boo haMaters at a Steps of his expoumens :

hh sbudied the inheritance of ohe Cor

ed many hacte at D. Production ot pwe ines
ine unike hu pr2dtcessors who conidu .Mendel developed pune Liney tor 14
vayiebu
pufoming continuoy ult
a Hme
inheitance oF quai tative * Mundel deveopd pure inu by
’Quanti tatively aal ysed tu analis and mathumatical aws pouination nd lthon
dhanacteu He appied statisi cal he maintained statistical 2> Crossina of 1eeted paMnts hy bridi akion.
to solve biologial
probtemu nd olso Crossing involveg the teennique ot artiiualrebagging
Meordy oY eath expt. he conducted temacuab on tbagging t daing o P9 t
Sn sampla 3i2e which provi ded Jeed
’his expeiments unudea d t uoueion of
hyloi geneation
qreat cred ebiliy to dhe expt B) Selt po Uination of fi hybros to obtin Fz
’he could vepicat te samt es uts çn oepeated tet xperimens
e pattexn ot in heitance í qnvaJ sahet than
twhich indicate Letkor epr entation 4 gne - Nendel
ideology tehnì que: Symbolic ouprantation gane~ T HMorgan
MOndels hy byidùahon expeimental sativum) for h expt
+Mundl sleted Ghanden pea (Piswm
+He sleted 7 pairs] ol contrautivg han acte[I4 taie] Note:
nY
Charackers Dominant Receszive Type o phenobypes
gamete
Flower olowt Violek y 3h h ’ humbe 4 heteo249ou
Flower posiion AxBal A/ Termin al a Typcs d9eho bype þa
Sem height Tau Duoart t 4h
Pod eolouH
No ygote (o)
Cruit tolour] yellow q
Pod shap
[ruit ahape Infated Congbitted
Sed olow Yelow
Sed ahape Round R Onnked
S.blixt:- the gune tor te hanacters sudied by Mandel ane
Jocated on 4 out ot 7 dtomosome i.e, 1st,th, 5th and 1th
10n haatpod sd hapt
Aleunolow

Seed
Tolor
4 5 7

Note:- Iritially he chose 34 braiis (variehe) hun 22 but inally worked

on 7 paou yaeiu eis) lu trai.
 Pumett Suare Ghene Interacton:-9nes ntrat to moiky phenobype
-Devdeped by Reginald -C- Punnekt (British gutiast) cblw gener)
eprelent ati on to Caleate the probability S(within ohe gne) Intergen c tnt tion
-R à a graphìcal ofpriuas es ulting broma genete Intragenic IntevaetHon/ Non- alelic Inteaci oh.
of all possbe qehotjp of Alelic hkeraction:
-Ihcomplete doni nane - Complimentary ganes
A wntten on boo st deay
-The possible qaeter brom bom paHUt ombinati ou 4 geety pea o-domun ance - Epistasc gene
ka t ro leit colun nd all possibe
q enenate the squane oukput Fom -Multipe Alelism
a ornta in boreu blous wkeh
by Punn att cuae. - PieobropY
Foluousina featwre can be analyeed
+ rod of Qam ete by paeti
auelic comkinaton.
+Form o zygote
4 2 2
Birohial Exprenibn 1
mathematcaly ondnable to
- Te atio st 1T : Tt: t
Bhe fom et binoni al xpremen (axt+by) Inomplete Dominance:

ooniant
elic ntorattion n uhich
Tt u a type of interadloninant ovot teceLi ve allele- Thu
2 auele i hot conmpleteywn Ft dead b unteM Mesli ate pheno type
hetroygos on dikon
tte parent]
Mardhbid Teat rosS phenobype houwn Cphenotype present n neither & Jalapa/4 o' dock
Tau otfspring qmo bype nnouwn -Ast duoV Med by Can corr ns in Mirabiia plaunt
Cross- fowU olowt n Mirlbili Jalapa
Etx1T phenotypic raio Ttx tt
Red whit e
1: 1
Paxents
RR
tal dwert TITE TE
quotypie raio
TE
etaue
trait whichhpresent
obsenyaki on; kai't oifspings RY (ein k) -Expressparnt or ot
obsevvaient Al tal planes
intorekaion: henobpe ot a halt ae dwarf
ctéspting thouing doninant trait inken prekaion: nenokype ot n neith of Me
Lntetmedi ate type
Pome z9goud ofsing is hetoto zygou .
 Normal RBO Sickle cel RB
DNA S5'-hTG -3
*DNACtc A 9 3 2 - CAGT5
*RNAS6-GAG3
*$- chaàn polypepz *Brchain. polypeptideG bm

val. His leu Thr pro Gls nlu val tis Leu Thr pro val alu
* NoMal B chain AbnoYm al B chai

