Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 27 (2018) 1209–1214

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Egyptian Journal of Petroleum

journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com

Full Length Article

Improved material balance equation (MBE) for gas-condensate

reservoirs considering significant water vaporization
Ahmed H. Ramadan a, Shedid A. Shedid b,⇑
a
Schlumberger Company, Maadi, Cairo 790/11728, Egypt
b
American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo 11837, Egypt

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The phenomenon of retrograde condensation occurs when the reservoir pressure declines below the
Received 26 December 2017 dew-point pressure causing gas condensation and developing two-phase flow. Material balance equation
Revised 7 May 2018 (MBE) of gas condensate reservoirs is a real challenge because of the change in fluid composition and
Accepted 21 May 2018
complexity of phase behavior.
Available online 13 June 2018
Neglecting the effect of water vaporization may lead to inaccurate predictions of the material balance
equation. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to develop an improved MBE model capable to
Keywords:
describe gas condensate reservoirs under significant vaporization of connate water and water influx driv-
Gas condensate
Material balance
ing mechanism.
Gas predictions A new parameter is developed to consider water vaporization. This parameter is used to derive equa-
Gas reserves tions for gas condensate reservoirs considering vaporization effect with and without consideration of
water influx. Numerical examples have been developed and used to compare the accuracy of the
newly-developed model with conventional ones using actual reservoir depletion and production data.
The results indicated that water vaporization has an important effect and should be considered for
accurate MBE predictions. Error analysis showed that the newly-developed equations are more accurate
than previously-developed models. The accuracy of the new MBE is attributed to the additional param-
eter introduced considering high pressure and high temperature conditions.
The application of the new material balance equation will have important impact on predictions of ini-
tial gas in place, reserve calculation and future simulation studies.
Ó 2018 Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open
access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction and literature review The derivation of the MBE is based on the concept of tank model
and its application requires accurate data of cumulative fluid pro-
Accurate reserve calculation for gas condensate reservoirs is a duction and changes in reservoir pressure. Schilthuis proposed that
key component of economic evaluation and decision-making in cumulative withdrawal of reservoir fluids is equated to the com-
reservoir development. Gas condensate reservoirs exhibit complex bined effects of reservoir drive mechanisms of fluid expansion,
behavior due to the following reasons; (1) a very rapid decrease in compaction of pore volume and water influx [2].
gas permeability from 60 to 84% under condensation condition, (2) Zhang and Ayala [1] developed a generalized MBE applicable for
variable amount of trapped gas in liquid phase, and (3) drastic liquid-rich gas reservoirs such as wet and retrograde gas reservoirs
change of residual critical condensate saturation plus a significant via a new concept called an equivalent gas molar density. The
drop in formation compressibility [1]. researchers indicated that using the density based equation does
The technique of material balance equation (MBE) has been not require the implementation of two-phase z-factors [1]. The
widely used in the oil industry for years for reliable reserve estima- developed-equation did not consider high pressure and high tem-
tion. Material-balance equation (MBE) is simply a mass conserva- perature conditions.
tion principle used to calculate original gas in place and gas Gas-condensate reservoirs are characterized as rich with
reserves at different stages of reservoir depletion. molecules of intermediate and heavier hydrocarbon [3,4]. When
reservoir pressure is above the dew-point pressure, gas remains
Peer review under responsibility of Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. as a single-phase in the reservoir and can be mathematically
⇑ Corresponding author. expressed using material balance equation of a dry gas reservoir
E-mail address: [email protected] (S.A. Shedid). as follows:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2018.05.005
1110-0621/Ó 2018 Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1210 A.H. Ramadan, S.A. Shedid / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 27 (2018) 1209–1214

Nomenclature

Bg Current formation volume factor of gas, RB/scf WDI Water Influx Drive Index
Bgi Initial formation volume factor of gas, RB/scf We Water influx in gas reservoir, RB
Bo Formation volume factor of condensate, RB/STB Wp Accumulate production of water, STB
Bw Formation volume factor of water, RB/STB yw, ywi Mole fractions of water vapor in hydrocarbon phase at
Bgdr Formation volume factor of injection gas, RB/scf current and initial pressures, % mole.
Cf Formation compressibility, psia1 yw Mole fraction of water vapor in hydrocarbon phase, %
Cw Compressibility coefficient of water, psia1 mole
G Original gas in place, scf Z Single phase gas deviation factor, unitless
Gp Cumulative gas produced, scf Zi Single phase gas deviation factor at initial conditions,
GT Total gas, which includes gas and the gaseous equiva- unitless
lent of the produced condensates, at the initial reservoir Z2 Two phase gas deviation factor, unitless
pressure above the dewpoint, scf Z2i Two phase gas deviation factor at initial conditions,
GpT Cumulative gas produced including gas and equivalent unitless
condensate produced at the surface, scf
Gip Accumulate injection of gas, scf Symbols
GZEDI Gas Zone Expansion Drive Index q Density, lb/ft3
Np Cumulative production of oil condensate, STB qgi Initial density of gas at formation condition, lb/ft3
P Current reservoir pressure, psia qgsc Density of gas at ground standard condition, lb/ft3
Pi Initial reservoir pressure, psia qosc Density of condensate oil at ground standard condition,
Sw Pore volume water saturation, fraction lb/ft3
So Saturation of retrograde condensed liquid in reservoir, qg Density of gas at present formation condition, lb/ft3
fraction qo Density of condensate oil at present formation condi-
Sw Irreducible water saturation, fraction tion, lb/ft3

