QIB FOR CLASS X - CHEMISTRY PBA

Ser SLO Questions Answer

1. What is the purpose of standardizing a NaOH 1. To determine its exact concentration
solution?

2. Which indicator is commonly used in the titration of 2. Phenolphthalein

NaOH with HCl?

3. Write balanced chemical equation for neutralization 3. NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
of NaOH with HCl?

4. Which apparatus is used to measure the volume of 4. Burette

NaOH during standardization?

5. Consider the following equation: 5. n1 = 1 and n2= 1

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
Find the value of n1 and n2?
6. M1V1 = M2V2
6. Write molarity formula used in titration
Standardize the given NaOH n1 n2
1. calculations.?
/ HCl solution Volumetrically
7. Pipette
7. If 25ml of HCl is titrated with NaOH, what
equipment should be used to measure the 25ml of
HCl?
8. Phenolphthalein
8. Which indicator is used in standardization of HCl
Basic medium = Pink
solution. What is its color in acidic and basic
Acidic = Colorless
medium?
9. To determine exact concentration of HCl
9. What is the purpose of titrating HCl with NaOH?

10. Why do we use distilled water in preparations of 10. To avoid any reaction with impurities of water.
solutions?
11. HCl +NaOH → NaCl + H2O.
11. Write 1 example of neutralization reaction.

12. Why is rough titration carried out?

Ser SLO Questions Answer
12. The rough titration acts as a guide for the
subsequent accurate titrations, leading to more
precise and reliable results.

13. Calculate the mass of NaOH in one dm3 of 0.1M 13. Molarity = no. of moles/Volume in dm3
solution? No.of moles=mass/ Molar mass).

14. Can we take upper meniscus for colourless 14. The lower meniscus is used for colorless
liquids? liquids because the phase boundary is
easy to see and read. The upper meniscus
is used for colored liquids and mercury.
15. The basic solution is neutralized by acidic
15. What is shown in the figure? solution by using phenolphthalein as an
indicator.

16. What is standard solution? What is the purpose of 16. Standard solutions are solutions that contain
using it? a known and accurate amount (i.e.
concentration) of a substance or element.
These solutions are commonly used to help
identify and determine the concentration of
a substance whose concentration is
unknown
17. Find out the Molarity of HCl if NaOH 0.1 M and
17. M1V1/n1 = M2V2/n2
10cm3 is taken for each titration?

18. 10ml of 0.1M NaOH solution was neutralized by

18. Since the reaction is 1:1 (NaOH + HCl →
10ml of HCl solution. Which volume of HCl
NaCl + H2O), and the volumes and
neutralized NaOH.
molarities of both solutions are equal:
Volume of HCl that neutralized NaOH
Ser SLO Questions Answer
=10ml. The equal volumes (10ml) and
molarities (0.1M) of NaOH and HCl indicate
a stoichiometric reaction, meaning the entire
10ml of HCl is used to neutralize the 10ml of
NaOH.
19. Rough titration also known as preliminary titration 19. To find approximate end point. This
is crucial in quantitative analysis. State its information enables the subsequent titration
importance? to be carried out more quickly.

20. Suggest an indicator for the titration of oxalic acid 20. Phenolphthalein
with a strong base such as KOH?

21. What will you do if the soil of the area is too acidic? 21. Add powdered lime (calcium carbonate) or
What inference can you deduce about the slaked lime in the soil to raise its pH to the
chemical reaction that will take place. right value. Acid base neutralization reaction
will take place.
22. What is the importance of titration method in
22. Titration offers high accuracy and precision
quantitative analysis?
through direct measurement and clear
endpoint detection. It is also a simple, cost-
effective, and versatile analytical technique
adaptable to various sample types and
applications.

23. What does the strength of solution means? 23. The strength of a solution refers to its
concentration, typically measured in units
such as molarity (M), normality (N), or
percentage (%). It represents the amount of
dissolved substance (solute) per unit
volume of the solution, indicating how dense
or diluted the solution is.

24. Why is standardization important in titration during 24. Standardization ensures the titrant's
quantitative analysis? concentration is accurately known, allowing
Ser SLO Questions Answer
precise calculation of the analyte's
concentration.

25. What are common errors in titration that can lead 25. Fol errors can lead to wrong calc:
to wrong calculations? a. Inaccurate volume measurements
b. Incorrect endpoint detection
c. Impure reagents
d. Inadequate mixing
26. How change in temperature affect titration? 26. Temperature affects reaction rates,
equilibrium, and pH indicator effectiveness
27. Strong acid-base titration involves strong
27. What is the difference between strong and weak
acids/bases that completely dissociate,
acid-base titration?
while weak acid-base titration involves weak
acids/bases that partially dissociate.

1. Which indicator is used in determining exact 1. Methyl orange, Basic medium= Yellow
molarity of Na2CO3 solution. What is its color in Acidic medium = Red
acidic and basic medium?

2. Consider the following equation: 2. n1 = 1 and n2 = 2

Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O +CO2
Find the value of n1 and n2?

Determine the exact molarity 3. Calculate molar mass of Na2CO3? 3. 106 mol
2. of the Na2CO3 / Oxalic acid
solution Volumetrically 4. What apparatus is used to hold Na2CO3 solution 4. Conical flask.
during titration?

5. In performing titration, what role does indicator 5. Indicator is used to indicate the completion
plays? of reaction by changing its color.

6. Write the purpose of titration in determining 6. To determine the exact concentration of an

molarity? unknown solution by reacting it with a
standard solution.
Ser SLO Questions Answer
7. Which indicator is commonly used in the titration 7. Phenolphthalein
of oxalic acid with NaOH? Write its color in acidic Basic medium = Pink and Acidic = Colorless.
and basic medium?

8. Write balanced chemical equations for reaction 8. H2C2O4 + 2NaOH → Na2C2O4 + 2H2O.
between oxalic acid and NaOH?

9. Calculate the volume of NaOH required to 9. 25ml.

neutralize 25ml of 0.1M oxalic acid.