Normal Hacmog lobin Aonoma Hb

Unde dos O2 tengion ttb
Normal shape otBC
poly moia I
Recyundevgoes dysis cauaing
gets clumped
anaemia
The detect is cawed by dhe subsi tution of Chlutamic Add
CGhlu) by Vaine (V a) at the b position P,chain of Haemoglobin
gloloin
4The subs ibution of Amino aud u due to tthe single bae
substi bution at the b*0 Codeon position of p- hlobin h gene
from Gn AG to aUa
the sickle cel anaenia ia a dani eal example of pleotropy
tissuel
I has a pleotrpic ettect on the leylopmentot many
nd organ sueh a bone dung idn eyipleen, heant.
tScA, it occws onls n Hb> Hb condi tion and givu increased
i stance to mal arça caus ed by Plasmodium al ipanum.
 Vari aton (hen eti cs): Loy he point at whi h gcne i preunt ontheas9
Princaples of Inheri tance
chp:2
kihdls Umom0soMe
"Drganisms alwaås produe progeniu of aimi lar " Each dow hae apautiwtwr gMe
Like beges
"No boo geues con havelocupy Bu lame posiei on on the Ame
fom of gnetie matoi mOSOme
"Transnission , uimiaM chanatu in tthe gunoatioh "The numbut ype r eguence of gene peciic b each
ne qnation to next
" Iranafo ot eaacters yom comoso Me
called Heredity " Most of He orgari's ms oe dploid thoreore
"Process oP Huedity = lnhoiance hey 2sek each clwomosome eacopid ot quneu on the
*0springs prodyed via RUal ep. annot idnti cal to the oomoso me Chomologow) tbr tu Bome cheract
parents how dittenntu.
-Aueles |Aueo morp hic-’Ghenes code foy the altenn ative forma of
" Degree by which progny difen hom paent> Vaiationei he sae chaack
Tem oind by: Batuon
hehetica = Heredity+ Vaviation. (or)
"TUm henetis ’ wiiam Bateson. Atunative oma of the eame gene
"Fahe ot henetia => John nregor Mundel. he homologou
So th atete of qnu o u p y e LDu on
"Fatthox of Modun nen etiu ’w. Batuon. wtomosoMe
"Fathex of Expeumntal henetiu = Thom as Hunt Norgan e uesret y he ghe
Fathen ot Biochemical 6 Human hen thu >A. arod Each ehana ctor can have ny no-o trausno.con
ot al ees
codiny for a chanacter can alo have ay
Genetie Tomt: Buk in a dipoid org ais m ony R aleu as possil for achara cter
organisM.
-ChanactY’ Physi cal featuMe of an Ploweu >Dominant brat
colowr Seed thape
Ex: Height Eqe tolon
fruit ahape. ChavateY Vaniable torms = Traibs puenive braib
Stin eolbr Hair colbwt Jud olowt
"Trait ’Vçabe forms of same hater. ’ Domin ant alLtele
t could be 2 gene variabu fomi =Auelu ’ecemive altele
*No. of forms vaiu or ah c t act
cuanatod of same qee
Traits
tb many Ex: Ta Dwant ’ Hight -Homozysou (Pwe’preuence of siniaidentica alu tor a
Eye eolowt
Brown BAek
PPower colo.
paiuto haracter in 2n orqauism.Autys brecd ue bor characte.
Red
wintedsd hape. Ex; AA yaa - Pro ducJ only oe tpe ot gameteaforonogaet
a
Round
> Blood group -Htebzygous |(mpwe-> Prsnce ot a non-identcal alelee
A, AB, B) b partiulat characker in an organism.
FaCtor (Elnents ’ DNA Lgment whi ch has un foYMatlon code foy EX: Aa-rodueee a typ 4 gamete Hetogametea
a in diploid
/pro tun
Be chan actou/ - Hemi eygo’ Ocwrence of sinale auele of gene
TeMMendel x
Ex: sex inked aene in umot o
n homo
unent y tacors ae khown a Gnenu -pominaht Auele’ The allele a t ex pYRLRE bom oapital Jetter of
Tomt by hekG0 zy QDw on dition. Repreeted by
The Chne is t t unik ot tnheu tance JohanneAon Ex: TI.( DMoZHgo)’tau Tedoninant allele
