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Class 12th Physics Set 2

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35 views26 pages

Class 12th Physics Set 2

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Maximum Marks: 70 Time Allowed: 3 hours
General Instructions:
1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
3. All the sections are compulsory.
4. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B
contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D
contains two case study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions
of five marks each.
5. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, one
question in Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to
attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
6. Use of calculators is not allowed.

MCQ -
Assertion & Picture Multiple Choice Subjective
Chapter Name - Reason Based Question Question Total

Electronic Devices - - 1 (1) 1 (1) 1 (2) 4 (7)

1 (3)

Current Electricity - - - 1 (1) 1 (3) 2 (4)

Ray Optics and Optical - - - 2 (1) - 2 (2)


Instruments

Magnetism and Matter - - - 2 (1) 1 (2) 3 (4)

Electrostatic Potential and - 1 (1) - 1 (1) - 2 (2)


Capacitance

Moving Charges and - - - 1 (1) - 1 (1)


Magnetism

Electromagnetic Induction - - - 1 (1) - 1 (1)

Wave Optics - 1 (1) - 1 (1) 1 (3) 3 (5)

Electric Charges and - - - 1 (1) - 1 (1)


Fields

Dual Nature of Radiation - 1 (1) - - 1 (3) 2 (4)


and Matter

Alternating Current - 1 (1) - - - 1 (1)

Electromagnetic Waves - - - - 1 (2) 1 (2)

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Atoms - - - - 1 (2) 2 (5)

1 (3)

Nuclei - - - - 1 (3) 1 (3)

(5 Grouped Questions) 1 - - - - 1 (4)


Electromagnetic Waves (4)

(5 Grouped Questions) 1 - - - - 1 (4)


Electric Charges and (4)
Fields

(1 Internal Choice) - - - - 1 (2) 1 (2)


Moving Charges and
Magnetism
Moving Charges and
Magnetism

(1 Internal Choice) - - - - 1 (3) 1 (3)


Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction

(1 Internal Choice) - - - - 1 (5) 1 (5)


Ray Optics and Optical
Instruments
Wave Optics

(1 Internal Choice) - - - - 1 (5) 1 (5)


Electrostatic Potential and
Capacitance
Electrostatic Potential and
Capacitance

(1 Internal Choice) - - - - 1 (5) 1 (5)


Alternating Current
Alternating Current

Total 2 4 (4) 1 (1) 11 (11) 15 (46) 33


(8) (70)

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Series ARSP/02 Set ~ 2
Roll No. Q.P Code 15/2/2
Candidates must write the Q.P Code
on the title page of the answer-book.

 Please check that this question paper contains 06 printed pages.


 Q.P. Code given on the right hand side of the question paper should be written
on the title page of the answer-book by the candidate.
 Please check that this question paper contains 33 questions.
 Please write down the serial number of the question in the answer-book
before attempting it.
 15 Minute times has been allotted to read this question paper. The question
paper will be distributed at 10:15 a.m. From 10.15 a.m to 10.30 a.m, the students
will read the question paper only and will not write any answer on the answer –
book during this period.

PHYSICS

Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 70

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General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.

3. All the sections are compulsory.

4. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B

contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D

contains two case study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of

five marks each.


5. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, one

question in Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to

attempt only one of the choices in such questions.

6. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A
1. A p-n junction diode is connected to a battery of emf 5.5 V and external resistance 5.1 kΩ . The barrier potential [1]
in the diode is 0.4 V. The current in the circuit is:

a) 1 mA b) 1.08 mA

c) 0.08 mA d) 1 A
2. Wheatstone Bridge is not suitable for measurement of [1]

a) medium value resistances b) both very high value resistances and very
low value resistances

c) very high value resistances. d) very low value resistances.


3. A fish at a depth of 12 cm in water is viewed by an observer on the bank of a lake. Through what height is the [1]
image of fish raised? (μ = 4

3
)

a) 9 cm b) 3 cm

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c) 12 cm d) 3.8 cm
4. A bar magnet is cut into two equal halves parallel to its magnetic axis. The physical quantity that remains [1]
unchanged is:

a) moment of inertia b) pole strength

c) magnetic moment d) magnitude of magnetisation


5. A capacitor is charged by a battery. The battery is removed and another identical uncharged capacitor is [1]
connected in parallel. The total electrostatic energy of resulting system:

a) decreases by a factor of 2 b) increases by a factor of 4

c) increases by a factor of 2 d) remains the same


6. A voltmeter has range V. What resistance should be connected in series with it to increase its range to nV? Initial [1]
resistance is R0.

a) b) (n - 1)R0
R0

c) nR0 d) (n + 1)R0

7. Two identical circular coaxial coils A and B, arranged in vertical planes parallel to each other, carry currents in [1]
the same direction. If the distance between the coils is decreased at a constant rate, the current:

a) increases in both A and B. b) increases in A and decreases in B.

c) remains same in both A and B. d) decreases in both A and B.


