[11:58 AM, 10/9/2024] MRUTHYUNJAYA GOUDA: STEEL
[11:58 AM, 10/9/2024] META AI: STEEL IS A VERSATILE ALLOY MADE FROM IRON AND
CARBON, WITH SMALL AMOUNTS OF OTHER ELEMENTS. HERE'S AN OVERVIEW:
COMPOSITION:
- IRON (FE): 95-98%
- CARBON (C): 0.1-2.1%
- MANGANESE (MN): 0.5-2%
- SILICON (SI): 0.1-0.5%
- OTHER ELEMENTS (E.G., CHROMIUM, NICKEL, VANADIUM)
TYPES OF STEEL:
1. CARBON STEEL: LOW ALLOY CONTENT USED FOR GENERAL CONSTRUCTION,
AUTOMOTIVE PARTS, AND CONSUMER GOODS.
2. ALLOY STEEL: CONTAINS ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS (E.G., CHROMIUM, NICKEL) FOR
IMPROVED STRENGTH, CORROSION RESISTANCE, OR HARDENABILITY.
3. STAINLESS STEEL: HIGH CHROMIUM CONTENT (10.5% MIN) FOR EXCELLENT
CORROSION RESISTANCE USED IN KITCHENWARE, MEDICAL EQUIPMENT, AND MARINE
APPLICATIONS.
4. HIGH-STRENGTH STEEL: OPTIMIZED FOR HIGH STRENGTH, LOW WEIGHT, AND
TOUGHNESS, USED IN CONSTRUCTION, AUTOMOTIVE, AND AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES.
5. TOOL STEEL: HIGH CARBON CONTENT (0.5-1.5%) FOR HARDNESS, WEAR RESISTANCE,
AND HEAT TREATMENT, USED FOR CUTTING TOOLS, DIES, AND MOLDS.
PROPERTIES:
1. STRENGTH
2. DUCTILITY
3. HARDNESS
4. CORROSION RESISTANCE
5. MACHINABILITY
6. WELDABILITY
7. FORMABILITY
APPLICATIONS:
1. CONSTRUCTION: BUILDINGS, BRIDGES, INFRASTRUCTURE
2. AUTOMOTIVE: VEHICLES, PARTS, and ENGINES
3. AEROSPACE: AIRCRAFT, SPACECRAFT, MISSILES
4. CONSUMER GOODS: APPLIANCES, FURNITURE, UTENSILS
5. INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT: MACHINERY, TOOLS, DIES
6. MEDICAL DEVICES: INSTRUMENTS, IMPLANTS, EQUIPMENT
7. MARINE HARDWARE: SHIPS, BOATS, OFFSHORE PLATFORMS
STEEL'S VERSATILITY, STRENGTH, AND AFFORDABILITY MAKE IT A FUNDAMENTAL
MATERIAL IN MODERN SOCIETY.
[12:01 PM, 10/9/2024] MRUTHYUNJAYA GOUDA: PLAIN STEEL
[12:01 PM, 10/9/2024] META AI: PLAIN STEEL, ALSO KNOWN AS MILD STEEL OR CARBON
STEEL, IS A TYPE OF STEEL ALLOYING THAT CONTAINS:
- IRON (FE): 95-98%
- CARBON (C): 0.1-0.3%
- MANGANESE (MN): 0.5-1.5%
- SILICON (SI): 0.1-0.5%
- PHOSPHORUS (P): 0.05% MAX
- SULFUR (S): 0.05% MAX
PLAIN STEEL HAS A RELATIVELY LOW CARBON CONTENT, WHICH MAKES IT:
1. DUCTILE: CAN BE EASILY SHAPED AND FORMED WITHOUT BREAKING
2. WELDABLE: CAN BE EASILY WELDED USING VARIOUS TECHNIQUES
3. MACHINABLE: CAN BE EASILY MACHINED AND CUT
4. AFFORDABLE: GENERALLY LESS EXPENSIVE THAN OTHER TYPES OF STEEL
PLAIN STEEL IS COMMONLY USED IN:
1. CONSTRUCTION: BUILDING FRAMES, ROOFING, AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
2. AUTOMOTIVE: BODY PANELS, CHASSIS COMPONENTS, AND ENGINE PARTS
3. FURNITURE: FRAMES, LEGS, AND SUPPORTS
4. APPLIANCES: CASINGS, SHELVES, AND INTERNAL COMPONENTS
5. PACKAGING: CONTAINERS, DRUMS, AND BARRELS
PLAIN STEEL CAN BE FURTHER CATEGORIZED INTO:
1. LOW-CARBON STEEL (0.1-0.2% C): SOFT, DUCTILE, AND WELDABLE
2. MEDIUM-CARBON STEEL (0.2-0.3% C): BALANCED STRENGTH, DUCTILITY, AND
WELDABILITY
3. HIGH-CARBON STEEL (0.3-0.6% C): STRONG, HARD, AND LESS WELDABLE
KEEP IN MIND THAT PLAIN STEEL MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR HIGH-STRESS OR
CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENTS, AS IT CAN RUST OR DEGRADE OVER TIME.