T CHetoaygeu)’ tal
 Pseiire Akeles he auLae, Hat exprenes ony in komey3o u.
TE (heteo)tal
*heacteat
n diploid condn, thene e bwo gene tor a pat uay
(ondition Ex tt tomozygo) > duwart
. . t ia Hecenive auele. -SelPing-> It s a breeding of boo plants with ome geneie
heterog Composition. ex: TTRRDDX TTRROD
-Doinant tait The trait xpr emubotm n homo eApitd ettot the
tondiion. Ex: Tall. TRepresented y "Cossing ->ti breeding et plants which diHer in
or-1
.Thi trat oded by dominant alele genetic tomposiion
Based on kow many dhn at Uu e Panents e difeina
only in homo24gou ent 'typl o cDS3ig
-ReLenive trait’ The tait which exprema hene ae ditte
tonditon Ex:dwayt. ay Monohybrid crosS
alue
u coded by Hecenive
Thà trait
the MOYphologi cal app urance He sewting otspng çs caued. Nanonybrid.
nacter
"Phnobype’ is the extunal ’t u htiozygous or one
pauiulLa chan aten
of an orgaurism foY a
tall or dwart by Dihybrid crous
Ex: plant height toud be paMent which diAN n two chai actey
makeup an >Crossig beween 2
- henotype’ The gen etie coiuion (or) gencie he resulki ng oftspring
Dihybrid.
cAU ed
org auum for aychatM.
paiutan Ex: tT Tt,tt ’ t u het ero24gby for buo
chanates.
tor u ist ross M
phenoype wu coined by Tohan neson. -Parental heneation .he oYq anisms sd
Note: The tom genotype
uprSents the panent guokon.[epeh n acten
-Ghenome’ Sum total ot al te 4unu prnt in the haploid "Parents ate aways pwne for a
a cYoss beween 2
8rk ot chsoMo some
- hherabon The prog Uny pro du eed Gom
geneati on
Numbet of,chronosomes in a gametecel ot an org anism paxents caued 1St iual brom e ell hy bi ds
ation
(or) Proguny obtained
Numbn ot, dhOmOsome by ihuothe paent -6 heneraion’
F indivi duals.
entire et of wo mosome aeieved rom Cne of tu paunt or in breeding of ot a progeny
-Haploid ’taving only one aet ot omosomes JepeOna, Inbyeeding ’ t
-wih he orossing of the ndinduaA
each o t h
"No. ot omo some wn a t it speiht ko an organism otsprmg
thu
n=28 umar In haploid on dition, mm only Back crOSs’It wa Yoss of 8y of the parental plant
Dhe qene For apAti CulD haactu with doihant har acte And. doinant trait
spring with te
h12 Rice oukross:Crossina ot the oPt
ent
h=17 Atple with tte doninant pat ofspri ig with the doti nant rait
|n= 4 prosbphiUA (Pre Ay) STateross: (rossing ot Hu
Lna7 Pisu sakivum (ndnden pea). with h Jtecessive. patent
The gameke produced by the dip loid orgami ane haploi d. ImportahCe of TeAkcross:
tau plant ak F
- To detomine thu quhotype of
Dipleid ’ Having d sek of dtomoSomea in an org anism diploid.
-Phenocopie’ The boo plunts having different ghobype producing
panti having same phenotype hdon ditf eoront evivonyental condiiohs,
 wich d°Ffor n only one Laws o Inhentante:
Mpnphubrid cross- CrDss blw tu patens
trai s stf TStlaww
inheritahe of one paix ot contartng
danacter.
Law of Dominances
-It u pertommed ythe Crte q tabe wiia camed
to study monohybrtd and it hetew2ygou or -Each ehanat is toded by dis
’The sresultoutt oAptng ie Fackors
-Fa ctors oCcwr n paru one factor
Tall X Dwart - In a pan oF disinmitan
fackors (hetoDygow)tacbor
Parents - mAss tte expr enion of other
doninattes
dominatu’ Dominant Facr hactrr
Fa ctor nt prnce ot Doninant
qameke Fatoy whidh i Maiked
’Receoive factr
