL model for Ethanol-ILs and Water-ILs
systems.
Component j Aij Aji α Reference
Component i
Ethanol [EMIM][OAc] -1426.4 -965.94 0.4 [30]
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Water [EMIM][OAc] -1505.8 -1109.3 0.4
Ethanol [EMIM][DCA] 7034.1 -2054.2 0.75 [31]
Water [EMIM][DCA] 9557 -2613 0.827
The ease of separation of a given mixture with key components i and j is given by the relative
volatility:
The solvent is introduced to change the relative volatility as far away from unity as possible.
Since the ratio of is constant for small temperature changes, the only way that the
γi⁄γj, This ratio,
relative volatility is affected is by introducing a solvent which changes the ratio in the presence
of the solvent, is called selectivity Sij [12]:
The methodology of this work consists in determining at first the effect of the solvent
concentration on the VLE of the ethanol-water system, more precisely on the displacement of
the azeotropic point until its disappearance. Then, determine the solvent concentration range
allowing to facilitate the separation and to increase the relative volatility of ethanol. The
solvent-to-feed ratio necessary for each case of mixture (from 20 mol% to 80 mol% of ethanol)
found by Simulis thermodynamics were validated by simulation using ProsimPlus.
The separation of the ethanol/water mixture containing 20 mol% to 80 mol% of ethanol was
carried out in an extractive distillation column. As an entrainer, a conventional solvent
"Ethylene Glycol" and two Ionic Liquids, namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate,
[EMIM][OAc] and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, [EMIM][DCA], have been
applied. The structures of the ionic liquids used in this work are as the following:
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1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide
The process flowsheet consists of two columns, an extractive distillation column for the
separation of the ethanol/water mixture and a recovery column for solvent regeneration. In the
extractive distillation column, the solvent is fed continuously in a given location of the column
different from that of the ethanol-water mixture, making it possible to create an extractive
section in which the attraction of the water molecules by the solvent takes place and therefore,
the relative volatility of ethanol will be increased. Ethanol is obtained at the top of the
extractive distillation column, and the water + entrainer mixture removed at the bottom is sent
to the regeneration column. At the bottom of the regeneration column, when the solvent is
recovered with a satisfactory purity, it is recycled back to the extractive distillation column.
Figure 2 Extractive distillation process flowsheet with a heavy entrainer [32].
Unusual extractive distillation processes exist: the process with ionic liquid entrainers [1]
behaves like any heavy entrainer extractive distillation process.
The rigorous simulation of the extractive distillation column was carried out using ProSimPlus
simulator version 2.0.14.
The design parameters of the separation process such as: reflux molar ratio (R), feed stage (NF),
solvent stage (NE) and solvent-to-feed molar ratio (FE/F) were evaluated. The operating
pressure of the extractive distillation column is set at 1 atm and the feed is assumed to be in the
boiling liquid state.
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The sensitivity analysis was performed to visualize the effect of the solvent-to-feed ratio (FE/F)
and reflux ratio (R) on the purity of ethanol. The purity of ethanol in the distillate must higher
than 99.9 mol%. The energy consumption on the reboilers has been optimized by choosing the
appropriate pair (FE/F, R).
Results
1. Feasibility of the Extractive Distillation Process
The choice of a suitable entrainer affects the feasibility and efficiency of extractive distillation
process. The entrainer should interact differently with the mixture components, causing their
relative volatilities to either increase or reduce, and thereby ease the separation. But entrainer
selection and extractive process design require a detailed knowledge of thermodynamic
properties of the mixture to be separated: the residue curve map topology and the equivolatility
and equidistribution curves [27].
For the separation of a minimum boiling azeotropic mixture A-B, one should add a heavy
entrainer E that forms no new azeotrope. Following Serafimov’s classification of ternary
diagrams. The corresponding ternary mixture Ethanol-Water-Entrainer exhibits a single
azeotrope and a single distillation region. It belongs to the (1.0-1a) class [33], in which
occurrence among all azeotropic ternary mixtures amounts to 21.6% [34]. The product
withdrawn by extractive distillation is a saddle, or intermediate boiling point in the distillation
region.
Figure 3 Residue curves map of ethanol-water with a heavy entrainer (ethylene glycol).
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Filled circles in residue curves map represent stable node [SN] corresponding to the component
with the highest boiling temperature in the diagram, empty circles represent unstable node
[UN], lowest boiling temperature node, and empty down triangles represent residue curve
saddle points [S], intermediate boiling points.
The residue curves map of ethanol-water with a heavy entrainer illustrate the case when the
univolatility is located at A-E side, therefore, A is the expected product in the distillate because
it is the most volatile in the region ABE where it is connected to E by a residue curve of
decreasing temperature from E to A.