10. How many moles of NaOH are required to 10. The 2moles
neutralize I moles of oxalic acid?

11. Why we use conical flask instead of using beaker 11. A conical flask has a wide body but a
narrow neck, reducing the likelihood of spills
during this essential swirling process. This is
especially important when strong acids are
present.

12. Why we take three readings for each titration? 12. By repeating the experiment several
times, you can calculate an average result,
which will help to minimize the impact of any
random errors
13. Write down the balanced chemical equation of 13. Na2CO3+ 2HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2.
titration of sodium carbonate and HCl?

14. What are the differences between strong acid and 14. The main difference between strong and
weak acid. weak acids is the extent to which they
dissociate into ions in water.
15. What are the precautionary measures for titration? 15. Wear protective gear, Handle chemicals
carefully, prepare solutions precisely, Take
measurements accurately. Rinse equipment,
add titrant dropwise, shake the flask gently
and carefully.
Ser SLO Questions Answer
16. What is secondary standard? Give one example. 16. A secondary standard is a chemical that has
been standardized against a primary
standard and is used to calibrate control
materials in labs.
17. Write down the balanced chemical equation of
17. H2C2O4+2NaOH→ Na2C2O4+2 H2O
titration of Oxalic acid and NaOH.

18. What is the colour of methyl orange in acidic

medium? 18. Pink or red

19. What is the colour of methyl orange in basic

medium? 19. Yellow

20. What are the uses of sodium carbonate in 20. Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) has various
industry? industrial uses: Manufacturing: Glass,
paper, detergents, textiles, and ceramics;
also used in water treatment, metal
processing, and oil refining.
21. Which important compounds are present in the 21. Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and potassium
ashes of plants? carbonate (K2CO3), which are alkaline
substances used in glass and soap
manufacturing.

22. Phenolphthalein (pH range 8.3-10) as the

22. Which indicator will you choose for the titration of indicator, as it changes color at the
weak acid and a strong base? equivalence point, indicating complete
neutralization. Alternatively, Methyl Orange
(pH range 3.1-4.4) can also be used, but
Phenolphthalein is preferred due to its
sharper endpoint.
23. 10ml of 0.1M NaOH solution was neutralized by 23. For oxalic acid, M1=? V1=10ml n1=1
10ml of Oxalic acid solution. What will be the For NaOH, M2=0.1M V2=10ml n2=2
molarity of Oxalic acid. M1V1/n1 = M2V2/n2
M1x10/1 = 0.1x10/2 so M1 = 0.05M
Ser SLO Questions Answer
24. How can mass of oxalic acid be determined if its 24. Amount = Molarity x molar mass of
molarity is 0.05M? Amount (g/dm3) = 0.05 x 126 = 6.3 g/dm3

25. Suggest an indicator for the titration of oxalic acid 25. Phenolphthalein
with a strong base such as KOH.

26. For oxalic acid, M1=? V1=25ml n1=1

26. 43.42ml of 0.26M NaOH solution was neutralized For NaOH, M2=0.26M V2=43.42ml n2=2
by 25ml of Oxalic acid solution. What will be the M1V1/n1 = M2V2/n2
molarity of Oxalic acid solution? M1x25/1 = 0.26x43.42/2 so M1 = 0.22M

27. Yes, if the concentration of oxalic acid was

27. Can this method be used to determine the known.
concentration of NaOH solution?

1. How can you confirm the presence of unsaturation 1. By the decolorization of KMnO4 during the
in an organic compound? test.

2. Identify the compound which will not react with

KMnO4: Ethane or ethene. Why? 2. Ethane, because it is saturated.

3. What is the color of KMnO4? What happens to

KMnO4 in presence of an unsaturated compound? 3. Purple color of KMnO4 discharges in the
presence of unsaturated hydrocarbon.
Identify saturated and 4. How you can differentiate between propane and
propene in laboratory? 4. By KMnO4 test. Propene will decolorize
3. unsaturated organic
compounds by KMnO4 test purple color of KMnO4.
5. Write significance of Baeyer’s test
5. Identification test for unsaturation.
6. What is Baeyer’s reagent
6. Baeyer's reagent is an alkaline solution of
cold potassium permanganate, which is a
powerful oxidant making this a redox
reaction

7. Name some tests used to test unsaturation in 7. Baeyer’s test and bromine water test
organic compounds.
Ser SLO Questions Answer
8. What type of reactions take place between alkenes 8. Addition reactions.
and bromine water?

9. The solution of an unknown organic compound 9. The organic compound contains

decolorizes KMnO4. What does it say about the unsaturation (C-C multiple bond) in it.
nature of this compound?

10. A compound present in cinnamon bark contains C- 10. KMnO4 is decolorized

C double bond. What change is observed when
acidified KMnO4 is added to it?

11. A compound present in grapes and tamarind 11. No, because there are no C-C multiple
contains no C-C double bond. Will it decolorize bonds.
KMnO4?

12. . Cyclohexane (C6H12) has the same molecular 12. Cyclohexane is a cyclic hydrocarbon with no
formula as hexane yet it does not decolorize C-C double bonds, so it cannot decolorize
KMnO4. Justify. KMnO4.

13. Fumaric acid shows a positive reaction with 13. KMnO4 is decolorized.
KMnO4. Mention the change observed for this test.

14. What is the chemical formula of potassium 14. Chemical formula of potassium
permanganate, and what is its role in identifying permanganate is KMnO4. It is an oxidizing
unsaturated compounds? agent therefore used to identifying
unsaturated compounds.
15. What is the observable result when an unsaturated
compound is tested with KMnO4? 15. When an unsaturated compound is added to
KMnO4, the purple color of KMnO4 will
change to brown or colorless, indicating the
16. List the major safety precaution to be observed oxidation of the double or triple bond
during practical. 16. Wear gloves and goggles, work in a
well-ventilated area, and handle
KMnO4 with care, as it is a strong
oxidizing agent.
Ser SLO Questions Answer
1. Write chemical formula of sucrose. What type of 1. C12H22O11, Thermal decomposition
reaction is sugar decomposition?