8. At a point on the right bisector of a magnetic dipole, the magnetic: [1]

a) field varies as r3 b) potential is zero at all points on the right


bisector

c) field is perpendicular to the axis of dipole d) potential varies as 1

2
r

9. In Young's double-slit experiment, the fringe width is found to be 0.4 mm. If the whole apparatus is immersed in [1]
water of refractive index 4

3
without disturbing the geometrical arrangement, the new fringe width will be

a) 540 microns b) 0.53 mm

c) 0.3 mm d) 0.4 mm
10. A drop of radius one micron carries a charge of 4 electrons. If the density of oil is 2g/cc, the electric field [1]
required to balance it is

a) 14.83 ×10 V/m 4


b) 12.83 ×10 V/m4

c) 13.83 ×10 V/m 4


d) 12.03 ×10 V/m4

11. The current in the circuit will be [1]

a) 5

10
A b) 5

50
A

c) 5

20
A d) 5

40
A

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12. Magnifying power of a microscope depends on [1]

a) focal length of eyepiece and objective. b) colour of light.

c) focal length of objective and color of light. d) focal length of eyepiece and color of light.
13. Assertion (A): If the frequency of the incident light on a metal surface is doubled, the kinetic energy of emitted [1]
electrons is more than doubled.
Reason (R): The metal will provide additional energy to the emitted photoelectron for light of higher frequency
than that for lower frequency.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.


14. Assertion: When charges are shared between two bodies, there occurs no loss of charge but there does occur a [1]
loss of energy.
Reason: In case of sharing of charges, conservation of energy fails.

a) Assertion and reason both are correct b) Assertion and reason both are correct
statements and reason is correct explanation statements but reason is not correct
for assertion. explanation for assertion.

c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is
wrong statement. correct statement.

15. Assertion (A): To observe diffraction of light, the size of the obstacle/aperture should be of the order of 10-7 m. [1]

Reason (R): 10-7 is the order of the wavelength of visible light.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.


16. Assertion: For an electric lamp connected in series with a variable capacitor and ac source, its brightness [1]
increases with increase in capacitance.
Reason: Capacitive reactance decreases with increase in capacitance of capacitor.

a) Assertion and reason both are correct b) Assertion and reason both are correct
statements and reason is correct explanation statements but reason is not correct
for assertion. explanation for assertion.

c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is
wrong statement. correct statement.
Section B
17. In which situation is there a displacement current, but no conduction current? [2]
18. From a molecular viewpoint, discuss the temperature dependence of susceptibility for diamagnetism, [2]
paramagnetism, and ferromagnetism.
19. Explain the formation of potential barrier and depletion region in a p-n junction diode. What is effect of applying [2]
forward bias on the width of depletion region?
20. Draw the energy level diagram showing the line spectra corresponding to Paschen series occur due to transition [2]
between energy levels.

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21. A neutron, a proton, an electron and an a-particle enter a region of constant magnetic field with equal velocities. [2]
The magnetic field is along the inward

normal to the plane of the paper. The tracks of the particles are labelled in Fig. Relate the tracks to the four
particles.
OR
Derive an expression for the torque on a rectangular coil of area A, carrying a current I and placed in a magnetic field
B. The angle between the direction of B and vector perpendicular to the plane of the coil is 0. Indicate the direction
of the torque acting on the loop.
Section C
22. Derive an expression for the current density of a conductor in terms of the drift speed of electrons. [3]
23. a. The resistance of a p-n junction is low when it is forward biased and is high when it is reversed biased. [3]
b. Doping of intrinsic semiconductors is a necessity for making electronic devices.
c. Photodiodes are operated in reverse bias.
24. The extent of localisation of a particle is determined roughly by its de Broglie wavelength. If an electron is [3]
localized within the nucleus (of size about 10-14 m) of an atom, what is its energy? Compare this energy with the
typical binding energies (of the order of a few MeV) in a nucleus, and hence argue why electrons cannot reside
in a nucleus.
25. In a fission event of 238
92
U by fast moving neutrons, no neutrons are emitted and final products, after the beta [3]
decay of the primary fragments, are 140
58
Ce and 99
44
Ru . Calculate Q for this process. Neglect the masses of
electrons/positrons emitted during the intermediate steps.
Given:
m(
238
92
U) = 238.05079 u; m ( 140
58
Ce) = 139.90543 u
m(
99
44
Ru) = 98.90594 u; m ( 1
0
n) = 1.008665 u
26. The spectrum of a star in the visible and the ultraviolet region was observed and the wavelength of some of the [3]
lines that could be identified were found to be:
o o o o o o

824A, 970A, 1120A, 250 A 5173 A 6100A

Which of these lines cannot belong to hydrogen atom spectrum 1 (Given Rydberg's constant R = 1.03 × 107m-1
o

and 1

R
= 970A . Support your answer with suitable calculations.
27. Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm is incident from air on a water surface. What are the wavelength, [3]
frequency and speed of (a) reflected, and (b) refracted light? Refractive index of water is 1.33.
28. a. Define mutual inductance and write its S.I. unit. [3]
b. A square loop of side a carrying a current I2 is kept at distance x from an infinitely long straight wire
carrying a current I1 as shown in the figure. Obtain the expression for the resultant force acting on the loop.