Ex: Ihcomplete dominance
(o-Domin aun ce
Lmportance:~ e
Tt onty one
plain tu appeatance of facorr
yan be wed to for both
though itt contain ne
F JAU Tall brait wn f gn aon
/Tau ie panent he tor oib
duwart 2) Explains the proD pori
on 3:l n F
Nont of the pans vesemble
parent Thd taw etes:
ot Puity ot Cham
Law ot segregation|Law for a ehanact cng
parents contain 2 factors that
Vane of Hhupaental tatecter -Though a pain segregate guch
whih did hot expren in Fi gamete formation 2 acts ot ot u fackuy tor a clanactor
fixfI
expr en ed in Fz Each gamete reeivel onuy one
Tau x Tal 30t but hevu both.
chanactee
Tt VBoh pahental
Tt
exprned n 3:1 aatio There ae no exLepbiong
Note;Non-ditjunction could be n erept oh.
1/2 ttaik did nct show how any blening
1| any blan ding i-e, nohe of hact tthat all ele do not
TT T - Thu daw à bard on the Hecpver ed te f guivti on ad
Ttaltatt he Fa plant wr 4 and both he chanacte ae
intorediake hight not ahown in F.
eau worf guch though oe of the i xandom
segregati on of al ele i
phenoty pit satio 3 :| -For a qene containing 2 au lu thecane tor a gamte
Tall Pwarf broen thenefore nee i a 50l
containing ihn 4 He all ee
genotypic Matio 1: 2:|
 Note:-Tt a uHater is coded by gene having muutiple
AB-Blood group n hu mons
lele, the no. genotype n(n -+) na>no. d mutipe
201
parunk btood 9roup alele.
Ableod group
Ex aMple:
ganete ABD blo od group àn human
VBlood group gee i 'I'= L3049gluti nogen
F
Doinot Reaessive
A-B blood group
VA à dominant ov un i
4 bom epren un heterougo conduki on. VTB u do minant oveMI
Cai ot sickte cel Anemia VI IE are ualy tord nat
polym4 hat pr brude
gene coding for haemoglobin : H H6 /The puma menb rane of RBC as uaa
rOM the
VThe kind ot
nkaceug i controllea by Igene
HLA HbA
poren
Aude foM AUele Grom possble qeMDbype Blood type Cphenotype)
qametes in otspring
parent 1 panent 2
ickle RR IA I^IA A-blood grou
HbA HLS]No rmal RBC +
A
A-blood group
I
Multige Alelism: IIB B-blood qroup
of a gene or a chaacter
"Ondition of havi ng moYe than R alle Bblood group
*Mulipe aueles ase due to mwtaion
.Mulipe Queles au doatl on thu ane lo cu homolog oug
T AB- blood group
homosoM.
*A diplid brgahium can have a ale e q a gene 4 a gan te o
i
have 1 allele ot a qene 6-blood gro up
. Since a diploid in dividal can have only a aueu ota gene
otnen aleles can be found in the oth membtu ot te same Number of posti ble qenotyp : 33) =6 2
peia Cpopul ai on).
Wumbut ot phen otype: A, AB, B, D
.Mulipu allel m Can be gtudied in a pop l ati on
and not n a n dividual.
 Pheny) ketonurna
PLeiotopic hene: itN " Thu dñu case ocwr ùn human
more han one chanaten n te gehe hot codes or the
The qehe whieh
controug u aued ay mutaian
"It [einge gene mutatio
clled plei obropie ge. nzyme phenyl Atanine hy dro xylae PAH)
mutiple pheno ypic eprenion
*Single ge exhibit mechanim of One gene coding foY NORMAL PAH GENE: Meanin prodh Seye
"The wnd etined e ation b a gene or metal derelopnent
hanact n coud be the patiip (Phe Phenyt Atanin knyl alayrounetTgre
muuiple mtoubolic pathwar. hydnory lase (a)
gee pro duct n mMuLtiple
2e
a tud tiesie i due tb
Tn pea planted shapu ame gene do cated on dhe
o stareh graun) ane oneroued bs thu
b
7m conmes one, ik hay a alelu B MUTATED PAH nENE:

