International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 8 Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2024 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching

Programme on Advantages of Breast Feeding among the Primi
Mothers in a Selected Rural Area Ghosipura at Gwalior
Dr. Ajeem Khan
Ramgarh, Dhobighat, Ghosipura, Lashkar, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Dr. Ajeem Khan

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of
1. To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on Structured Teaching Programme on
advantages of breast feeding among the primi mothers. Advantages of Breast Feeding among
2. To improve the knowledge of primi mothers regarding the Primi Mothers in a Selected Rural
Area Ghosipura at
advantages of breast feeding. Gwalior" Published
ASSUMPTIONS: in International
1. The primi mothers' may have knowledge regarding advantages of Journal of Trend in
breast feeding. Scientific Research
2. The structured teaching programme may have a positive effective and Development
(ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456- IJTSRD68319
on the knowledge of the primi mothers.
6470, Volume-8 |
HYPOTHESIS: Issue-5, October 2024, pp.26-32, URL:
H: There is a significant improvement in the knowledge of primi www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd68319.pdf
mothers regarding advantages of breast feeding after giving the
structured teaching programme. Copyright © 2024 by author (s) and
International Journal of Trend in
Ho: There is no significant improvement in the knowledge of the
Scientific Research and Development
primi mothers regarding advantages of breast feeding after giving the Journal. This is an
structured teaching programme. Open Access article
CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION: distributed under the
Inclusion criteria. terms of the Creative Commons
A. The primi mothers in a selected rural area Ghosipura at Gwalior. Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
B. The primi mothers who are willing to participate.
C. The primi mothers who are able to read Hindi.

Exclusive criteria. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS:

A. The samples who are not primi mothers. 1. Assess:
B. The mothers who are not willing to participate It refers to determine the knowledge of primi mothers
C. The mothers who are not able to read hindi. regarding the advantages of breast feeding before and
DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY: after the structured teaching programme.
The study is delimited to. 2. Effectiveness:
A. The sample size of 60 primi mothers. It is the empowerment of STP on advantages of breast
B. Prescribed data collection duration is only 4-6 feeding among the primi mothers. It is measured
weeks. through the structured questionnaire in both pretest
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: and post-test.
This study significance the knowledge through 3. STP:
structured teaching programme among primi mothers. It is the health teaching to be given to the primi
It will create awareness regarding breast feeding and mothers regarding the advantages of breast feeding in
its advantages in the rural area. Through this we can infants.
improve the knowledge on advantages of breast 4. Advantages:
feeding and reduces the mortality and morbidity. It is the merits of breast feeding in infants.

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
5. Breast feeding: in a medical home to explore how a breast feeding/
It is the provision of human milk to the infants from baby friendly medical home might be built upon this
the time of birth by the mothers. They are the new framework and described breast feeding knowledge.
mothers who are to breast feed their baby for the Attitudes and practices among a full range of
Primi mothers first time. providers and health care system-level barriers to
INTRODUCTION: effective and co-ordinate breast feeding services,
Infancy is very important stage of entire childhood. which identified gaps in providers, professional
The growth and development takes place very fast in education and training in which there were
an infant. During this period, mother's milk is the best communication disconnects between provider groups,
diet for the infant. Breast feeding is the best and most which are the barriers of effective and co-ordinate
appropriate food until a child is 24 months of age. breast feeding services.

All the nutritional requirements of the infant are The neonate is deficient in the main antibody that
fulfilled by 600 ml of milk which is secreted by protects mucosal membranes, the secretary Ig A. The
mother every day.100ml of mother's milk yield about breast fed baby is provided with 0.25-0.5 grams of lg
65 calories. The process of weaning starts from 3 to 4 A per day via milk. Recent studies suggest that it may
months, but the infant should be breast fed till one be possible by vaccination of the mother to increase
year of age. Breast feeding should be started as early the immunity to the breast-fed infant via the milk
as possible after delivery and the mother should be secretary Ig A antibodies. Breast feeding result in a
encouraged for this. lower frequency of infections in the infant.