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OR
Two different coils have self inductances, L1 = 8mH and L2 = 2mH. At a certain instant, the current in the two coils

is increasing at the same constant rate and the power supplied to the two coil is the same.
Find the ratio of :
a. induced voltage
b. current and
c. energy stored in the two coils at that instant?
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
A stationary charge produces only an electrostatic field while a charge in uniform motion produces a magnetic
field, that does not change with time. An oscillating charge is an example of accelerating charge. It produces an
oscillating magnetic field, which in turn produces an oscillating electric fields and so on. The oscillating electric
and magnetic fields regenerate each other as a wave which propagates through space.

(a) Magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by B⃗ = B0 sin(kx + ωt)^j T

Expression for corresponding electric field will be (Where c is speed of light.)

a) E⃗ = B0c sin (kx + ωt) k


^
V/m b) E

= -B0c sin (kx - ωt) k
^
V/m
B0
c) E⃗ = -B0c sin (kx + ωt) k
^
V/m d) E

= c
sin (kx + ωt) k
^
V/m

(b) The electric field component of a monochromatic radiation is given by E⃗ = 2E0^i cos kz cos ωt. Its

magnetic field B⃗ is then given by


2E0 2E0
a) − c
^
j sin kz sin ωt b) c
^
j sin kz sin ωt
2E0 2E0
c) c
^
j sin kz cos ωt d) c
^
j cos kz cos ωt
(c) A plane em wave of frequency 25 MHz travels in a free space along x-direction. At a particular point in
space and time, E = (6.3 ^j ) V/m. What is magnetic field at that time?

a) 0.089 μ T b) 0.124 μ T

c) 0.021 μ T d) 0.095 μ T
OR
A plane electromagnetic wave travels in free space along x-axis. At a particular point in space, the electric

field along y-axis is 9.3 V m-1. The magnetic induction (B) along z-axis is

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a) 3.1 × 10-8 T b) 3 × 10-5 T

c) 3 × 10-6 T d) 9.3 × 10-6 T

(d) A plane electromagnetic wave travelling along the x-direction has a wavelength of 3 mm. The variation in

the electric field occurs in the y-direction with an amplitude 66 V m-1. The equations for the electric and
magnetic fields as a function of x and t are respectively

a) E y = 11 cos 2π × 10
11
(t −
x

c
) , b) Ey = 66 cos 2π × 10
11
(t −
x

c
) ,
−7 11 x −7 11 x
By = 11 × 10 cos 2π × 10 (t − ) Bz = 2.2 × 10 cos 2π × 10 (t − )
c c

c) E x = 33 cos π × 10
11
(t −
x

c
) , d) Ey = 33 cos π × 10
11
(t −
x

c
) ,
−7 11 x −7 11 x
Bx = 11 × 10 cos π × 10 (t − ) Bz = 1.1 × 10 cos π × 10 (t − )
c c

30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
When electric dipole is placed in uniform electric field, its two charges experience equal and opposite forces,
which cancel each other and hence net force on electric dipole in uniform electric field is zero. However these
forces are not collinear, so they give rise to some torque on the dipole. Since net force on electric dipole in
uniform electric field is zero. so no work is done in moving the electric dipole in uniform electric field. However
some work is done in rotating the dipole against the torque acting on it.

(a) The dipole moment of a dipole in a uniform external field E⃗ is P ⃗. Then the torque τ ⃗ acting on the dipole
is

a) τ ⃗ = ⃗ ⃗
2( P + E ) b) ⃗
τ⃗ = P ⋅E

c) τ ⃗ = ⃗ ⃗
(P + E ) d) ⃗
τ⃗ = P × E

(b) An electric dipole consists of two opposite charges, each of magnitude 1.0 μ C separated by a distance of
2.0 cm. The dipole is placed in an external field of 105 NC-1. The maximum torque on the dipole is

a) 4 × 10-3 Nm b) 2 × 10-3 Nm

c) 1 × 10-3 Nm d) 0.2 × 10-3 Nm

(c) Torque on a dipole in uniform electric field is minimum when θ is equal to

a) 0o b) 90o

c) 180o d) Both 0o and 180o

(d) When an electric dipole is held at an angle in a uniform electric field, the net force F and torque τ on the
dipole are

a) F = 0, τ = 0 b) F ≠ 0, τ ≠ 0

c) F ≠ 0, τ = 0 d) F = 0, τ ≠ 0

OR
An electric dipole of moment p is placed in an electric field of intensity E. The dipole acquires a position

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such that the axis of the dipole makes an angle θ with the direction of the field. Assuming that the

potential energy of the dipole to be zero when θ = 90o, the torque and the potential energy of the dipole
will respectively be