2. Is the decomposition of sugar an endothermic or 2. Endothermic because it requires heat.

exothermic reaction?

3. Which gas is produced when sugar is heated? 3. Water vapor and carbon dioxide

4. Write down the name of the element left after 4. Carbon.

decomposition of sugar?
5. Write color changes sugar undergo during 5. Before heating= white
decomposition reaction? After gentle heating=Brown
After strong heating= Black.

6. Why do other sugars melt whereas sucrose 6. Sucrose decomposes instead of

decomposes? melting because of a heat-sensitive reaction
Demonstrate that sugar called "apparent melting". This is different
4. decomposes into elements from thermodynamic melting, which occurs
or other compounds at a consistent temperature and retains the
chemical identity of the substance

7. What are the observations confirming sugar 7. Cobalt chloride paper turns blue.
decomposition?
8. What observable changes occur when sugar is 8. When sugar is heated, it first melts and
heated during decomposition, and what does this turns brown, then begins to produce a
tell us about the chemical reaction taking place? caramel-like odor, and eventually blackens
as carbon is left behind. This indicates the
breakdown of sugar (sucrose) into carbon
and water vapor, showing that the heating
process causes the sugar to decompose
into simpler compounds.

9. During the decomposition of sugar through 9. Water vapor appears during the
heating, why does water vapor appear, and what decomposition of sugar because sucrose
(C12H22O11) contains hydrogen and oxygen
Ser SLO Questions Answer
does this indicate about the molecular structure of atoms. When heated, these atoms combine
sugar? to form water (H2O), which is released as
vapor. This indicates that sugar is
composed of elements that break down into
simpler compounds, including carbon and
water.

10. You can confirm the presence of carbon

10. If you collect the gas released during sugar dioxide by passing the gas through
decomposition, how would you confirm the limewater (calcium hydroxide). If it turns
presence of carbon dioxide in it, and what does milky, this indicates the presence of CO2.
this reveal about the breakdown products? This shows that during decomposition,
sugar breaks down into carbon dioxide and
other compounds, suggesting the release of
carbon-based gases.

11. The sugar turns black due to the release of

11. Why does the sugar turn black when heated, and water vapor, leaving behind pure carbon in
what does this suggest about the final the form of a charred, black residue. This
decomposition products? suggests that one of the final decomposition
products of sugar is elemental carbon,
demonstrating that heating causes the
sugar to break down into its elemental form.

12. After heating, the mass of the remaining

12. What happens to the mass of sugar after heating it solid decreases because water vapor and
for decomposition, and how does this relate to the other gases like carbon dioxide are released
law of conservation of mass? into the air. According to the law of
conservation of mass, the total mass of the
system (including the gases) remains
constant, but the sugar loses mass because
part of it transitions to a gaseous state.
13. What is the role of heat in the decomposition of 13. Heat Provides activation energy to breaks
sugar? the glycosidic bonds between two
monosaccharide carbohydrates.
Ser SLO Questions Answer
1. What causes water hardness? 1. The presence of dissolved minerals,
primarily calcium and magnesium ions, in
water.
2. How does the ion exchange soften water? 2. By passing hard water through a resin bed
containing sodium ions. The calcium and
magnesium ions in the water are exchanged
for sodium ions, resulting in softened water
3. Improved cleaning efficiency, reduced scale
3. What are the advantages of using softened water?
buildup in appliances and plumbing, and
softer skin and hair.

4. What is the disadvantage of ion exchange water 4. Increased sodium content

softening?

5. How can the effectiveness of water softening be 5. By testing the treated water for the presence
measured? of calcium and magnesium ions using a
Demonstrate the softening titration or other appropriate method.
5. of water by removal of
6. What is the he purpose of experiment. Write 6. The purpose of experiment is to remove the
calcium ions from hard water
balanced chemical equation of the reaction taking hardness of water containing CaCl2.
place. Reaction is:
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 →CaCO3 + 2NaCl

7. Which sodium compound is used for softening of 7. Sodium carbonate and zeolites.
water?
8. During the practical demonstration, why is calcium 8. Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) reacts with
removed from hard water when a chemical like calcium ions (Ca²⁺) in hard water to form
sodium carbonate is added? calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which is
insoluble and precipitates out of the
solution. This process removes the calcium
ions responsible for water hardness,
9. How would you confirm that calcium ions have effectively softening the water.
been removed from hard water after performing the 9. To confirm calcium removal, you can
softening process? perform a soap test. In softened water, soap
lathers easily, whereas in hard water, it
forms a scum. After softening, if the water
Ser SLO Questions Answer
lathers well with soap, it indicates that
calcium ions have been removed and the
water is now soft.

10. Why does the precipitation of calcium carbonate 10. Calcium carbonate precipitates because it is
occur during this process, and how is this related insoluble in water. When calcium ions react
to the solubility of calcium compounds in water? with carbonate ions (from sodium
carbonate), calcium carbonate forms and
settles as a solid. This relates to the low
solubility of calcium carbonate, which allows
it to be easily removed from the water,
reducing its hardness.

11. Adding too much sodium carbonate may

11. If you add an excessive amount of sodium cause excess carbonate ions in the water,
carbonate, how would this impact the softening potentially increasing the alkalinity of the
process and the quality of the treated water? water. While the calcium ions are still
removed, this could make the water more
basic, which might affect the taste or the
efficiency of soaps and detergents used with
the water.
12. What practical applications does the removal of 12. Water softening is essential in industries like
calcium ions from hard water have in industries, plumbing, heating, and laundry, where hard
and why is water softening essential in these water can cause scale buildup in pipes and
settings? equipment, leading to inefficiency and
damage. By removing calcium ions,
industries can prevent scaling, prolong
equipment life, and improve the
effectiveness of cleaning agents.