Phe hot lonrtted

Pea plan 8 Tyr
ho PAH
lonYerb to

Seed ahape phenyl at atea ph enyl ketori

bood, ure te
in
eh ateum ulete
BB -’Lange Round
Bb
oneAb sa tion does not ottwt in kidney
Bb’Ndium
exed out unough wine
bb’ Small bb ’ winte
usie exposed to O) bun back.
sikle-cell Anaemia [autosomal dinked nec emive clisordo
B9 ene ghowg
B-gune shows Complette don ane
incomplete daminane
auto nomou fetuse bt a ge
.. The domenane u not n
or ts produt.
"The dominance depnde on:
4 goe rodut.
b> produthon ot a pasuti uuan phnotype from dhis odut.
) the yre ot phenoty pe wnden contidvaion.
periotal cross It ç a set ot cross on du &ea yeresgReditov y ind tpendanty bå 3 sienists!
poent fov a pari cular t ot chaM ator(s) OHugo-de- Vris (Houand)
me sex the
ohducted expts. on eveing pmimrose
Pue dine’ Tum qiven by: Tohannesontontinu bs seling oy cal Correns Chenmany),
by
"It is a st ot progeny obtoined " londuted expt on mize mend
ot a panental plant
who qave he ank "aw ot inhoutane" to he
for a ha atU.
postulate
"Always homoygo Enic Von TsheMak (Aubnia)
- Inbreeding deprnion Loss ot vig owt due to coninuow 4elt "on dueted expt. on vaiow planb.
poination oY inbreeding Reasons for Non-reeognition oP Mendel's work
the otsing obtainel by crossimg he "imited iYuaion o 3o wHnal in
-Hgbnd vigown It hanatou and u upior to bo h tthe Qund ak of om unicion.
whieh ende's work wau pubahed
pant witn detired
O5eR by Mondal wag not oupied bu nhie
-The oneps poposea rahe
paunts hetero 24gous tondition. contumporariu u planation for th Varnationd seen
"The supouony develops dlue to
Vconcept o tactors: faons ae atabl and diserete units which
Mendelism: ontrDs he expekion of bra(a.
dusing
The experim untt pertormed by Mendot,
desciption bfme chanis Voneept o pon ot factots pain of fa cors do hot blend
on of prinu pla u al ed inheritanct
o hereditans process and omul ati
mandelisM +Mondel did not provi dle physical proot kor tbe exist ene biological
ot factors
PUUDnal detaiu: Mendl's approath of wing mAHnematieal Law to solve
probema w tbtauy nw and unaceptable by lthën tontam por ari
hregor John Mendel [1822- 18 841 epreds e the san Hawkweed plant
Republie1 t Mendel old not
" Bom on Tuly 22 in Silgian vilage in Astria [czech.
" Joined Augstinian Monoutery a monk at Brunn [at age of 217 Roasons for Suce eas a Mendels woYle
Sent tb univeutty ot vinna to study Botany Physiu gnetumed ’ suchon ot plant matenol pisum Satauum [enarden Pea]
to monateuy seved as teacher kor 14 yer chanaceristicg ot Pisum sabuunm
wAnnuat plont wih ite apan of 2-3 month [Howu onty one h ita
Important Aakes: Ute span
" Mun del ondut ed hybidizAtian expeimett on nan den Pea from no. otP pefsprings ave produted n a Rhorttime
1856- 1863 (or 7yrs) wEasy t cultivate
publiahed hu nesult lwor n 1865 boits
Vpresentd hiu eults in ann ual prec ee ding of Brunn Vaional Sine
Soiety.
NPea a bisexual plant a
VTiHe: t Expeiments un pwnE hybidi zati on" t Naturaly wndengoes selt pouinati on.
hybn dùation
VDied wih ouk qekting ny teto gnit on for hi woYk. +But can perform CYOSS pinakion arti icial
wMge kleed eed
Reducoveny ot hiu work - (400 [16ys aftor h daEn sialoost NP hybridy ane ferie
Nan=l4 jn=1
 3Stanch qrain Pea plant
)Pink (r) + fintCt)
P.R=1: 2:1 *loded by sB gene (3tarch branehing size gue)-8
ink nd: pink: wkite
( ’ Large stargch x Small tarth
grain groun
1: 2 :|
goameka
R(wita alle)
B¾ (N edium tize Arndalughian Fowl
Rtorth grain)
Nodified all ele
Funcional Envyme Co-Dominance:
eally
undioNo Erzyne Non-kunthinal NO nz4me "In hi bupe of al iciteathion boh tu alelee are
Produd dominant e dhow hein ndepn dant istae esprenon in
tpese) (olead wbstYoke enyme
P'gnunt (pre usor) ubserate hetxozygout condiion (Fi)
qub stroke
ho produ usembles both tu parnts
Red Muot
Ex 9Coat olow un catie
BLQck eoat
wmo unmoditi ed allee.
phanceype depends on Ihe hunchioning 4 the alde Patentswhite coot X
ia due to the mo diked produ cing tolow
te eceive brait BBz
hon-unciol enzyme oY no enyme
gamete

1 metabolc pathw ay B, white &Black [Roan]

L>patohesof batn
back white.
1 protein (eneyme
1 DNA (gUnt) BB2
phenotypie atiow
X) Antiknum maja/shap draa on/ bog ofPowR e-ncomplete
doninance BiB2 =T: 2 :1
oye t B Bi B black
hite LRoan t e : o ni
(p) Red x uhite (r) B) B2 B262
white
Avo byçie Hatio
Roan

pink CRr)