a) pE sin θ , - pE cos θ b) pE cos θ , -pE sin θ

c) pE sin θ , 2pE cos θ d) pE sin θ , -2pE cos θ


Section E
31. Use the mirror equation to deduce that: [5]
a. an object placed between f and 2f of a concave mirror produces a real image beyond 2f.
b. a convex mirror always produces a virtual image independent of the location of the object.
c. the virtual image produced by a convex mirror is always diminished in size and is located between the focus
and the pole.
d. an object placed between the pole and focus of a concave mirror produces a virtual and enlarged image.
[Note: This exercise helps you deduce algebraically properties of images that one obtains from explicit ray
diagrams.]
OR
i. There are two sets of apparatus of Young's double-slit experiment. Inset A, the phase difference between the two
waves emanating from the slits does not change with time, whereas in set B, the phase difference between the two
waves from the slits changes rapidly with time. What difference will be observed in the pattern obtained on the
screen in the two setups?
ii. Deduce the expression for the resultant intensity in both the above-mentioned setups (A and B), assuming that the
waves emanating from the two slits have the same amplitude a and same wavelength λ .
32. Derive an expression for equivalent capacitance of three capacitors when connected [5]
i. in series and
ii. in parallel.
OR
a. Derive an expression for the potential energy of an electric dipole in a uniform electric field. Explain conditions
for stable and unstable equilibrium.
b. Is the electrostatic potential necessarily zero at a point where the electric field is zero? Give an example to
support your answer.
33. A circuit containing a 80 mH inductor and a 60 μF capacitor in series is connected to a 230 V, 50 Hz supply. [5]
The resistance of the circuit is negligible.
a. Obtain the current amplitude and rms values.
b. Obtain the rms values of potential drops across each element.
c. What is the average power transferred to the inductor?
d. What is the average power transferred to the capacitor?
e. What is the total average power absorbed by the circuit? [‘Average’ implies ‘averaged over one cycle’.]
OR
a. Show that an ideal inductor does not dissipate power in an ac circuit.
b. The variation of inductive reactance (XL) of an inductor with the frequency (f) of the ac source of 100 V and
variable frequency is shown in the fig.

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i. Calculate the self-inductance of the inductor.

ii. When this inductor is used in series with a capacitor of unknown value and a resistor of 10Ω at 300 s-1,
maximum power dissipation occurs in the circuit. Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor.

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Section A
1. (a) 1 mA
Explanation: E = 5.5 V
VD = 0.4 V
R = 5.1 kΩ
The current through the circuit is
E−VD
I =
R
5.5−0.4
I =
5100

= 0.001 A = 1 mA
2.
(b) both very high value resistances and very low value resistances
Explanation: Wheatstone bridge is suitable for measurement of medium value resistances because to ensure sensitivity, other
resistors must be of comparable values.
3.
(b) 3 cm
Explanation: Apparent depth = (Real depth) / (refractive index)
Now, Height raised = real depth - apparent depth
apparent depth
= real depth(1 - real depth
)
= real depth(1 - 1

ref ractive index


)

= d(1 − 1

μ
) = 12 (1 −
1

4
) = 12 (1 −
3

4
) =
12

4
= 3cm

4.
(d) magnitude of magnetisation
Explanation: magnitude of magnetisation
5. (a) decreases by a factor of 2
Explanation:

Initial energy, U i =
1

2
CV
2

After connection,
q +q q+0 q V
1 2
VC = = = =
C1 + C2 C+C 2C 2

Final energy,
2 2
1 V 1 V 1 2
Uf = C( ) + C( ) = CV
2 2 2 2 4

Loss of energy = U i − Uf =
1

4
CV
2

6.
(b) (n - 1)R0
Explanation: For a range V, the current flowing is I, and V = IR0
If a resistance R is connected in series, the range of the voltmeter increases to nV.
V
nV = I (R0 + R) = (R0 + R)
R0

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nR0 = R0 + R
R = (n - 1)R0

7.
(d) decreases in both A and B.
Explanation: decreases in both A and B.
8.
(b) potential is zero at all points on the right bisector
Explanation: The magnetic potential at any point is the amount of work done in bringing a unit north pole from infinity to that
point. At any point on the right bisector, the potentials due to the two poles are equal and opposite.
9.
(c) 0.3 mm
β
Explanation: β ′
=
μ
=
0.4 mm

4
= 0.3 mm
3

10.
(b) 12.83 ×10 V/m 4

Explanation: Fe = mg

4eE = density × volume × g = d × 4

3
× π × r3 × g
Given, d = 2g/cc = 2000 kg/m3; r = 10-6 m
Thus, 4 × 1.6 × 10-19 × E = 2000 × 4

3
× 3.14 × 10-18 × 9.8
E = (2000 × 4

3
× 3.14 × 10-18 × 9.8) / (4 × 1.6 × 10-19) = 12.83 × 104 V/m
11.
(b) 5

50
A

Explanation: Diode D1 does not conduct as it is reverse biased. D2 conducts as it is forward biased.
I= 30+20
5
=
5

50
A

12. (a) focal length of eyepiece and objective.


Explanation: Magnification m∝1

f f
o e

So, magnifying power of a microscope depends on focal length of eyepiece and objective only.
13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Yes, because the metal will provide additional energy to the emitted photoelectron for light of higher frequency
than that for lower frequency.
14.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Explanation: Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
15. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Diffraction is prominent when the size of the obstacle or the aperture is comparable to the wavelength of light used.
16. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation: Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Section B
17. During charging or discharging there is a displacement current but no conduction current between plates of capacitor.
18. The direction of external magnetic field H and magnetism M due to the orbital motion of electrons of diamagnetic substance are
opposite so net magnetism becomes zero. Hence, the susceptibility (χ ) of diamagnetism is not much affected by temperature.
The direction of magnetism due to the orbital motion of electrons in paramagnetism and ferromagnetism material and externally
applied field are in the same direction so net magnetism increased and much affected by temperature. As temperature raised the
alignment of atomic magnetism is disturbed resulting in a decrease in susceptibility.
19. Formation of depletion region: In the p-type semiconductor, holes are the majority carrier and in the n-type semiconductor,
electrons are the majority carrier.
When a p-n junction is formed, some of the electrons from the n-region which have reached the conduction band are free to
diffuse across the junction and combine with holes.