[12:01 PM, 10/9/2024] MRUTHYUNJAYA GOUDA: MILD STEEL
[12:01 PM, 10/9/2024] META AI: MILD STEEL, ALSO KNOWN AS PLAIN CARBON STEEL OR
LOW-CARBON STEEL, IS A TYPE OF STEEL ALLOY THAT CONTAINS:
- IRON (FE): 95-98%
- CARBON (C): 0.05-0.25%
- MANGANESE (MN): 0.5-1.5%
- SILICON (SI): 0.1-0.5%
- PHOSPHORUS (P): 0.05% MAX
- SULFUR (S): 0.05% MAX
MILD STEEL HAS A LOW CARBON CONTENT, WHICH MAKES IT:
1. SOFT: CAN BE EASILY SHAPED AND FORMED
2. DUCTILE: CAN BE STRETCHED AND BENT WITHOUT BREAKING
3. WELDABLE: CAN BE EASILY WELDED USING VARIOUS TECHNIQUES
4. MACHINABLE: CAN BE EASILY MACHINED AND CUT
5. AFFORDABLE: GENERALLY LESS EXPENSIVE THAN OTHER TYPES OF STEEL
MILD STEEL IS COMMONLY USED IN:
1. CONSTRUCTION: BUILDING FRAMES, ROOFING, AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
2. AUTOMOTIVE: BODY PANELS, CHASSIS COMPONENTS, AND ENGINE PARTS
3. FURNITURE: FRAMES, LEGS, AND SUPPORTS
4. APPLIANCES: CASINGS, SHELVES, AND INTERNAL COMPONENTS
5. PACKAGING: CONTAINERS, DRUMS, AND BARRELS
MILD STEEL HAS SOME LIMITATIONS:
1. LOW STRENGTH: COMPARED TO OTHER STEEL ALLOYS
2. LOW CORROSION RESISTANCE: MAY RUST OR DEGRADE IN HARSH ENVIRONMENTS
3. LIMITED HARDNESS: CANNOT BE HARDENED TO HIGH LEVELS
MILD STEEL CAN BE FURTHER PROCESSED TO ENHANCE ITS PROPERTIES, SUCH AS:
1. GALVANIZING: COATING WITH ZINC FOR CORROSION RESISTANCE
2. PAINTING: APPLYING A PROTECTIVE LAYER FOR CORROSION RESISTANCE AND
AESTHETICS
3. COLD WORKING: STRENGTHENING THROUGH DEFORMATION AND STRAIN
HARDENING
OVERALL, MILD STEEL IS A VERSATILE AND WIDELY USED MATERIAL, SUITABLE FOR
MANY APPLICATIONS WHERE HIGH STRENGTH AND CORROSION RESISTANCE ARE NOT
CRITICAL.