1. What is the principle of a flame test? 1. When a compound containing a metal ion is
heated in a flame, the electrons in the metal
Identify sodium, calcium
6.
radicals by flame test
atoms are excited to higher energy levels.
As they return to their ground state, they
emit light of a characteristic color.
Ser SLO Questions Answer
2. What are the colors of the flames produced by 2. Sodium ions produce a yellow flame, while
sodium and calcium ions? calcium ions produce an orange red flame.

3. How can a flame test be used to identify an 3. By observing the color of the flame
unknown sample containing sodium or calcium produced when the sample is heated in a
ions? Bunsen burner flame and comparing it to
the known colors of sodium and calcium
4. What precautions should be taken when ions.
performing a flame test? 4. Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes
from the heat and potential splashes of
chemicals. Ensure that the Bunsen burner is
5. What factors can affect the accuracy of a flame turned off when not in use.
test?
5. The presence of interfering ions, the
intensity of the flame, and the cleanliness of
6. Why sodium vapour lamps are used as street lights the platinum wire can all affect the accuracy
instead of simple white tube lights. of a flame test.
7. How can the different flame colors of sodium and 6. They are very efficient and provide high
calcium ions be used to identify them in a mixed intensity lights.
sample.
7. The distinct yellow flame from sodium and
8. How does the excitation of electrons in metal ions the brick-red flame from calcium can be
lead to the emission of light in the flame test? used to differentiate these ions in a mixed
sample.
8. When metal ions are heated, their electrons
9. Why do we use con. HCl in the flame test?
absorb energy and move to higher energy
levels. As they return to their original levels,
they release energy in the form of light.
9. Conc HCl converts compounds into their
metallic chlorides.
10. A laboratory technician needs to identify Ca+2 ions
in a mineral sample. What technique would he 10. Flame test.
employ?
Ser SLO Questions Answer
11. How can you differentiate between sodium and 11. The bright yellow flame of sodium can mask
calcium in a flame test if sodium is present? the color of calcium. To differentiate, you
can use a cobalt blue glass, which absorbs
the yellow light, allowing the brick-red color
of calcium to be seen

7. Identify ketones using 2,4- 1. How can the 2,4-DNP test be used to distinguish 1. Both ketones and aldehydes react with 2,4-
dinitrophenyl hydrazine between ketones and aldehydes? DNP to form precipitates. However,
test aldehydes also undergo the Tollen's test
and Fehling's test, which ketonesnot.
2. What are some common ketones found in
everyday life? 2. Acetone (found in nail polish remover and
some cleaning products), acetophenone
(used as a flavoring agent), and camphor
3. What is the functional group of a ketone? (used in mothballs and topical ointments).
3. The carbonyl group, C=O.
4. What is the chemical reaction between ketones
and 2,4-DNP. 4. Ketones react with 2,4-DNP to form 2,4-
dinitrophenylhydrazone precipitates
5. Describe a method to test the solubility of
carboxylic acids and predict which ones will be 5. The precipitate is usually yellow or orange in
soluble in water. color.

6. Name a test useful in determining the presence of 6. Dinitrophenyl hydrazine test and Fehlings
carbonyl group? solution.

7. What is the color of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone

precipitate? 7. It is typically yellow, orange, or reddish-
orange.

8. Write down the chemical equation for hydrazine 8. CH3R'C=O. + C6H3(NO2)2NHNH2 →

test. C6H3(NO2)2NHN=C-CH3R' + H2O
Ser SLO Questions Answer
9. A chemist performs the 2,4 - DNPH test on two 9. Sample A contains a ketone while sample B
samples A and B. A show a yellow precipitate has no carbonyl compound.
while sample B shows no reaction. What
conclusion can be drawn?

10. What is the purpose of adding HCl to the 2, 4 10. In order to adjust pH we add HCl.
DNPH reagent.

11. How does 2, 4 DNPH reagent is prepared? 11. It is prepared by dissolving 2, 4 DNPH in
ethanol. Then add few cm3 of
conc.H2SO4are added slowly. The mixture
becomes warm and the solid dissolves
completely.
12. Show the observation and conclusion when 12.
fructose reacts with DNPH. Observation Conclusion
Orange precipitate Ketone is confirmed

13. Why acetone is used to remove nail polish? 13. Acetone is a liquid solvent that can break
down and dissolve other substances
8. Identify carboxylic acids 1. What is the functional group of carboxylic acid? 1. The carboxyl group, COOH
using sodium carbonate
test 2. What is the chemical reaction between carboxylic 2. Carboxylic acids react with sodium
acids and sodium carbonate? carbonate to produce a salt, carbon dioxide
gas, and water.

3. How can the evolution of carbon dioxide gas be 3. By passing the gas through limewater,
detected? which turns milky in the presence of carbon
dioxide.

4. What are some common carboxylic acids found in 4. Acetic acid (found in vinegar), citric acid
everyday life? (found in citrus fruits), and lactic acid (found
in sour milk).
Ser SLO Questions Answer
5. How can the sodium carbonate test be used to 5. Carboxylic acids will react with sodium
distinguish between carboxylic acids and alcohols. carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas,
while alcohols will not.
6. How can you distinguish between phenol and
carboxylic group? 6. The sodium bicarbonate test can be used to
distinguish between phenol and carboxylic
acids.

7. What causes the brick effervescence in a sodium 7. Evolving CO2

bicarbonate test?
8. Write down the chemical equation for sodium 8. CH3COOH + NaCO3 → CH3COONa +CO2 +
bicarbonate test? H2O
9. What is the use of lime water in sodium
bicarbonate test? 9. Lime water turns milky due to CO2

10. What experiment comes in mind when you see this 10. Carboxylic acids using sodium carbonate
figure: test.

11. What are the products when carboxylic acids react 11. Metal carboxylate (CH3-COOH), carbon
with bicarbonates dioxide (CO2) gas and water (H2O).