2. Vapor - Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) for ethanol –water-solvent system
Effect of solvent on the VLE of ethanol – water system
In order to find the minimal entrainer amount for breaking the ethanol-water azeotrope, the
variation of the activity coefficients of ethanol and water and the evolution of the relative
volatility of ethanol were studied as a function of solvent-to-feed ratio.
Table 3 Displacement of the azeotropic point as a function of solvent-to-feed
molar ratio (FE/F).
Solvent Ethylene Glycol [EMIM][DCA]
FE/F 0 0.02 0.05 0 0.001 0.002
𝑥𝐸𝑡𝑂𝐻𝑎𝑧e𝑜 0.9 0.95 1 0.9 0.95 1
𝛾1 1.0058 1.0043 1.0044 1.0052 1.007 1.002
𝛾2 2.24 2.26 2.2 2.27 2.24 2.2
1.023 1.013 1.039 1.008 1.024 1.04
𝛼12
The solvent increases the relative volatility of ethanol as far away as possible from unit and
decreases the activity coefficient of water, then, brings the ethanol-water system closer to
ideality and ultimately facilitates separation.
For the ionic liquid [EMIM][DCA], the azeotrope completely disappears from a solvent-tofeed
ratio of 0.002, this value of minimal solvent amount is very low compared to that of the ethylene
glycol organic solvent, therefore, [EMIM][DCA] is more selective for ethanol-water separation
than ethylene glycol.
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Figure 4 Effect of solvent-to-feed ratio on the relative volatility of ethanol,
(a) Ethylene glycol, (b) [EMIM][DCA].
Figure 4 shows the effect of the solvent-to-feed ratio (FE/F) on the VLE behavior of
ethanolwater. It is noticed that for EG, the ease of separation is always proportional to FE/F,
while for [EMIM][DCA], a value of FE/F greater than 10% will have a negative effect on the
separation, from these results, it can be noted that the [EMIM][DCA] ionic liquid is very
efficient for ethanol dehydration even if it is added in very small quantities.
3. Extractive distillation process simulation
Sensitivity analysis results of extractive distillation column using EG and [EMIM][OAc] as
solvents
a) Effect of solvent-to-feed molar ratio and reflux ratio on the ethanol purity
The effect of solvent-to-feed ratio (FE/F) and reflux ratio (R) on the ethanol composition was
studied in order to determine the best operating parameters which lead to a high purity of
products. Rigorous simulation results presented in (Fig.5) shows that the reflux ratio is
inversely proportional to solvent-to-feed ratio. For a feed containing 80 mol. % of ethanol, it is
necessary to increase the FE/F and to decrease the reflux ratio to have a purity of ethanol higher
than 99.9 mol. %. This relation is valid for the ethylene glycol organic solvent (Fig.5 (a)), as
well as for the [EMIM][OAc] ionic liquid (Fig.5 (b),. It is also noticed from (Fig.5) that
extractive distillation column using [EMIM][OAc] as entrainer consumes less of solvent
quantity than using EG, and required a lower reflux ratio.
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(a) (b)
Figure 5 Effect of solvent-to-feed ratio and reflux ratio (R) on the molar composition of
ethanol in distillate using ethylene glycol (a), using [EMIM][OAc] (b).
b) Effect of solvent-to-feed molar ratio and reflux ratio on the reboiler duty
The study of solvent-to-feed ratio and reflux ratio parameters sensivity on the reboiler duty
indicates that the heat quantity supplied to the reboiler increases as the two parameters increase
for a given purity. It is therefore a question of choosing the appropriate pair (FE/F, R) which
involves the lowest energy consumption on the reboiler. It is noticed from (Fig.6) that extractive
distillation using [EMIM][OAc] is less energy consumption than using EG.
(a) (b)
Figure 6 Effect of solvent-to-feed ratio and reflux ratio (R) on the reboiler duty using
ethylene glycol (a), using [EMIM][OAc] (b).
c) Effect of number of stages in extractive section on ethanol molar composition
It is important to increase the number of stages in the extractive section because it represents
the most important part of the extractive distillation column, this section must be as large as
possible in order to increase the contact time between the ethanol/water mixture and the solvent
then to improve the efficiency of separation. The theoretical total number of stages of the
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extractive distillation column was set to 30 stages, the solvent tray (NE) using EG and
[EMIM][OAc] was set respectively to 5 and 2. Decreasing the number of stages in the
extractive section will have a negative effect on the ethanol purity. Figure 7, indicates that the
optimal values of the number of stages of the extractive section for ethylene glycol and
[EMIM][OAc] are respectively 23 and 22 stages.
(a) (b)
Figure 7 Effect of the number of stages in the extractive section on the molar composition of
ethanol in distillate using ethylene glycol (a), using [EMIM][OAc] (b).