[12:02 PM, 10/9/2024] MRUTHYUNJAYA GOUDA: LOW CARBON STEEL
[12:03 PM, 10/9/2024] META AI: LOW CARBON STEEL, ALSO KNOWN AS MILD STEEL, IS A
TYPE OF STEEL ALLOY THAT CONTAINS:
- IRON (FE): 95-98%
- CARBON (C): 0.05-0.30%
- MANGANESE (MN): 0.5-1.5%
- SILICON (SI): 0.1-0.5%
- PHOSPHORUS (P): 0.05% MAX
- SULFUR (S): 0.05% MAX
LOW CARBON STEEL HAS A LOW CARBON CONTENT, WHICH MAKES IT:
1. SOFT: CAN BE EASILY SHAPED AND FORMED
2. DUCTILE: CAN BE STRETCHED AND BENT WITHOUT BREAKING
3. WELDABLE: CAN BE EASILY WELDED USING VARIOUS TECHNIQUES
4. MACHINABLE: CAN BE EASILY MACHINED AND CUT
5. AFFORDABLE: GENERALLY LESS EXPENSIVE THAN OTHER TYPES OF STEEL
LOW CARBON STEEL IS COMMONLY USED IN:
1. CONSTRUCTION: BUILDING FRAMES, ROOFING, AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
2. AUTOMOTIVE: BODY PANELS, CHASSIS COMPONENTS, AND ENGINE PARTS
3. FURNITURE: FRAMES, LEGS, AND SUPPORTS
4. APPLIANCES: CASINGS, SHELVES, AND INTERNAL COMPONENTS
5. PACKAGING: CONTAINERS, DRUMS, AND BARRELS
LOW CARBON STEEL HAS SOME LIMITATIONS:
1. LOW STRENGTH: COMPARED TO OTHER STEEL ALLOYS
2. LOW CORROSION RESISTANCE: MAY RUST OR DEGRADE IN HARSH ENVIRONMENTS
3. LIMITED HARDNESS: CANNOT BE HARDENED TO HIGH LEVELS
LOW CARBON STEEL CAN BE FURTHER PROCESSED TO ENHANCE ITS PROPERTIES, SUCH
AS:
1. GALVANIZING: COATING WITH ZINC FOR CORROSION RESISTANCE
2. PAINTING: APPLYING A PROTECTIVE LAYER FOR CORROSION RESISTANCE AND
AESTHETICS
3. COLD WORKING: STRENGTHENING THROUGH DEFORMATION AND STRAIN
HARDENING
THERE ARE THREE SUBCATEGORIES OF LOW CARBON STEEL:
1. EXTRA-LOW CARBON STEEL (0.05-0.15% C)
2. LOW CARBON STEEL (0.15-0.25% C)
3. MEDIUM-LOW CARBON STEEL (0.25-0.30% C)
EACH SUBCATEGORY HAS SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.
[12:03 PM, 10/9/2024] MRUTHYUNJAYA GOUDA: VARIOUS LOW ALLOY STEELS
[12:04 PM, 10/9/2024] META AI: LOW ALLOY STEELS ARE A GROUP OF STEELS THAT
CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNTS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS, TYPICALLY LESS THAN 5%.
THESE STEELS OFFER IMPROVED PROPERTIES COMPARED TO PLAIN CARBON STEELS,
SUCH AS:
1. HIGH-STRENGTH LOW-ALLOY (HSLA) STEEL: CONTAINS 0.5-1.5% MN, 0.5-1.5% NI, AND
0.5-1.5% CR. USED IN CONSTRUCTION, AUTOMOTIVE, AND HEAVY MACHINERY.
2. CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM (CR-MO) STEEL: CONTAINS 0.5-1.5% CR AND 0.5-1.5% MO.
USED IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS, SUCH AS BOILERS, TURBINES, AND
ENGINES.
3. NICKEL-CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM (NI-CR-MO) STEEL: CONTAINS 1-2% NI, 0.5-1.5% CR,
AND 0.5-1.5% MO. USED IN HIGH-STRENGTH, HIGH-TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS, SUCH
AS AIRCRAFT AND GAS TURBINES.
4. MANGANESE-NICKEL-CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM (MN-NI-CR-MO) STEEL: CONTAINS 1-
2% MN, 1-2% NI, 0.5-1.5% CR, AND 0.5-1.5% MO. USED IN HIGH-STRENGTH, HIGH-
TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS, SUCH AS HEAVY MACHINERY AND CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT.
5. SILICON-MANGANESE (SI-MN) STEEL: CONTAINS 1-2% SI AND 1-2% MN. USED IN HIGH-
STRENGTH, LOW-ALLOY APPLICATIONS, SUCH AS CONSTRUCTION AND AUTOMOTIVE.