GT Bgi ¼ ðG  Gp ÞBg ð1Þ Eq. (3) can be re-written as a function of reservoir pressure and
where z-factor as below:

p p p
G = original gas in place (scf), ¼ i  i GpT ð4Þ
Gp = cumulative gas produced (scf), z2 z2i z2i GT
Bg, Bgi = current and initial gas formation volume factors,
respectively (rcf/scf), where
GT = total gas (which includes gas and the gaseous equivalent of Z2 and Z2i = two-phase gas deviation factors at current and ini-
the produced condensates) at the initial reservoir pressure tial conditions (unitless).
above the dew point (scf), Eq. (4) suggests that a plot of (P/z2) versus GpT provides a
straight line, which can be used for calculation of the original gas
Eq. (1) can be re-arranged and expressed in the following con- in place and gas reserve.
venient form;
2. Gas-condensate reservoirs with significant water
p pi p
¼  i Gp ð2Þ vaporization
z zi zi G
where The content of equilibrium water vapor increases as the reser-
P and Pi = current and initial reservoir pressures (psia), voir pressure declines in gas reservoirs. This condition causes
Z and Zi = single and two phase gas deviation factor (unitless). vaporization of connate water within the gas-bearing portion of
the reservoir. Humphreys stated that in hot and high pressure
The MBE has been popularly applied as a straight line technique gas condensate reservoirs, significant vaporization of connate
for prediction of future reservoir performance [5,6]. Using Eq. (2), a water can occur during depletion [7]. Neglecting this vaporization
plot of (P/z) versus Gp yields a straight line. This straight line is effect in the general material balance equation is expected to cause
often used to estimate original gas in place (G) and gas reserve at erroneous predictions of gas initially in place and hence reserves
any abandonment conditions. plus incorrect identification of reservoir drive mechanism.
When the reservoir pressure decreases below the dew-point Humphreys [7] indicated that no hydrocarbon gas condensation
pressure, the gas condenses and forms a liquid hydrocarbon phase. occurs when the reservoir pressure is above the dew-point pres-
Often, a significant volume of this condensate is immobile and sure. However, as the pressure declines, more of the liquid water
remains in the reservoir. Therefore, correct application of vaporizes, thus reducing the liquid water saturation as below:
material-balance concept requires consideration of liquid volume
ð1  Sw Þð1  yw Þ p p p
remaining in the reservoir and also liquids produced at the surface. ½1  cf ðpi  pÞ ¼ i  i Gp ð5Þ
ð1  Swi Þð1  ywi Þ z zi zi G
This condition is mathematically presented in Eq. (3) considering
two gas formation factors (B2gi and B2g) as follows: where
Cf = Formation compressibility, psia1
GT B2gi ¼ ðGT  GpT ÞB2g ð3Þ
Swi = irreducible water saturation, fraction
where Sw = pore volume water saturation, fraction
B2gi, B2g = gas formation volume factors at two depletion pres- So = saturation of retrograde condensed liquid in reservoir,
sures (rcf/scf), fraction
 A.H. Ramadan, S.A. Shedid / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 27 (2018) 1209–1214 1211

  " #
yw, ywi = mole fractions of water vapor in hydrocarbon phase at pi Gp p ðC f þ C w Swi ÞDp
current and initial pressures, % mole. 1 ¼ 1 ð11Þ
z2i G z2 1  Swi