The best time to prepare the mother for breast feeding A study was conducted that evaluated the influences
is during pregnancy through individual talks or group on mothers' decisions regarding breast feeding. A
discussions. The more the mother knows about the follow up study of a group of pregnant women were
child care the better she will be able to feed and care interviewed in their homes in which the experience of
for her baby, the mother was identified as the key factor but
advices from relatives, neighbors and health
Breast feeding is an ideal food for the normal professionals was also important. The lack of
neonate. It is the best gift that a mother can give to information about exclusive breast feeding was
her baby. To accrue the maximum benefits, the breast common
feeding must be exclucive. initiated within half an
hour of birth. Recently national family health survey- A study was conducted by using the economic theory
3 documented that only a quarter of infants who were of individual net benefit maximization to motivate a
ever breast fed started breast feeding within half an comprehensive look at 32 socials, economic and
hour of birth. psychological incentives that potentially influence
breast feeding cessation in which a sample of 1595
57% of mothers gave additional drinks other than low-income families and the infants were enrolled at
breast milk in the three days after delivery which is an birth and followed through age 30-33 months from
improper practice. which the researchers concluded that the decision to
Exclusive breast feeding rate is only 28% at 4-5 stop breast feeding is complex. The results support
months of age. Breast feeding deserves the need to develop interventions and policies to
encouragement from all concerned in the welfare of minimize incentives associated with breastfeeding
children. The preparation for breast feeding cessation. Many health professionals and institutions,
commence during the mother's ante-natal period. The both national and international recognize the benefits
advantages of breast feeding should be explained to of breast feeding for child nutritional status and
her clearly and its psychological benefits for her and survival. High rate of fertility. malnutrition and
the baby should be emphasized. infectious disease together with accelerated urban
growth and the incorporation of larger numbers of
NEED FOR THE STUDY women in the economically active population, have
Breast feeding offers numerous health advantages to returned breast feeding to a position of key
children, mothers and society. the American academy importance in programs for child survival and family
of pediatrics have conducted a study on breast feeding planning.
knowledge. Attitudes and practices among providers

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
CONCEPTUAL FRAM WORK BASED ON GENERAL SYSTEM THEORY (MODIFIED) LUDWIG
VON BERTALANTIYA (1986)
Output Post
Input Pre Teaching Stage Through Put
Teaching Stage

Primi mother have

inadequate knowledge on 1. Increased
advantage of breast feeding knowledge on
demographic variable are STP On Advantage of advantage of breast
age, education, job, family Breast Feeding feeding
and religion & income 2. Increased
awareness on
advantage of breast
feeding

FEED BACK

REVIEW OF LITERATURE: very low scores in both the groups indicating neutral
Review of literature is a key step in research process. to negative breast feeding attitudes and mother's
It refers to an extensive, exhaustive and systemic scores were lower than social network members and
examination of relevant to the research. The review of concluded that knowledge and attitudes predict breast
literature in a research report is a summary of current feeding initiation in this population and may
knowledge about a particular practice problem and influence mothers feeding choices and can be used to
includes what is known and what is not known about develop and evaluate breast feeding promotion
a problem. programs.
The aim of writing related literature is to describe the A descriptive study was conducted by the department
problem and provide a historical review of it in a of food sciences and nutrition, CANADA, to describe
logical fashion, appraising the quality of material the breast feeding experience of women, particularly
considered identifying gaps in current knowledge and those who usethe services of the breast feeding clinic
giving direction for future research located in the greater Quebec City area. A sample of
89 women (telephone questioners) and 12 women
The study on the role of social support in breast
(semi- structured interviews) resulted in identifying
feeding promotion by the college of health sciences,
the difficulties of the lactating mothers and suggested
USA revealed that the current world wide declined in
that breast feeding clinics have a critical role to play
the initiation and duration of breast feeding has
in improving the breast feeding experiences of
increased the need for effective breast feeding
women with major difficulties
promotion. Promotion policies and programs need to
be sensitive to those factors that may help on hinder a A study was conducted by Nine wells hospitals and
mother in her efforts to breast feed. Social support medical school, Dundee, to assess the relation
that increases breast feeding includes emotional between breast feeding and infant illness. In a
tangible and educational components from both community setting in Dundee in which 750 pairs of
informal social network members and professional mothers and infants were taken for a prospective
network members and conversely negative social observational study which resulted that the breast fed
support may decrease breast feeding. babies had significantly less effect of illness than
those whoever bottle fed and hence concluded that
A study was conducted by Department of pediatrics,
breast feeding during the first 13 weeks of life confers
University of Lowa, 1-10 investigate infant feeding
protection against gastro intestinal illness that persists
attitudes and knowledge among socio-economically
beyond the period of breast feeding
disadvantaged mothers in an urban community with
historically low breast feeding rates,2-to examine the The Baby Friendly Hospital initiative is a global
influence of women's social networks on infants UNICEF/ WHO- sponsored effort to promote breast
feeding attitudes and decisions, among the women feeding by ensuring that all women are provided with
attending a prenatal clinic(n=49) and the social sound information. regarding their infant feeding
network members (n=47) resulted in choices and that those who elect to breast feed their