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Filling a hole, makes a negative ion in p-side and a positive ion in the n-side. Thus, free charges get depleted and a depletion
region is formed, which inhibits any further electron transfer.

Applying forward bias, the depletion region reduces and again electrons can diffuse.

20.

Paschen Series (infrared): In this series the transition occur from n > 3 to the second orbit that is n = 3. This represents the
Paschen Series of the Hydrogen atom. It is mainly observed in the Infrared region of the EM wave.
1λ = R( − )1

2
1

3 n2

Where n = 4, 5, 6
21. i. For a neutron, q = 0, so F = qvB sinθ = 0. That is, a neutron goes undeflected through the magnetic field. So the track C
corresponds to a neutron.
ii. According to Fleming's left hand rule, a negative charged particle such as an electron will be deflected towards right. So the
track D corresponds to an electron.
iii. According to Fleming's left hand rule, a positively charged particle such as an a-particle or a proton will be deflected towards
left. Its radius of curvature is given by
mv m
r =
qB
i,e.,r ∝ q

rα mα qp 4mp
e 2
= ⋅ = ⋅ =
rp mp qα mp 2e 1

or r = 2r i.e., r > r
α p α p

Thus the track B corresponds to an a-particle and track A to a proton.


OR

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A rectangular loop ABCD of dimensions l and b, carrying a steady current is placed in uniform magnetic field as shown in fig;
such that normal of the plane is at angle θ with the magnetic field lines.
The force FBC and FAD on arms BC and AD are equal, opposite and along the axis of the coil, so they cancel each other.
The forces FAB and FCD are also equal and opposite, but are not collinear, so they constitute a couple, and the magnitude of the
torque can be given as
τ = FAB ⋅ sinθ + FCD ⋅ sinθ
b b

2 2

Since,
|FAB | = |FCD| = BIℓ
∴ = BIℓ × b sinθ
= BI (ℓ b) sinθ
= BI Asinθ [A = ℓ b = area of the rectangle]
Since magnetic moment m = I|A|
τ = mB sin θ

In vector from τ ⃗ = m⃗ × B⃗
Section C
22. Let potential difference V is applied across a conductor of length I and hence an electric field E produced inside the conductor.
V
∴ E =
l
....(i)

Let n = number density of free electrons


A = cross-sectional area of conductor
e = electrons charge.
∴ Number of free electrons present in length l of conductor = nAI

∴ Total charge contained in length l which can contribute in current,


q = (nAl)e ... (ii)
The time taken by free electron to cross the length l of conductor is

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t = l/vd
where, vd = drift speed of electron.
∴ Current through the conductor [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
I = q/t
(nAl)e (nAl)e
I = = = neAvd
t (l/vd )

neAvd
Current density J = I

A
= A

∴ J = nevd , i.e. J ∝ vd

Thus, current density of conductor is proportional to drift speed of electrons.


23. a. When a p-n junction is forward biased, the junction width decreases and as a result, its resistance also decreases.
On the other hand, when a p-n junction is reverse biased, the junction width increases hence resistance increases.
b. Conductivity of intrinsic semi-conductors is very low. Hence, no electronic device can be developed using them.
Dopping increases conductivity, hence makes intrinsic semiconductor suitable for making electronic devices.
c. It is easier to observe the change in the current with change in light intensity if a reverse bias is applied.

24. As the electron is localised within the nucleus (of size about 10-14 m) of an atom, so
λ = 10-14m
= 6.3 × 10-20 kg ms-1
−34
h 6.63×10
∴ p = =
λ −14
10

The relativistic formula for the energy of an electron is


−−−−−−−−−−
2 2 2 4
E = √p c + m c
0

Neglecting the rest-mass energy (second) term, we get


E = pc = 6.63 × 10-20 × 3 × 108 J
= 124.3 MeV
This is too much large compared to the binding energy that Coulomb force can provide within the nucleus. Therefore, electrons
localised within a nucleus are far too energetic to stay bound within. That is why electrons do not reside in a nucleus.
25. 238
92
U+
1
0
n ⟶
140
58
Ce +
99
44
Ru

Δm = [m( U) + m( n) − m( Ce) − m( Ru)]


238
92
1
0
140
58
99
44

= (238.05079 + 1.008665 - 139.90543 - 98.90594) u


= 0.248085 u
Δm = 0.248085 × 931.5 Mev/c2 = 231.09 Mev/c2
By Einstein mass-energy equivalence
E = Δm c2
= 231.09 MeV

2
× c
2

= 231.09 Mev
26. The wavelengths of the spectral lines of hydrogen atom are given by the Rydberg formula,
1 1 1
= v̄ = R [ − ]
λ 2 2
n n
f i

o
o
1/R 970A
or λ = 1 1
= [∵
1

R
= 970 A]
− ⎤
2 2 2 1
n n n −
f i f 2
n ⎦
f

For Lyman series of hydrogen spectrum in the ultraviolet region, nf = 1. Putting ni = 2, 3 ,..., ∞ ; we get different lines as follows:
o o o o