For volumetric reservoirs, Eq. (5) reveals that a plot of This study assumed that the usage of the two-phase gas deviation
ð1Sw Þð1yw Þ factor in Eq. (10) provides a model for gas condensate reservoir
ð1Swi Þð1ywi Þ
½1  cf ðpi  pÞ pz versus Gp yields a straight line. At p/z
= 0 and original gas is equal to cumulatively produced one; such based on the mass balance [8]. This model is given above by Eq.
as Gp = G. Therefore, the extrapolation of the straight line to p/z (11).
= 0 provides an estimate of original gas in place.
Assuming that the water saturation remains constant during 4. Derivation of an improved material balance equation
the life of the reservoir (i.e., Sw = Swi and yw = ywi) and when forma-
tion compressibility is assumed negligible, Eq. (5) can be reduced Considering a volumetric gas condensate reservoir at initial
to Eq. (2) for a volumetric dry-gas reservoir. conditions, the following parameters are defined as follows:
When the reservoir pressure decreases below the dew-point
pressure, the gas phase condenses. In many gas condensate reser- VPPV i ¼ PV i ð1  Swi Þ ð12Þ
voirs, the liquid hydrocarbons formed in the reservoir remain 1
immobile. Therefore Eq. (5) is modified to include this additional VPPV i ¼ HVPPV i  ð13Þ
ð1  yi Þ
liquid phase, as shown in Eq. (6) below [7].
1
ð1  Sw  So Þð1  yw Þ p p p VPPV i ¼ Gi Bgi  ð14Þ
½1  cf ðpi  pÞ ¼ i  i GpT ð6Þ ð1  yi Þ
ð1  Swi Þð1  ywi Þ z2 z2i z2i GT
Gi Bgi
PV i ¼ ð15Þ
The form of Eq. (6) indicates that a plot of ð1Sw So Þð1yw Þ
ð1Swi Þð1ywi Þ
ð1  yi Þð1  Swi Þ
½1  cf ðpi  pÞ pz versus Gp provides a straight line of a slope equal where
to (pi/ziG) and an intercept equal to pizi. At p/z = 0, G, = G. Therefore, PV = pore volume
an extrapolation of the straight line to p/z = 0 provides an estimate VPPV = vapor phase pore volume,
of original gas in place. HVPV = hydrocarbon vapor phase pore volume

3. MBE for gas condensate reservoirs based on mass conversion At some depleted pressure, above the dew-point, the formation
and connate water compressibility are given by;
Another form of material balance equation for gas condensate
reservoirs was proposed based on the mass conversion concept 1 DPV
Cf ¼  ð16Þ
[8]. They developed a generic form of mass balance equation for PV i DP
natural water driven condensate gas reservoirs under condition 1 DWV
of gas injection, as presented below in Eq. (7). Cw ¼  ð17Þ
WV i DP
qgi GBgi  ðqgsc Gp þ qosc Np Þ 1 DWV

  Cw ¼  ð18Þ
ðcf þ C w Swi ÞDp ðSwi  PV i Þ DP
¼ 1 GBgi  ðW e  W p Bw Þ  Gip Bgdr
1  Swi
 ½qg ð1  So Þ þ qo So  ð7Þ Change on pore volume at some depleted pressure with water
influx is defined below:
In case of no-edge water and no bottom water, Eq. (7) will be as
PV ¼ PV i þ DPV þ DVW  W e ð19Þ
below:
qgsc Gp þ qosc Np ¼ qgi GBgi PV ¼ PV i þ ðC f  PV i  DPÞ þ ðC w  Swi  PV i  DPÞ
" #
ðC f þ C w Swi ÞDp  We ð20Þ
 1 GBgi ½qg ð1  So Þ þ qo So 
1  Swi
ð8Þ PV ¼ PV i ð1  DPðC f þ C W Swi ÞÞ  W e ð21Þ

Assuming that Y ¼ qgsc Gp þ qosc Np and A ¼ 1  DPðC f þ C W Swi Þ ð22Þ

n h i o
ðC f þC w Swi ÞDp
X ¼ Bgi qgi  1  1Swi ½qg ð1  So Þ þ qo So  , Eq. (8) can be pre- Parameter A combines formation and water compressibility’s plus
sented in a straight line form of Y ¼ GX. A plot of Y vs. X results in a pressure drop.
straight line with a slope equal to the original gas in place.
If there is no water influx or gas injection, Eq. (8) can be reduced PV ¼ PV i ðAÞ  W e ð23Þ
to the following equation:
" # Gi Bgi
qgsc Gp ðC f þ C w Swi ÞDp PV ¼ ðAÞ  W e ð24Þ
qgi  ¼ 1 ð9Þ ð1  yi Þð1  Swi Þ
GBgi 1  Swi
Vapor phase pore volume at some depleted pressure is defined by
Considering density in terms of equation of state, Eq. (9) will be: Eq. (25) as follows:
  " #
ðC f þ C w Swi ÞDp VPPV ¼ PVð1  Sw Þ ð25Þ
pi Gp p
1 ¼ 1 ð10Þ
zi G z 1  Swi Defining the hydrocarbon phase in terms of gas remaining in the
reservoir gas (G):
Eq. (10) is the form of mass balanced equation for seal dry gas reser-
voir. A small modification of Eq. (10) is made by using 2-phase gas GBg
VPPV ¼ ð26Þ
factor. This is presented in Eq. (11) below. ð1  yÞ
1212 A.H. Ramadan, S.A. Shedid / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 27 (2018) 1209–1214