6. CHROMIUM-VANADIUM (CR-V) STEEL: CONTAINS 0.5-1.5% CR AND 0.1-0.5% V. USED IN
HIGH-STRENGTH, LOW-ALLOY APPLICATIONS, SUCH AS AXLES, GEARS, AND SHAFTS.
7. MOLYBDENUM-NICKEL-CHROMIUM (MO-NI-CR) STEEL: CONTAINS 0.5-1.5% MO, 1-2%
NI, AND 0.5-1.5% CR. USED IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE, HIGH-STRENGTH APPLICATIONS,
SUCH AS GAS TURBINES AND AIRCRAFT ENGINES.
THESE LOW ALLOY STEELS OFFER IMPROVED PROPERTIES, SUCH AS:
- HIGHER STRENGTH
- IMPROVED TOUGHNESS
- ENHANCED CORROSION RESISTANCE
- BETTER WELDABILITY
- HIGHER TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE
THEY ARE USED IN VARIOUS APPLICATIONS, INCLUDING:
- CONSTRUCTION
- AUTOMOTIVE
- HEAVY MACHINERY
- AIRCRAFT
- GAS TURBINES
- BOILERS
- TURBINES
- ENGINES
[12:04 PM, 10/9/2024] MRUTHYUNJAYA GOUDA: AIRCRAFT STEEL
[12:05 PM, 10/9/2024] META AI: AIRCRAFT STEEL REFERS TO HIGH-STRENGTH, LOW-
ALLOY (HSLA) STEEL ALLOYS USED IN AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION. THESE STEELS ARE
DESIGNED TO PROVIDE:
1. HIGH STRENGTH-TO-WEIGHT RATIO
2. EXCELLENT TOUGHNESS AND IMPACT RESISTANCE
3. GOOD CORROSION RESISTANCE
4. HIGH FATIGUE STRENGTH
5. ABILITY TO WITHSTAND EXTREME TEMPERATURES
COMMON AIRCRAFT STEEL ALLOYS INCLUDE:
1. 4130 (CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM STEEL)
2. 4140 (CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM STEEL)
3. 4340 (NICKEL-CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM STEEL)
4. 8620 (NICKEL-CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM STEEL)
5. 9310 (NICKEL-CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM STEEL)
THESE ALLOYS CONTAIN ELEMENTS LIKE:
1. CHROMIUM (CR)
2. MOLYBDENUM (MO)
3. NICKEL (NI)
4. MANGANESE (MN)
5. SILICON (SI)
AIRCRAFT STEEL IS USED IN VARIOUS APPLICATIONS, INCLUDING:
1. AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES (E.G., FUSELAGE, WINGS, CONTROL SURFACES)
2. LANDING GEAR COMPONENTS
3. ENGINE MOUNTS AND COMPONENTS
4. FASTENERS (E.G., BOLTS, NUTS, SCREWS)
5. HIGH-STRESS COMPONENTS (E.G., AXLES, SHAFTS)
THE SPECIFIC COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF AIRCRAFT STEEL CAN VARY
DEPENDING ON THE INTENDED APPLICATION AND MANUFACTURER.
[12:05 PM, 10/9/2024] MRUTHYUNJAYA GOUDA: CORROSION & HEATRESISTANT STEEL
[12:05 PM, 10/9/2024] META AI: CORROSION AND HEAT-RESISTANT STEEL ALLOYS ARE
DESIGNED TO WITHSTAND HARSH ENVIRONMENTS AND EXTREME TEMPERATURES.
HERE ARE SOME COMMON TYPES:
CORROSION-RESISTANT STEEL:
1. STAINLESS STEEL (SS): CONTAINS 10.5% OR MORE CHROMIUM (CR), WHICH FORMS A
PROTECTIVE OXIDE LAYER.
2. DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL: COMBINES FERRITIC AND AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL
PROPERTIES FOR IMPROVED CORROSION RESISTANCE.
3. NICKEL-BASED ALLOYS: CONTAIN NICKEL (NI), CHROMIUM (CR), AND MOLYBDENUM
(MO) FOR EXCELLENT CORROSION RESISTANCE.
HEAT-RESISTANT STEEL:
1. HIGH-TEMPERATURE STAINLESS STEEL: CONTAINS CHROMIUM (CR), NICKEL (NI), AND
MOLYBDENUM (MO) FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE.