12. Name some commonly used carboxylic acid. 12. Oxalic acids, Acetic acid, Succinic acid,
Tartaric acid, Citric acid, Cinnamic acid.

13. While preparing cakes and cookies why the flour 13. It swells up due to the evolution of Carbon
swells up on the addition of baking soda in it? dioxide (CO2).
Ser SLO Questions Answer
14. Where does carbon dioxide come from? 14. From decomposition of Bicarbonates.

15. Which carboxylic acid responsible for odor and 15. Acetic acid (CH3COOH).
taste of vinegar?
16. Write the balanced chemical equation for the 16. 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa +
reaction of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) with sodium CO2 + H2O
carbonate.
9. Classify substances as 1. How can the pH of a solution be measured? 1. Using a pH meter or litmus paper.
acidic, basic or neutral
2. Identify the pH range of acids, bases, and neutral 2. Acidic: pH < 7; Basic: pH > 7;
substances. Neutral: pH = 7
3. What is the action of acid and base for litmus 3. Acids turns blue litmus red and base turns
paper? red litmus blue.
4. What is the difference between litmus paper and 4. Litmus paper tells the nature of substance
pH paper? while pH paper tells the acidic and basic
strength.
5. Ammonia NH3 does not contain hydroxide group 5. Water (H2O) acts as an acid when react with
yet it produces hydroxide ion in water ammonia as shown below:
H2O + NH3 ⇌ NH4+ + OH-
6. Is your saliva acidic or basic before and after 6. Saliva before meal is basic and may change
having meal? its PH after meal. The normal PH range of
saliva is 6.5-7.5.
7. Why does the application of vinegar remove the
scales from a kettle? 7. treating them with vinegar when a soluble
salt e.g. calcium acetate etc is obtained.
Then kettle is washed with sufficient water.

8. What is the nature of Bee’s and wasp sting? 8. It is acidic in nature while wasp is basic.

9. Color of 0.1% Bromothymol Blue in hydrochloric 9. It is yellow in color.

acid is:
10. If gaseous HCl is cooled to about -84 Co, it 10. Liquid HCl is covalent in nature and does
condenses to a liquid that does not conduct not conduct electricity due to the absence of
electricity. Why is to so? ions in it.
 SLO-wise Question Bank
(Self-Assessment / Class Practice)

SLO: Standardize the given NaOH / HCl solution Volumetrically

1. The diagram shows the setup for standardizing sodium hydroxide solution using hydrochloric acid.

a) Label the key pieces of apparatus shown in the diagram

b) Explain why a conical flask is preferred over a beaker for the titration
c) State two precautions that should be taken when rinsing the burette with NaOH solution?
2. A student needs to prepare the workbench for standardization.
a) List three pieces of apparatus that must be thoroughly cleaned and dried before use
b) Describe the correct procedure for rinsing a pipette with the standard acid solution
c) Explain why the pipette filler must be used instead of mouth pipetting.
3. During the standardization process:
a) Explain why the conical flask should be swirled during titration
b) Describe how to correctly read the burette at the start and end of titration
c) State the significance of the 'rough titration' in the standardization process
4. A student obtained the following titration readings: Initial burette reading: 0.00 cm³ Final burette reading: 24.35 cm³
a) Calculate the volume of NaOH used
b) Explain why concordant titres should be within 0.10 cm³ of each other.
5. In standardizing 0.1 M HCl against NaOH:
a) Write the balanced equation for the neutralization reaction
b) Calculate the concentration of NaOH if 25.0 cm³ of HCl required 27.30 cm³ of NaOH
c) Explain why the exact concentration of NaOH needs to be known
6. The following results were obtained: Obs 1: 24.35 cm³ Obs 2: 24.40 cm³ Obs 3: 24.85 cm³
a) Identify which results are concordant and explain why
b) Calculate the average titre using appropriate results
c) Suggest one improvement to obtain more accurate results?
7. Regarding the use of phenolphthalein indicator:
a) Describe the color change observed at the end point
b) Explain why phenolphthalein is suitable for this titration
c) Suggest an alternative indicator and justify your choice?
8. A student observes color change during titration:
a) Explain why droplets of solution on the burette walls should not be included in readings
b) Describe how to detect the end point accurately
c) State two reasons why the end point might be overshot.
9. Consider the following potential errors and answer the questions:
a) Explain how parallax error could affect the results and how to avoid it
b) Describe the impact of using a wet burette on the final concentration calculation
c) Suggest two ways to improve the precision of the results.
10. Regarding the standardization procedure:
a) Why all glassware must be rinsed with distilled water
b) How temperature fluctuations might affect the results
c) What appropriate significant figures be used for recording burette readings and why.
11. List the reagents and materials required for the volumetric standardization of NaOH and HCl solutions.
12. How you would determine the endpoint of a titration when standardizing NaOH with HCl. What indicators could be used?
13. What are the expected observations during the titration process when standardizing NaOH with HCl? Describe any color changes.
14. Identify potential sources of error during the standardization process and suggest ways to minimize them.
15. Explain the concept of the equivalence point in a titration. How can you determine when the equivalence point has been reached
during the standardization of NaOH with HCl?
SLO: Determine the exact molarity of the Na2CO3 / Oxalic acid solution Volumetrically