 M HCL
Combining Eqs. (23) and (25) provides: 1  MHCLi A We
VPPV GBg Gi Bgi Gi þ ¼ 1:0 ð38Þ
PV ¼ ¼ ¼ ðAÞ  W e ð27Þ GP M HCL GP
ð1  Sw Þ ð1  yÞð1  Sw Þ ð1  yi Þð1  Swi Þ
Eq. (38) can be simplified as below
Eq. (27) is the material balance equation above the dew point pres-
GZEDI þ WDI ¼ 1:0 ð39Þ
sure for a gas condensate reservoir with significant water vaporiza-
tion considering formation and water compressibility plus water where
influx. GZEDI = gas zone expansion drive index
Defining GP as the cumulative hydrocarbon gas production and WDI = and water influx drive index.
applying a material balance on the hydrocarbon gas provides;
5. Applications of current and newly-developed material
G ¼ Gi  GP ð28Þ
balance equations
ðGi  GP ÞBg Gi Bgi
¼ ðAÞ  W e ð29Þ Actual field data of an over-pressured gas condensate reservoir
ð1  yÞð1  Sw Þ ð1  yi Þð1  Swi Þ
was presented by Humphreys [7] and used for verification of the
new equation and comparison of results attained from current
Gi  Bg GP  Bg
 MBEs. Four calculation solved examples are presented as follows:
ð1  yÞð1  Sw Þ ð1  yÞð1  Sw Þ
Gi Bgi Case 1: MBE for volumetric gas condensate reservoir without
¼ ðAÞ  W e ð30Þ
ð1  yi Þð1  Swi Þ water influx
Defining a new parameter M to consider change in proportion of Case 2: MBE for volumetric gas condensate reservoir with water
water in hydrocarbon phase with water saturation ðSw Þ and gas for- influx
mation factor is given by: Case 3: New MBE for volumetric gas condensate reservoir with-
out water influx
Bg Case 4: New MBE for volumetric gas condensate reservoir with
M¼ ð31Þ
ð1  yÞð1  Sw Þ water influx

Bgi Table 1 presents the PVT fluid data while Table 2 lists produc-
Mi ¼ ð32Þ
ð1  yi Þð1  Swi Þ tion data in cumulative recovery of original gas in place. This actual
data indicates a high temperature of the reservoir at 350 °F.
Gi M  GP M ¼ Gi M i A  W e ð33Þ The production data of cumulative gas produced and corre-
  sponding average reservoir pressure is presented in Table 2.
Mi We Case 1: Volumetric Gas Condensate Reservoir without Water Influx
GP ¼ Gi 1  A þ ð34Þ
M M Using the data listed in Table 3 and applying the MBE of Eq. (3)
is described below.
Eq. (34) is the material balance equation above the dew point pres-
Reforming Eq. (3) taking into consideration no water influx
sure for a gas reservoir with significant water vaporization consid-
yields;
ering formation and water compressibility plus water influx, where  
Bg is the single-phase gas formation volume factor. GP B2gi
¼ 1 ð40Þ
At some depleted pressure, below the dew-point pressure, the Gi B2g
following equation is developed:
Eq. (40) is a straight line equation passing through the origin and
  has a slope equal to initial gas in place G. A graphical plot of cumu-
MHCLi We
GP ¼ Gi 1  A þ ð35Þ lative production (column 1) versus change in gas formation factors
M HCL MHCL
(column 4) using data of Table 2 is presented in Fig. 1. Setting the
intercept to the origin, the slope of the plot will result in unity.
where Results presented in Fig. 1 show an over estimate of about 28.4%
B2gi since the calculated value is 1.285 for the slope.
M HCLi ¼ ð36Þ Case 2: MBE for Volumetric Gas Condensate Reservoir with Water
ð1  yi Þð1  Sw  SHCLi Þ
Influx
B2g Reforming Eq. (40) and considering water influx effect provides
M HCL ¼ ð37Þ the following equation:
ð1  yÞð1  Sw  SHCL Þ
 