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
infants are given physiologically sound, evidence categories was conducted in the urban teaching
based advice and skilled assistance prenatally and as hospital Outpatient Department. And the Mothers of
they begin nursing their infants during their post- 501 children between the age group of 0-6 months
partum hospital or birth center stay. were questioned in detail on a standardized pretested
A study was conducted to determine whether Performa about various socio demographic, parental,
attending an early, routine, preventive. outpatient visit infant, feeding related, antenatal and peri natal
delivered in a primary care physician's office would characteristics likely to affect breastfeeding practices.
improve breastfeeding outcomes. The study was a The important predictors for exclusive breastfeeding
prospective, randomized, parallel-group, open trial versus total top feeding were breastfeeding
and A total of 231 mothers who had delivered a propagation (1.34 and 2.99); less educated mother
healthy singleton infant (gestational age: > or =37 (1.09 and 1.23); normal vaginal delivery (1.60) and
completed weeks) and were breastfeeding on the day taller mother (1.21). Breastfeeding propagation plays
of discharge were recruited and randomized (116 a key role in promoting exclusive breastfeeding.
were assigned to the intervention group and 115 to These findings suggest a need for educational
the control group) between October 1, 2001, and May campaigns aimed at supporting breast-feeding
31, 2002; 226 mother-infant pairs (112 in the mothers, especially those who perceive their milk
intervention group and 114 in the control group) supply to be inadequate.
contributed data on outcomes. METHODOLOGY
A systematic review of literature identified through Research methods are the steps, procedure and
searches of Medline, Global Health and CINAHL strategies for gathering and analyzing the data in
databases to identify randomized controlled trials of research investigations.
community-based interventions to improve the rate of Research methodology refers to controlled
exclusive breast feeding in low- and low-middle- investigation of the ways of obtaining. organizing and
income countries. Four studies, from four different analyzing data, methodological studies address the
countries, were included in the final review. Although development. validation and evaluation of research
they evaluated slightly different interventions, all tools and techniques. It is a science of study how
showed a significant improvement in the rate of research is done scientifically. It is considered as back
exclusive breast feeding with a pooled odds ratio of bone or structure of the study. So, methodology is a
5.90 (95% confidence interval 1.81-18.6) on random significant part of investigation under which the
effects meta-analysis. investigator is able to project a conclusion of the
A study to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of research undertaken.
enhanced staff contact for mothers with infants in a The chapter with the methodological approach
neonatal unit with a birth weight of 500-2.500 g. The adopted to assess the effectiveness of structured
study population was divided into three weight bands: teaching program on advantages of breast feeding
500-999 g. 1000-1,749 g. and 1,750-2.500 g. Clinical among the primi mothers. It includes description of
and resource use data were obtained from literature research approach, research design, study setting,
reviews. The measure of benefit was quality adjusted sampling technique, development and description of
life-years. Uncertainty was evaluated using cost- the tool, data collection technique and plan for data
effectiveness acceptability curves and sensitivity analysis.
analyses.
RESEARCH APPROACH:
A study of infant feeding trends was undertaken in In view of the nature of problems selected for the
India--among urban and rural. upper and lower study and the objectives to be accomplished, a quasi-
socioeconomic class women. Breast feeding was experimental approach is considered as an appropriate
found to have been successful at 1 month and at 6 one for the present study. A quasi-experimental
months among 155 lower income Bengali village approach helps to explain the effectiveness of
women. 99% of lower income urban women were independent variable on the dependent variable. It
successfully breast feeding at 1 month and 95% were includes manipulation, and no control to get the valid
continuing at 6 months. These rates are remarkably results. The research approach adopted for this
high given the fact that Maternal attitude is seen as research study is an evaluative and educative
the most important factor in successful breast feeding. approach.
To evaluate the independent predictors of exclusive RESEARCH DESIGN:
breastfeeding in early infancy, a Cross sectional The research design refers to the researchers overall
multivariate comparison of different breastfeeding plans for obtaining answers to the questions and for