1. Before beginning the titration process:

a) Explain why oxalic acid must be heated gently to dissolve in water
b) Describe two safety precautions when handling oxalic acid powder
c) State why Na2CO3 should be heated in an oven before weighing.
2. A student prepares the solutions:
a) Calculate the mass of Na2CO3 needed to prepare 250 cm³ of 0.1 M solution
b) Describe the correct procedure for making the solution to the mark in a volumetric flask
c) Explain why the solution should be shaken thoroughly after making up to the mark.
3. Regarding the titration apparatus:
a) Explain why methyl orange is preferred over phenolphthalein for this titration
b) Describe the correct method for filling the burette with oxalic acid solution
c) State two sources of error when reading the burette and how to minimize them.
4. During the titration process:
a) Describe the color change observed at the end point when using methyl orange
b) Explain why the solution should be swirled continuously during addition of acid
c) State why a white tile should be placed under the conical flask.
5. A student obtained the following data: Mass of Na2CO3 = 2.65 g Volume of solution = 250 cm³
a) Calculate the molarity of the Na2CO3 solution
b) Explain why the solution should be freshly prepared
c) Calculate the theoretical volume of 0.1 M oxalic acid needed to neutralize 25.0 cm³ of this Na2CO3 solution.
6. The following titration results were obtained: Titre 1: 23.45 cm³ Titre 2: 23.40 cm³ Titre 3: 23.90 cm³
a) Identify the concordant readings and explain your choice
b) Calculate the average titre using appropriate results
c) Explain why the third reading might be significantly different?
7. Regarding the reaction mechanism:
a) Write the balanced equation for the reaction between Na2CO3 and H2C2O4
b) Explain why Na2CO3 is considered a basic salt
c) Describe what happens to the pH during the titration.
8. Consider the following observations and write a brief response:
a) Explain why the end point appears sharper when the solution is hot
b) Describe two ways to confirm that the end point has been reached
c) State why standardization against Na2CO3 is preferred over NaOH
9. Regarding experimental accuracy:
a) Explain how temperature affects the accuracy of the volumetric measurements
b) Suggest two improvements to increase the accuracy of results.
10. Describe the procedure for determining the molarity of a sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solution using oxalic acid (H2C2O4) as the
titrant.
11. Explain the concept of the equivalence point in a titration. How can you determine when the equivalence point has been reached
during the standardization of Na2CO3 with oxalic acid?
12. What is the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and oxalic acid (H2C2O4)? Use this
equation to explain the stoichiometry involved in the titration.
13. If 25.00 mL of Na2CO3 solution is titrated with 0.050 M oxalic acid and it takes 20.00 mL of oxalic acid to reach the endpoint, calculate
the molarity of the Na2CO3 solution.
14. What is the role of indicators in acid-base titration:
15. List potential sources of error in this experiment and suggest methods to minimize these errors.
SLO: Identify saturated and unsaturated organic compounds by KMnO4 test

1. Regarding the KMnO4 solution:

a) State the appropriate concentration of KMnO4 solution used for this test
b) Describe the appearance of freshly prepared KMnO4 solution
c) Explain two safety precautions when handling KMnO4 solution.
2. A student prepares for the test to detect un-saturated compounds, using KMnO4:
a) Explain why distilled water must be used to prepare KMnO4 solution
b) Describe how to properly store the KMnO4 solution
c) State why the test tubes must be thoroughly cleaned before use.
3. During the testing procedure:
a) Describe the exact steps for adding KMnO4 solution to the organic compound
b) Explain why the test tubes should be gently shaken
c) State the maximum time needed to observe a definitive result.
4. Observe the following results: Test tube 1: Purple color remains Test tube 2: Purple color disappears

a) Identify which tube contains the unsaturated compound and explain why
b) Describe the chemical change occurring in test tube 2
c) Explain why warming the mixture might affect the rate of color change.
5. Regarding the reaction mechanism:
a) Write the balanced equation for the reaction between KMnO4 and an alkene
b) Explain why MnO4⁻ changes color during the reaction
c) State the final oxidation state of manganese in the products
6. Consider the following compounds: A: CH3CH2CH2CH3 B: CH3CH=CHCH3 C : CH3CH2CH2OH
a) Predict which compound(s) will decolorize KMnO4
b) Explain your predictions with reference to molecular structure
c) Describe how temperature affects the rate of decolorization [2]
7. A student tests unknown samples:
a) Explain why a control test with water should be performed
b) Describe two possible sources of false positive results
c) Suggest how to verify that decolorization is due to unsaturation rather than other reducing agents
8. The test gives unclear results:
a) Suggest two reasons why the purple color might fade very slowly
b) Explain how to distinguish between slow decolorization and no reaction
c) Describe how to modify the test for more definitive results
9. Practical considerations:
a) Explain why some alkenes might react faster than others
b) Describe how to test volatile organic compounds
10. What is the chemical basis for the KMnO4 test in distinguishing between saturated and unsaturated organic compounds.
11. What observations would you expect when performing the KMnO4 test on an alkene and an alkane? Explain the significance of these
observations.
12. A student performed the KMnO4 test on two organic compounds:
Compound A (C3H6) and Compound B (C4H10).
What results would you expect for each compound, and what do these results indicate about their structures?
13. Why is it important to use dilute KMnO4 solution in the test for identifying saturated and unsaturated compounds?
14. If a compound does not react with KMnO4 and remains purple, what further test could be performed to confirm its saturation?
15. What are the limitations of the KMnO₄ test in identifying organic compounds?
SLO: Demonstrate that sugar decomposes into elements or other compounds