2. HEAT-RESISTANT NICKEL-BASED ALLOYS: CONTAIN NICKEL (NI), CHROMIUM (CR),
AND MOLYBDENUM (MO) FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE.
3. CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM STEEL: CONTAINS CHROMIUM (CR) AND MOLYBDENUM
(MO) FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE.
COMMON APPLICATIONS:
1. CHEMICAL PROCESSING
2. POWER GENERATION
3. OIL AND GAS
4. MARINE ENVIRONMENTS
5. HIGH-TEMPERATURE FURNACES
6. AEROSPACE
7. AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST SYSTEMS
KEY PROPERTIES:
1. CORROSION RESISTANCE
2. HIGH-TEMPERATURE STRENGTH
3. OXIDATION RESISTANCE
4. CREEP RESISTANCE
5. FATIGUE RESISTANC
EXAMPLES OF CORROSION AND HEAT-RESISTANT STEEL ALLOYS:
1. 304 STAINLESS STEEL
2. 316 STAINLESS STEEL
3. INCONEL 625
4. INCOLOY 800
5. HAYNES 230
6. ASTM A387 GRADE 11
NOTE: THE SPECIFIC COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF CORROSION AND HEAT-
RESISTANT STEEL ALLOYS CAN VARY DEPENDING ON THE MANUFACTURER AND
INTENDED APPLICATION.
[12:06 PM, 10/9/2024] MRUTHYUNJAYA GOUDA: AIRCRAFT STRUCTUAL APPLICATION OF
STEEL & ITS ALLOYS
[12:06 PM, 10/9/2024] META AI: STEEL AND ITS ALLOYS ARE USED IN VARIOUS AIRCRAFT
STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS DUE TO THEIR HIGH STRENGTH-TO-WEIGHT RATIO,
CORROSION RESISTANCE, AND ABILITY TO WITHSTAND EXTREME TEMPERATURES.
HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES:
1. FUSELAGE: STEEL ALLOYS (E.G., 4130, 4140) ARE USED IN FUSELAGE FRAMES,
STRINGERS, AND SKIN DUE TO THEIR HIGH STRENGTH, TOUGHNESS, AND CORROSION
RESISTANCE.
2. WINGS: STEEL ALLOYS (E.G., 4340, 8620) ARE USED IN WING SPARS, RIBS, AND SKIN
DUE TO THEIR HIGH STRENGTH, STIFFNESS, AND FATIGUE RESISTANCE.
3. LANDING GEAR: STEEL ALLOYS (E.G., 4130, 4140) ARE USED IN LANDING GEAR
COMPONENTS (E.G., AXLES, GEARS, BEARINGS) DUE TO THEIR HIGH STRENGTH,
TOUGHNESS, AND RESISTANCE TO IMPACT LOADS.
4. ENGINE MOUNTS: STEEL ALLOYS (E.G., 4130, 4140) ARE USED IN ENGINE MOUNTS DUE
TO THEIR HIGH STRENGTH, STIFFNESS, AND ABILITY TO WITHSTAND HIGH
TEMPERATURES.
5. FASTENERS: STEEL ALLOYS (E.G., 4130, 4140) ARE USED IN FASTENERS (E.G., BOLTS,
NUTS, SCREWS) DUE TO THEIR HIGH STRENGTH, TOUGHNESS, AND RESISTANCE TO
CORROSION.
6. CONTROL SURFACES: STEEL ALLOYS (E.G., 4340, 8620) ARE USED IN CONTROL
SURFACES (E.G., AILERONS, ELEVATORS, RUDDER) DUE TO THEIR HIGH STRENGTH,
STIFFNESS, AND FATIGUE RESISTANCE.
7. HIGH-STRENGTH COMPONENTS: STEEL ALLOYS (E.G., 9310, 17-4PH) ARE USED IN HIGH-
STRENGTH COMPONENTS (E.G., ENGINE COMPONENTS, GEARBOXES) DUE TO THEIR
EXCEPTIONAL STRENGTH, TOUGHNESS, AND RESISTANCE TO CORROSION.