970A 970 A 970A 970A


λ = , , ,…..
(3/4) (8/9) (15/16) 1

o o o o

= 1293.3A, 1091A, 1034.6A, … … , 970A

For Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum in the visible region, nf = 2. Putting n = 3, 4, 5, ......... ∞ : we get different lines as
follows:
˙ ˙ ^ ^
970A 970A 970A 970A
λ = , , ,⋯,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
[ − ] [ − ] [ − ] [ − ]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 2 4 2 5 2 ∞0 2
o o o o

970A 970A 970A 970A


= , , ,
5 3 21 1

36 16 100 4
o o o o

= 6984A, 5173.3A, 4619A, … , 3880A

On comparing the wavelengths given in the question with the above-determined wavelengths, we find that the following

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wavelengths cannot belong to the hydrogen atom spectrum:
o o o o

834A, 1120A, 2504A, 6100A

27. Given, λ = 589nm


8
c = 3 × 10 m/s, μ = 1.33

a. For reflected light,


Wavelength λ = 589nm = 589 × 10 −9
m
8
c 3×10
ν = =
λ −9
589×10

14
= 5.09 × 10 Hz

Hence, the speed, frequency, and wavelength of the reflected light are 3 × 108 m/s, 5.09 × 1014 Hz, and 589 nm respectively.
b. Frequency of light does not depend on the property of the medium in which it is travelling. Hence, the frequency of the
refracted ray in water will be equal to the frequency of the incident or reflected light in air.
c
v =
μ
8
3×10 8
v = = 2.26 × 10 m/s
1.33

Wavelength of light in water is given by the relation,


c
λ =
ν
8
2.26×10
=
14
5.09×10
−9
= 444.007 × 10 m = 444.01 nm

Hence the speed, frequency and wavelength of refracted light are 2.26 × 108 m/s, 5.09 × 1014 Hz and 444.01 nm
respectively.
28. a. Mutual inductance: It is the property of the coils that enables it to oppose the changes in the current in another coil. Its S.I
unit is Henry (H).
b. Force on the part of the loop which is parallel to infinite straight wire and at a distance x from it.
μ I1 I2 a
F1 = 2π
0

x
(away from the infinite straight wire)
Force on the part of the loop which is at a distance (x + a) from it
μ0 I1 I2 a
F2 = 2π
(towards the infinite straight wire)
(x+a)

Net force F = F1 - F2
μ I1 I2 a
F= 0


[
1

x

x+a
1
]
2
μ I1 I2 a
F= 0

2π x(x+a)

OR
a. We know e = L dI

dt
e1 L1
Thus, e2
=
L2
=
8

2
= 4

b. We know, P = e I
P1 = P2
e1I1 = e2I2
I1 e2 1
∴ = =
I2 e1 4

c. We know,
1 2
U = LI
2
I1 e2
and I2
=
e1

1
L1 2 2
U1 2
I1 8 1 1
∴ = ( ) = ( ) =
U2 1 I2 2 4 4
L2
2

Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
A stationary charge produces only an electrostatic field while a charge in uniform motion produces a magnetic field, that does not
change with time. An oscillating charge is an example of accelerating charge. It produces an oscillating magnetic field, which in
turn produces an oscillating electric fields and so on. The oscillating electric and magnetic fields regenerate each other as a wave

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which propagates through space.

(i) (a) E⃗ = B0c sin (kx + ω t) k


^
V/m
Explanation: Given : B⃗ = B0 sin (kx + ω t)^j T
The relation between electric and magnetic field is, c = E

B
or E = cB
The electric field component is perpendicular to the direction of propagation and the direction of magnetic field.
Therefore, the electric field component along z-axis is obtained as E⃗ = cB0 sin (kx + ω t) k
^
V/m
2E0
(ii) (b) j sin kz sin ω t
^
c

Explanation: = −
dE

dz
dB

dt
dE dB

dz
= -2 E0k sin kz cos ω t = − dt

dB = +2 E0k sin kz cos ω t dt


B = +2 E0k sin kz ∫ cos ω t dt = +2 E0 k

ω
sin kz sin ω t
E0 ω
= = c
B0 k

2E0 2E0
B= c
sin kz sin ω t ∴ B⃗ = c
sin kz sin ω t ^j
E is along y-direction and the wave propagates along x-axis.
∴ B should be in a direction perpendicular to both x-and y-axis.