1. The diagram shows the apparatus for sugar decomposition:

a) Label three essential pieces of apparatus shown in the setup

b) Explain why the test tube should be held at an angle during heating
c) State two safety precautions that must be taken during this experiment
2. Regarding experimental preparation:
a) Describe how to properly clean and dry the test tube before use
b) Explain why the amount of sugar used should not exceed one-third of the test tube
c) State why a boiling tube is preferred over a normal test tube:
3. During the heating process:
a) Describe the initial changes observed when sugar is heated gently
b) Explain why the heating should be gradual rather than intense
c) List three observations as the decomposition progresses.
4. Consider the following observations:
a) Explain why the sugar turns brown and then black
b) Describe the appearance and smell of any gases evolved
c) State what happens to the inner walls of the test tube during heating.
5. Regarding the solid residue:
a) Identify the black solid remaining in the test tube
b) Describe a test to confirm the identity of this residue
6. For the gaseous products:
a) Describe how to test for water vapor produced during decomposition
b) Explain how to detect carbon dioxide among the products
c) Write a word equation for the overall decomposition reaction?
7. About the decomposition process:
a) Explain why this is called a thermal decomposition reaction
b) Describe the role of heat energy in breaking chemical bonds
c) State why sugar doesn't melt cleanly like ionic compounds.
8. Why the process is considered irreversible.
9. Suggest why different types of sugar might decompose at different temperatures.
10. Describe two possible sources of error in this experiment. Suggest improvements to collect more accurate results.
11. Describe briefly the procedure you did for demonstrating the decomposition of sugar (sucrose) when heated.
12. Explain the role of heat in the decomposition of sugar. What would happen if sugar were not heated sufficiently?
13. After heating sugar, a black residue is left in the test tube. What does this residue represent, and what does its formation indicate about
the decomposition process?
14. What are the observable physical changes that occur when sugar decomposes upon heating? List at least three changes.
15. If a student observes that the sugar does not de compose after heating, what could be some possible reasons for this observation?
SLO: Demonstrate the softening of water by removal of calcium ions from hard water.

1. Regarding hard water samples:

a) Describe how to prepare a sample of temporary hard water in the laboratory
b) State two cations that commonly cause water hardness
2. Why soap forms scum with hard water. Write the equation for the formation of calcium carbonate in temporary hard water.
3. Draw the diagram for the setup you ever used for removing temporary hardness of water.
4. Why the hard water should be boiled for several minutes. State two safety precautions when boiling hard water.
5. State two advantages of ion exchange over boiling method.
6. During the softening process:
a) Write a balanced equation for the removal of Ca²⁺ ions by sodium carbonate
b) Explain why filtering is necessary after chemical treatment
c) State what happens to the pH during the process
7. During the experiment white precipitate forms during chemical treatment, explain why? How to collect and dry the precipitate.
8. Explain why soap lather is used as an indicator. State two other methods to verify calcium ion removal?
9. Explain why results might vary between samples.
10. Compare different methods:
a) Explain two advantages of using washing soda over boiling method
b) Describe why distillation is not practical for large-scale softening
c) State which method would be most suitable for domestic use and explain why.
11. Describe the procedure for demonstrating the softening of hard water by the removal of calcium ions using a suitable method?
12. Explain the chemical reaction that occurs when sodium carbonate is added to hard water containing calcium ions. Write the balanced
equation for this reaction.
13. After performing the softening process, how can you test the effectiveness of the water softening method?
14. If a student observes that no precipitate forms after adding sodium carbonate to hard water, what could be some possible reasons for
this observation.
15. What units are commonly used to express water hardness?
SLO: Identify sodium, calcium radicals by flame test.

1. Label three essential pieces of equipment needed for flame tests

2. Explain why a platinum/nichrome wire is preferred over a copper wire
3. State two safety precautions specific to flame tests.
4. Describe how to clean the wire loop between tests
5. Explain why concentrated HCl is used to clean the wire or State why the wire must be heated in the flame until no color appears.
6. During the flame test:
a) Describe the correct technique for introducing the sample into the flame
b) Explain why the sample should not be placed directly in the flame
c) State the ideal position of the wire in the Bunsen flame
7. Consider flame appearance:
a) Describe the characteristic flame color for sodium ions
b) Describe the characteristic flame color for calcium ions
c) Explain why the test should be repeated at least twice.
8. A student observes different colors:
a) Explain why sodium shows a persistent color while calcium's is briefer
b) Describe how to distinguish between orange-red and yellow flames
c) State why viewing the flame against a dark background helps?
9. Describe how to detect calcium in the presence of sodium. Suggest a method to confirm results if colors are unclear?
10. Describe the procedure for performing a flame test to identify sodium and calcium ions.
11. If a student observes a yellow flame during the test but is unsure whether it is due to sodium or another element, what could be done to
confirm the presence of sodium ions specifically?
12. Discuss the role of hydrochloric acid in the flame test procedure. Why is it used, and what effect does it have on the wire loop?
13. What role does the color of the flame play in the identification of metal ions.
14. What are the limitations of using the flame test for identifying sodium and calcium ions? Provide at least two limitations
15. What color flame does potassium produce?
SLO: Identify ketones using 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine test.

1. Regarding 2,4-DNP reagent:

a) State why 2,4-DNP solution must be prepared in acidified conditions
c) Describe the appearance of fresh 2,4-DNP reagent.
2. Why the test tubes must be completely clean and dry. How to safely handle and store 2,4-DNP solution.
3. Describe the procedure for performing the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) test to identify ketones.
4. Explain the chemical basis of the DNPH test. How does the reaction between ketones and DNPH occur.
5. During the testing procedure:
a) Describe the exact steps for adding 2,4-DNP to the ketone sample
b) Explain why the mixture should be shaken gently
c) State how long to wait for a definitive result.
6. Consider these observations:
a) Describe the expected color and appearance of a positive result
b) Explain why some precipitates form faster than others
7. Write the general equation for the reaction between 2,4-DNP and a ketone?
8. Draw the structure of the product when propanone reacts with 2,4-DNP?
9. A student obtains these results:
Sample A: Orange precipitate forms immediately Sample B: No visible change
Sample C: Slight cloudiness after 2 minutes
a) Interpret each result b) Explain why sample C gave an unclear result c) Suggest how to confirm the results?
10. Explain why a control test should be performed. State two possible causes of false negative results.
11. If a student performs the DNPH test and observes no precipitate, what could be some possible reasons for this result?
12. What are the expected colors of the precipitate formed when ketones react with DNPH, and what does this indicate about the presence
of ketones?
13. Explain the role of the water bath in the DNPH test procedure. Why is it important to control the temperature during the reaction?
14. What alternative methods exist for identifying ketones besides the DNPH test?
15. Can this test be used to differentiate between various ketones? Why / Why not?
SLO: Identify carboxylic acids using sodium carbonate test.