STEEL ALLOYS USED IN AIRCRAFT STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS:
1. 4130 (CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM STEEL)
2. 4140 (CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM STEEL)
3. 4340 (NICKEL-CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM STEEL)
4. 8620 (NICKEL-CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM STEEL)
5. 9310 (NICKEL-CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM STEEL)
6. 17-4PH (STAINLESS STEEL)
THESE STEEL ALLOYS OFFER A COMBINATION OF PROPERTIES THAT MAKE THEM IDEAL
FOR AIRCRAFT STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS, INCLUDING:
1. HIGH STRENGTH-TO-WEIGHT RATIO
2. CORROSION RESISTANCE
3. HIGH-TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE
4. FATIGUE RESISTANCE
5. TOUGHNESS
6. ABILITY TO WITHSTAND IMPACT LOADS
NOTE: THE SPECIFIC STEEL ALLOY USED DEPENDS ON THE APPLICATION, DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS, AND MANUFACTURER SPECIFICATIONS.
[12:03 PM, 10/9/2024] MRUTHYUNJAYA GOUDA: VARIOUS LOW ALLOY STEELS
[12:04 PM, 10/9/2024] META AI: LOW ALLOY STEELS ARE A GROUP OF STEELS THAT
CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNTS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS, TYPICALLY LESS THAN 5%.
THESE STEELS OFFER IMPROVED PROPERTIES COMPARED TO PLAIN CARBON STEELS,
SUCH AS:
1. HIGH-STRENGTH LOW-ALLOY (HSLA) STEEL: CONTAINS 0.5-1.5% MN, 0.5-1.5% NI, AND
0.5-1.5% CR. USED IN CONSTRUCTION, AUTOMOTIVE, AND HEAVY MACHINERY.
2. CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM (CR-MO) STEEL: CONTAINS 0.5-1.5% CR AND 0.5-1.5% MO.
USED IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS, SUCH AS BOILERS, TURBINES, AND
ENGINES.
3. NICKEL-CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM (NI-CR-MO) STEEL: CONTAINS 1-2% NI, 0.5-1.5% CR,
AND 0.5-1.5% MO. USED IN HIGH-STRENGTH, HIGH-TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS, SUCH
AS AIRCRAFT AND GAS TURBINES.
4. MANGANESE-NICKEL-CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM (MN-NI-CR-MO) STEEL: CONTAINS 1-
2% MN, 1-2% NI, 0.5-1.5% CR, AND 0.5-1.5% MO. USED IN HIGH-STRENGTH, HIGH-
TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS, SUCH AS HEAVY MACHINERY AND CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT.
5. SILICON-MANGANESE (SI-MN) STEEL: CONTAINS 1-2% SI AND 1-2% MN. USED IN HIGH-
STRENGTH, LOW-ALLOY APPLICATIONS, SUCH AS CONSTRUCTION AND AUTOMOTIVE.
6. CHROMIUM-VANADIUM (CR-V) STEEL: CONTAINS 0.5-1.5% CR AND 0.1-0.5% V. USED IN
HIGH-STRENGTH, LOW-ALLOY APPLICATIONS, SUCH AS AXLES, GEARS, AND SHAFTS.
7. MOLYBDENUM-NICKEL-CHROMIUM (MO-NI-CR) STEEL: CONTAINS 0.5-1.5% MO, 1-2%
NI, AND 0.5-1.5% CR. USED IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE, HIGH-STRENGTH APPLICATIONS,
SUCH AS GAS TURBINES AND AIRCRAFT ENGINES.
THESE LOW ALLOY STEELS OFFER IMPROVED PROPERTIES, SUCH AS:
- HIGHER STRENGTH
- IMPROVED TOUGHNESS
- ENHANCED CORROSION RESISTANCE
- BETTER WELDABILITY
- HIGHER TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE
THEY ARE USED IN VARIOUS APPLICATIONS, INCLUDING:
- CONSTRUCTION
- AUTOMOTIVE
- HEAVY MACHINERY
- AIRCRAFT
- GAS TURBINES
- BOILERS
- TURBINES
- ENGINES
NOTE THAT THE SPECIFIC COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF LOW ALLOY STEELS CAN
VARY DEPENDING ON THE MANUFACTURER AND INTENDED APPLICATION.