(iii) (c) 0.021 μT


Explanation: Here, E = 6.3 ^j ; c = 3 × 108 m/s
The magnitude of B is
= 2.1 × 10-8 T = 0.021 μ T
6.3
Bz = E

c
= 8
3×10

OR

(a) 3.1 × 10-8 T


Explanation: At a particular point, E = 9.3 V m-1
∴ Magnetic field at the same point =
9.3

8
3×10

= 3.1 × 10-8 T
x x
(iv) (b) E y = 66 cos 2π × 10
11
(t −
c
) ,B z = 2.2 × 10
−7
cos 2π × 10
11
(t −
c
)

Explanation: Here : E0 = 66 V m-1, Ey = 66 cos ω (t − x

c
) ,

= 3 mm = 3 × 10-3 m, k =

λ
λ

= c ⇒ ω = ck = 3 × 108 ×
ω 2π

−3
k 3×10

or ω = 2π × 1011
∴ Ey = 66 cos 2π × 1011(t − x

c
)

Ey
Bz = c
=( 66

8
) cos 2π × 10
11
(t −
x

c
)
3×10

= 2.2 × 10-7 cos 2π × 1011(t − x

c
)

30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:


When electric dipole is placed in uniform electric field, its two charges experience equal and opposite forces, which cancel each
other and hence net force on electric dipole in uniform electric field is zero. However these forces are not collinear, so they give
rise to some torque on the dipole. Since net force on electric dipole in uniform electric field is zero. so no work is done in moving

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the electric dipole in uniform electric field. However some work is done in rotating the dipole against the torque acting on it.

(i) (d) τ ⃗ = P ⃗ × E⃗
Explanation: As τ = either force × perpendicular distance between the two forces
= qaE sin θ or τ = PE sin θ
or P ⃗ × E⃗ (∵ qa = P)
(ii) (b) 2 × 10-3 Nm
Explanation: The maximum torque on the dipole in an external field is given by
τ = pE = q(2a) × E
Here, q = 1μC = 10 −6
C , 2a = 2 cm = 2 × 10-2 m, E = 105 NC-1, τ = ?
∴ τ = 10 Nm
−6 −2 5 −3
× 2 × 10 × 10 = 2 × 10

(iii) (d) Both 0o and 180o


Explanation: When θ is 0 or 180o, the τ is minimum, which means the dipole moment should be parallel to the
direction of the uniform electric field.
(iv) (d) F = 0, τ ≠ 0
Explanation: Net force is zero and torque acts on the dipole, trying to align p with E.
OR
(a) pE sin θ, - pE cos θ
Explanation: Torque, τ = pE sin θ and potential energy
U = -pE cos θ
Section E
31. a. The mirror formula is:
1 1 1
+ =
u v f

1 1 1
∴ = −
v f u

Now for a concave mirror, f < 0 and for an object on the left u < 0.
2f<u<f
1 1 1
or 2f
>
u
>
f

or − 1

2f
< −
1

u
< −
1

or 1

f

2f
1
<
1

f

1

u
<
1

f

1

or 1

2f
<
1

v
< 0

This implies that v < 0 so that real image is formed on left. Also the above inequality implies that
2f>v
or |2 f| > |v| [∵ 2f and v are -ve]
i.e. real image is formed beyond 2f.
b. Now, for convex mirror, f > 0 and for an object of left, u < 0.
From mirror formula
1 1 1
= −
v f u


1

v
> 0 or v > 0
This shows that whatever be the value of u, a convex mirror form a virtual image on the right.
c. For convex mirror f > 0 and for an object on left u < 0, so from mirror formula,
1 1 1

v
=
f

u
[ ∵ v is +ve, u is -ve]

1

v
>
1

f
or v < f (∴ − 1

u
is a +ve quantity)
This shows that the image is located between the pole and the focus of the mirror. Also from the mirror formula,

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1 1 1
> − (∵ > 0)
v u f

Multiply v to both sides,



v
> −
v
[ ∵v is +ve]
u

1 > m ( ∵ u < 0)
Magnitude of magnification, m = v
< 1
|u|

So the image is diminished in size.


d. From the mirror formula, for a concave mirror, f < 0 and for an object located between the pole and focus of a concave mirror,
f<u<0
1 1
∴ >
f u

or 1

f

1

u
> 0

or 1

v
> 0 or v > 0 (∴ 1

v
=
1

f

1

u
)

i.e. a virtual image is formed on the right.


Also, < 1

v
or v > |u|
1

|u|

∴ |m| =
v

|u|
> 1 i.e., Image is enlarged.
OR
i. There are two sets of apparatus of Young's double-slit experiment. In Set A: Stable interference pattern, the positions of
maxima and minima do not change with time.
In Set B: Positions of maxima and minima will change rapidly with time and an average uniform intensity distribution will be
observed on the screen.
ii. Expression for the intensity of stable interference pattern in set-A
If the displacement produced by slit S1 is given by
y1 = acos ω t
then, the displacement produced by S2 would be
y2 = acos (ω t + ϕ)
and the resultant displacement will be given by
y = y1 + y2
= a[cos ω t + cos (ω t + ϕ)]
ϕ ϕ
= 2acos ( )cos (ω t +
2 2
)
ϕ
The amplitude of the resultant displacement is 2acos ( ) and therefore the intensity at that point will be
2

4I0cos2( 2 )
ϕ
I=
ϕ =0
∴ I = 4l0

In set B, the intensity will be given by the average intensity is given by :-


I = 4I0cos2( )
ϕ

I = 2I0
32. i. In fig. (a) three capacitors of capacitances C1, C2, C3 are connected in series between points A and D.

In series first plate of each capacitor has charge +Q and second plate of each capacitor has charge -Q i.e., charge on each
capacitor is Q.
Let the potential differences across the capacitors C1, C2, C3 be V1, V2, V3 respectively. As the second plate of first capacitor
C1 and first plate of second capacitor C2 are connected together, their potentials are equal. Let this common potential be VB.