1. State the appropriate concentration of Na2CO3 solution used for this test. Why fresh solution should be used for testing.
2. Explain why the test tubes should be dry before use. How to properly clean test tubes for this experiment.
3. Describe the exact steps for adding Na2CO3 solution to the acid sample.
4. Explain why the solutions should be mixed gradually
5. Identify, which of the given apparatus is used to identity carboxylic acids? How?

or
6. Explain why effervescence occurs. State how temperature affects the rate of gas evolution.
7. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and Na2CO3.
8. Explain why CO2 is produced during the reaction. State why this is considered a neutralization reaction.
9. A student observes these results:
Sample A: Vigorous effervescence Sample B: No reaction Sample C: Slow bubbling
a) Interpret each observation b) Explain possible reasons for the slow reaction in sample C
c) Suggest how to confirm the results
10. Describe two possible sources of experimental error. Why a control test should be performed.
11. If a student performs the sodium carbonate test and observes no effervescence, what could be some possible reasons for this result?
12. What are the expected observations when a carboxylic acid reacts with sodium carbonate, and what does this indicate about the
presence of the acid?
13. Discuss the limitations of the sodium carbonate test in identifying carboxylic acids. What are some potential drawbacks?
14. What is role of sodium carbonate in the test for identifying carboxylic acids. Why is it used specifically for this purpose?
15. What is the significance of the effervescence observed during the sodium carbonate test?
SLO: Classify substances as acidic, basic or neutral.

1. Describe the procedure for classifying a substance as acidic, basic, or neutral using pH indicators.
2. Explain the significance of the pH scale in classifying substances as acidic, basic, or neutral. What are the pH ranges for each category?
3. What safety precautions should be taken when testing substances for acidity or basicity in the laboratory?
4. If a student tests a substance and finds that it has a pH of 5, how would they classify this substance? Explain your reasoning.
5. Describe how you would classify a substance that has a pH of 8?
6. What are some common household substances that can be classified as acidic, basic, or neutral? Provide at least one example.
7. Explain how litmus paper can be used to classify substances as acidic or basic. What color changes indicate each classification?
8. Discuss the limitations of using pH indicators for classifying substances. What factors can affect the accuracy of the results?
9. How can the classification of a substance as acidic, basic, or neutral impact its behavior in chemical reactions?
10. Describe how you would use a universal pH indicator to classify a substance. What steps would you take?
11. What role does the concentration of hydrogen ions play in determining whether a substance is classified as acidic, basic, or neutral?
12. The table below shows the results of adding universal indicator to three different substances:

Substance Indicator Color pH Value

A Green 7
B Red 2
C Purple 11
(a) Classify each substance as acidic, basic, or neutral.
(b) Which substance would most likely react with a metal carbonate to produce a gas?
13. You are provided with a colorless liquid. When tested with blue litmus paper, there is no change, but red litmus paper turns blue. Is the
substance acidic, basic, or neutral?
14. A student tested three common household substances using pH paper. The following observations were recorded:
Lemon juice: pH paper turned red Baking soda solution: pH paper turned blue Distilled water: No color change.
Classify each substance as acidic, basic, or neutral.
15. A solution of pH 4 is mixed with another solution of pH 10. The resulting solution has a pH of 7. Classify the final solution as acidic,
basic, or neutral. Explain why the final pH is neutral.
 Sample papers:

Chemistry SSC-II

Total Marks:10 Time:45 minutes

Section A
Note: Attempt all questions and answer the questions within the provided spaces.

Q no1 : Purpose of this experiment is to determine the exact molarity of oxalic acid volumetrically. 0.1 M NaOH is given.

i. Which of the following apparatus are used in this experiment: Identify and write their name at the space given. (1)

A B C D E F

___________________________________________________________________________________________
Chemicals used:
Phenolphthalein Distilled water 0.1M NaOH and V1=10cm3(oxalic acid solution)

ii. Complete the following reaction: (1)

(COOH)2. + 2NaOH à _________________________________________________________________________________________

iii. Find the value of n1for oxalic acid and n2 for NaOH from the above chemical equation. (1)
n1=……………….
n2=…………….…

iv. What is the role of phenolphthalein in this titration? (1)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

v. Why is it important to add NaOH drop wise near the endpoint? (2)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Section B

Question 2: Give answers to following questions.

i. When we add acidified KMnO4 solution to the aqueous suspension of cinnamic acid, mention change observed for test. (1)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ii. When an unknown salt is subjected to a flame test, a brick red flame is obtained. Give procedure of the test and indicate the cation
which gave red flame. (1)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
iii. Fructose gives orange precipitates with 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine. Which functional group is confirmed by this test? (1)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

iv. The purpose of experiment is to remove hardness of water containing CaCl2. Write a method with chemical equation to remove this
hardness. (1)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
 SAMPLE PAPER-2

Section A
Note: Attempt all questions and answer the questions within the provided spaces.

Question no1: Purpose of this experiment is to standardize the given HCl solution volumetrically. 0.1 M NaOH is given.
i. Name the indicator which is used to perform this experiment. (1)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ii. Complete the following reaction: (1)
HCl. + NaOH à ________________________________________________________________________________________
iii. Find the value of n1 for HCl and n2 for NaOH from the above chemical equation.

n1=………………. n2=…………… (1)

iv. A titration uses 40 cm3 of 0.1M NaOH to neutralize 20cm3 of HCl solution. Calculate the molarity of HCl. (2)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

v. Can we take upper meniscus for colorless liquids? Why / Why not? (1)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Section B
Question2: Give answers to following questions.

i. Why copper wire is not used in the flame test? (1)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

ii. When an unknown salt is subjected to a flame test, a golden yellow flame is obtained. Give procedure of the test and
indicate the cation which gave red flame. (1)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

iii. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate. (1)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

iv. Name the gas produced when acetic acid reacts with Na2CO3. solution. (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________