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
testing the research hypothesis. The research design SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:
spells out the strategies that the researcher adopts to A sample technique refers to the process of selecting
develop information that is accurate, objective and a portion of the population to represent the entire
interpretable. The design is not only concerned with population being studied.
the specific data collection methods but also with the The sampling technique used for the study was
overall plan of collecting or gathering data. For this purposive sampling. Out of total population defined
study the design chosen is a pre experimental study and all those who met inclusive criteria 60 primi
with one group and post- test and no randomization to mothers were selected for the study. Thereafter, the
assess the effectiveness of structured teaching questionnaire was administered to the primi mothers,
programme on the knowledge of primi mothers followed by a pre-test the structured teaching
regarding advantages of breast feeding among primi program was provided. After an interval of one week
mothers in a selected rural area Ghosipura at Gwalior. a post-test was conducted for the same primi mothers
A pre experimental study, with one group – pre-test, in the selected rural area Ghosipura at Gwalior
and post test. DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOOL:
S O1 X O2 The investigator developed the tool as follows
S = STUDY PART-1: It consists of Socio-demographic variables
O1 = PRE-TEST of the primi mothers.
X = INTERVENTION PART-II: It comprises questionnaire which is to
O2 = POST-TEST assess the knowledge on advantages of Breast feeding
VARIABLES: which contain two sections.
Variables are qualities, properties or characteristics of Questionnaire consists of 30 multiple choice
person, things or situation that change or vary. questions. Each correct answer was given a score of
Independent variables: -structured teaching one and wrong answers score of zero. An answer key
programme. was prepared for scoring the answer to the
questionnaire.
Dependent variables: - Knowledge of primi mothers
in a selected rural area Ghosipura at Gwalior, VALIDATION OF THE TOOL:
regarding advantages of breast feeding. Validity refers to whether an instrument accurately
measures what it is supposed to measure. When an
SETTING OF THE STUDY:
instrument is valid it truly reflects the concept, it is
A setting refers to the general location and condition
supposed to measure. Content validity of the
in which data collection takes place in the study. The
instruments was assessed by obtaining opinion from
village named Ghosipura, at Gwalior was selected for
various experts in the field of pediatrics, Medicine,
the main study.
Nursing and Research, as per the recommendations
TARGET POPULATION: the changes were made in the tool.
Population is defined as the entire aggregation of
PILOT STUDY:
cases that meet designed set of criteria. All the primi
A pilot study is a small scale rehearsal that proceeds
mothers in the selected rural area Ghosipura at
as if it were the actual study. except for the fact: for
Gwalior.
the present study the investigator selected a rural area
ACCESSIBLE POPULATION: at Gwalior Formal permission from the concerned
In this study, the population consists of primi mothers authorities to conduct the pilot study was obtained
at the selected rural area at Ghosipura Gwalior, who and 6 prime mothers were selected by purposive
have fulfilled the inclusion criteria. sampling technique for the same purpose.
SAMPLE: Before starting the pilot study, the instrument was
Sample is a subset of population. The sample selected corrected by the subject guide, child health nursing
for this study is all the primi mothers in the selected experts and medical experts. The design was a quasi-
rural area Ghosipura at Gwalior experimental study.
SAMPLE SIZE: METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION:
A total of 60 samples of primi mothers of Ghosipura, Data collection was started from 1" Apr. 2012 to 15
were selected as sample. Apr. 2012. The investigator had established good
relationship with the primi mothers, who had
participated in the study from Ghosipura at Gwalior.

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The investigator had used purposive sampling. By deviation was 2.15. During post-test overall
using purposive sampling technique, the primi knowledge score was 83.83% and standard deviation
mothers were selected. Through self-administration of was 2.48. Hence the difference between pre-test and
tool, the individual details of socio-demographic data post-test knowledge score was 60.5%. So the result of
was collected which was followed by a pre-test and the study shows the difference between pre-test and
structured teaching program was given. After an post-test knowledge score of the primi mothers
interval of one week the post-test was conducted for regarding advantages of breast feeding is statistically
the same primal mothers. The investigator had taken significant and this difference is due to the structured
individual consent from the primi mothers to teaching program on advantages of breast feeding.
participate in the study. The investigator had asked There is significant association between the post-test
for information pertains to the socio-demographic knowledge and selected demographic variable like
data and a self-administered questionnaire was used age of the primi mothers.
to elicit the knowledge regarding advantages of breast
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