Optimal operating parameters for the extractive distillation column in the presence of EG,
[EMIM][OAc] and [EMIM][DCA] as solvents
The parametric sensitivity study allowed to choose the best operating parameters of the
extractive distillation column. The parameters were calculated for a feed containing 20 mol. %
to 80 mol. % of ethanol, the ethanol purity was set to 99.97 mol. % and the total
number of stages was fixed to 30 stages. The results are summarized in table 4. It can be seen
that the FE/F and the energy consumed at the reboiler increase when the molar fraction of
ethanol in the feed is higher. The relationship between the reflux ratio and the molar
composition of ethanol in feed is inversely proportional; this remains valid also for ionic
liquids. Extractive distillation column using [EMIM][OAc] and [EMIM][DCA] ionic liquids
as solvents requires low values of reflux ratio compared to that using ethylene glycol due to the
high boiling point of these ionic liquids compared to EG. Extractive distillation column using
[EMIM][DCA] requires higher values of reflux ratio compared to that using [EMIM][OAc]
because [EMIM][DCA] is used in very small quantities compared to [EMIM][OAc]. The
energy consumed at the reboiler using ionic liquids is lower than using ethylene glycol;
therefore, ionic liquids are more selective than ethylene glycol for the ethanol dehydration.
Extractive distillation column using [EMIM][DCA] it is less energy consumption than using
[EMIM][OAc], as a result, [EMIM][DCA] remains the best entrainer for ethanol/water
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separation, this can be explained by the high selectivity of this ionic liquid for water, the
dicyanade anion is more electronegative (N-) than the acetate anion (O-), which allows it to
retain water molecules more easily.
Solvent Ethylene glycol NE [EMIM][OAc] [EMIM][DCA]
= 5 / NF = 26 NE = 2 / NF = 25 NE = 5 / NF = 25
xF,EtOH FE/F R QB(kW) FE/F R QB FE/F R QB
(kW) (kW)
20% 0.26 2.2 798.84 0.1 1.35 604.94 0.01 1.5 581.48
40% 0.55 1.6 1346.89 0.24 0.5 882.44 0.013 0.71 787.81
50% 0.55 1.2 1416.56 0.26 0.42 1038.03 0.014 0.62 925.41
60% 0.65 1 1579.11 0.28 0.35 1184.33 0.016 0.57 1072.05
80% 0.76 0.9 2020.33 0.325 0.2 1521.06 0.02 0.5 1357.34
Table 4 Operating parameters and energy consumption at the reboiler of the extractive
distillation column using EG, [EMIM][OAc] and [EMIM][DCA].
Composition profiles in the extractive distillation column
Figure 8 shows the molar composition profiles of ethanol, water and solvent in the liquid phase
along the extractive distillation column, where it is noticed that The molar composition of
ethanol increases considerably from the feed stage (NF) to the entrainer stage (NE) to reach a
maximum value in the condenser. The molar composition of water is maximum in the stripping
section and the concentration of the solvent is kept constant along the extractive section.
(8) (b)
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Figure 8 Composition profiles in the extractive distillation column using ethylene glycol (a),
using [EMIM][DCA] (b).
Temperature profile in the extractive distillation column
According to Figure 9, it is noted that the temperature in the rectification section is close to the
boiling temperature of ethanol, since in this section ethanol is predominant in the liquid phase.
The extractive section is characterized by a constant temperature, while in the stripping section,
the temperature begins to increase to reach a maximum value which is that of the reboiler.
Figure 9 Temperature profile in the extractive distillation column using EG, [EMIM][OAc]
and [EMIM][DCA].
The temperature in the reboiler of the extractive distillation column increases when using ionic
liquids. The extractive distillation column using [EMIM][DCA] as a solvent is less energy
consumption than using [EMIM][OAc].
Optimal operating parameters for the solvent regeneration column
Table 5 presents the operating parameters of the recovery column for ethylene glycol,
[EMIM][OAc] and [EMIM][DCA]. The molar composition of the solvent in the residue of the
regeneration column was set to 99.98 mol %.
Table 5 Operating parameters and energy consumption at the reboiler of the extractive
distillation column using EG, [EMIM][OAc] and [EMIM][DCA].
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Solvent Ethylene glycol [EMIM][OAc] [EMIM][DCA]
N= 8/ NF = 4 N = 7 / NF = 2 N = 7 / NF = 3
xF,EtOH R QB (kW) R QB (kW) R QB (kW)
20% 1.6 2461.56 0.1 1193.62 0.01 951.76
40% 0.45 1184.33 0.4 1393.33 0.01 731.73
50% 0.5 1046.16 0.5 1254.00 0.01 613.53
60% 0.65 961.40 0.7 1244.71 0.01 495.91
80% 0.8 1555.89 2.4 1193.62 0.03 265.31
It is observed from Tab. 5 that the recovery column of the ionic liquids requires less number of
stages and consumes less energy compared to ethylene glycol regeneration column.
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Book
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Elsevier,Amsterdam.
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