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Similarly the common potential of second plate of C2 and first plate of C3 is VC. The second plate of capacitor C3 is
connected to earth, therefore its potential VD = 0. As charge flows from higher potential to lower potential, therefore VA > VB
> VC > VD.
Q
For the first capacitor, V1 = VA - VB = ...(i)
C1

Q
For the second capacitor, V2 = VB - VC = C2
...(ii)
For the third capacitor, V3 = VC - VD = Q
...(iii)
C
3

Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get


V1 + V2 + V3 =VA - VD = Q [ 1

C1
+
C2
1
+
1

C3
] ...(iv)
If V be the potential difference between A and D, then
VA - VD = V
∴ From (iv), we get
V = (V1 + V2 + V3) = Q [ 1

C1
+
1

C2
+
1

C3
] ...(v)
If in place of all the three capacitors, only one capacitor is placed between A and D such that on giving it charge Q, the
potential difference between its plates become V, then it will be called equivalent capacitor. If its capacitance is C, then
Q
V= ...(vi)
C

Comparing (v) and (vi), we get


Q

C
= Q[
1

C1
+
1

C2
+
1

C3
] or 1

C
=
1

C1
+
1

C2
+
1

C3
...(vii)
Thus in series arrangement, "The reciprocal of equivalent capacitance is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the
individual capacitors."
ii. Parallel Arrangement: In fig. (c) three capacitors of capacitance C1, C2, C3 are connected in parallel.

In parallel the potential difference across each capacitor is same V (say). Clearly the potential difference between plates of
each capacitor
VA - VB = V (say)
The charge Q given to capacitors is divided on capacitors C1, C2, C3.
Let q1, q2, q3 be the charges on capacitors C1, C2, C3 respectively.
Then Q = q1 + q2 + q3 ...(I)
and q1 = C1V,q2 = C2V,q3 = C3V
Substituting these values in (i), we get
Q = C1V + C2V + C3V or Q = (C1 + C2 + C3)V ...(ii)
If, in place of all the three capacitors, only one capacitor of capacitance C be connected between A and B; such that on giving
it charge Q the potential difference between its plates be V, then it will be called equivalent capacitor. If C be the capacitance
of equivalent capacitor, then
Q = CV ...(iii)
Comparing equations (ii) and (iii), we get
CV = (C1 + C2 + C3)V or C = (C1 + C2 + C3)
Important Note: It may be noted carefully that the formula for the total capacitance in series and parallel combination of
capacitors is the reverse of corresponding formula for combination of resistors in current electricity.
OR

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a.

Since torque acting on dipole



τ ⃗ = p⃗ × E

τ ⃗ = pE sin θ ⋅ n
^

work done dω = τ . dθ
= pE sin θdθ

θ2 θ2

w = ∫ dw pE ∫ sin θdθ

θ1 θ1

θ2
w = pE[− cos θ]
θ1

= pE [cos θ1 − cos θ2 ]

if θ1
= 0, θ2 = θ

w = pE (1 - cosθ)
Conditions-
For stable equilibrium - When electric dipole is parallel to electric field.
For unstable equilibrium - Anti Parallel to electric field.
b. No.
Inside equipotential surface
33. Inductance, L = 80 mH = 80 × 10-3 H
Capacitance, C = 60 μF = 60 × 10-6 F
Supply voltage, V = 230 V
Frequency, ν = 50 Hz
Angular frequency, ω = 2πν = 100 π rad/s
– –
Peak voltage, V = V √2 = 230√2V
0

a. Maximum current is given as:


V0
I0 =
1
(ωL− )
ωC

230√2
=
1
−3
(100π×80× 10 − )
−6
100π ×60×10

230√2
=
1000
= -11.63 A
(8π− )

The negative sign appears because ωL < 1

ωC

Amplitude of maximum current, |I 0| = 11.63A


I0 −11.63
Hence, rms value of current. I = = =- 8.22 A
√2 √2

b. Potential difference across the inductor.


vL = I × ω L

= 8.22 × 100 π × 80 × 10-3


= 206.61 V
Potential difference across the capacitor,
1
Vc = I ×
ωC
1
= 8.22 × = 436.84V
−6
100π×60×10

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c. Average power consumed over a complete cycle by the source to the inductor is zero as actual voltage leads the current by

d. Average power consumed over a complete cycle by the source to the capacitor is zero as voltage lags current by π

2
.
e. The total power absorbed (averaged over one cycle) is zero.
OR
a. Power dissipation = P = Vrms Irms cos ϕ
cos ϕ = R

For ideal inductor R = 0


∴ cos ϕ = 0
∴ P = Vrms Irms cos ϕ = 0

Thus, ideal inductor does not dissipate power in an ac circuit.


b. i. Inductive reactance = XL = 2π fL
X
∴ L= L

2πf

From graph, at f = 100 Hz


XL = 20 Ω
XL
∴ L= 2πf
= 20

2π×100

= 0.032 H = 32 mH
ii. Power dissipation is maximum when
2π fL = 2πf C
1

f = 300 s-1
L = 0.032 H
2π fL = 2πf C
1

Or, 2π × 300 × 0.032 = 1

2π×300×C

∴ C = 8.8 × 10-6 F = 8.8 μF

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