GP B2gi We
where M is the gas formation volume factor at certain values of ¼ 1 þ ð41Þ
water saturation Sw and water phase mole fraction. At some Gi B2g B2g  Gi
depleted pressure below the dew-point pressure, the presence of A graphical plot of Eq. (41) as a straight line indicates that the slope
liquid condensate at pore space with a fraction of SHCL makes this n o
is unity and the intercept is equal to B2gWGe
. Calculations for appli-
term become MHCL to consider the portion of pore space occupied i

by liquid condensate. cation of Eq. (41) are the same as in the previous case of gas conden-
Eq. (35) is a newly-developed material balance taking into con- sate reservoir, Eq. (3), but the fit line is not set to the origin.
sideration the effect of connate water vaporization represented by Results presented in Fig. 2 showing, again, an over estimate of
the term MHCL . Also, the effect of water influx is described by 33.3% since the slope is 1.333. However the negative omitted value
n o  MHCL of the intercept indicating the error in this assumption.
We
MHCL
. Applying Eq. (35) reveals that a plot of GP vs 1  MHCLi A
Case 3: New MBE for Gas Condensate Reservoir without Water
results in a straight line with a slope equal to initial gas in place Influx
and an intercept of MWHCL
e
. The newly developed material balance equation which consid-
Rearranging Eq. (35) to be expressed as below ers the vaporization of connate water is presented in Eq. (35).
 A.H. Ramadan, S.A. Shedid / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 27 (2018) 1209–1214 1213

Table 1
PVT fluid data of gas reservoir.

Pressure psia Vapor phase Mole % Water Volume % Water Volume % Hydrocarbon
z-factor (Vapor Phase) (Liquid Phase) (Liquid Phase)
7000 1.104 4.1 9.97 0
6000 1.036 4.47 9.94 0
5000 0.974 4.97 9.89 0
4500 0.946 5.31 9.86 Trace
4000 0.927 5.67 9.82 0.3
3000 0.908 6.81 9.72 1.12
2000 0.911 9.08 9.54 1.4
1000 0.934 15.95 9.14 1.37
200 0.955 70.22 6.98 1.2

Initial water vapor 4.1 mol%.

Initial Inert gases (CO2 + N2) 14.5 mol%.
Dew point pressure 4500 psia.
Reservoir temperature 350 °F.
Initial reservoir pressure 7100 psia.
Initial gas molecular weight 26.1

Table 2
Production data.

Net cumulative gas Average reservoir

produced % GIIP pressure, psia
0 7115
0.21 7088
0.65 7020
1.27 6966
2.3 6855
3.42 6745
4.52 6622
5.68 6504
6.96 6427
8.48 6313
9.89 6203
Fig. 1. MBE of a volumetric gas condensate reservoir without water influx.
11.45 6106
12.45 5981

Table 3
Volumetric material balance calculations.

Net cumulative gas Average reservoir Bg, rb/scf B
1  B2gi
2g
produced % GIIP pressure, psia
0 7115 0.000642 0
0.21 7088 0.000643 0.002047
0.65 7020 0.000647 0.007251
1.27 6966 0.000649 0.011435
2.3 6855 0.000655 0.020176
3.42 6745 0.000661 0.029028
4.52 6622 0.000668 0.039154
5.68 6504 0.000675 0.049095
6.96 6427 0.00068 0.055704 Fig. 2. MBE of a volumetric gas condensate reservoir with water influx.
8.48 6313 0.000687 0.065668
9.89 6203 0.000694 0.075485
11.45 6106 0.000701 0.08431 Setting the intercept to the origin will result in an over estimate
12.45 5981 0.00071 0.095918
of about 0.24% as shown in Fig. 3.
Case 4: New MBE for Gas Condensate Reservoir with Water Influx
Starting from Eq. (35) and taking into consideration water
Reforming Eq. (35) to eliminate the water influx effect will result in vaporization and water influx.
the following equation; Calculations are the same as in case 3 of gas condensate reser-
  voir without water influx but the fit line is not set to the origin.
GP MHCLi The MBE as a straight line of Fig. 4 has a slope of 1.047. A calcu-
¼ 1 A ð42Þ
Gi M HCL lated value of the error of 4.7% is attributed to the presence of
water influx of the reservoir. The intercept value is considered to
A new parameter is developed as M in Eq. (42). This parameter M be neglected verifying case 3 which assume no water influx.
was not involved in previous equation considering water vaporiza- Comparison of different cases of MBEs and error analysis is pre-
tion of condensate reservoirs. This equation is different from Eq. (5) sented in Table 5. This analysis indicates that the application of
because Eq. (5) didn’t consider the change in water compressibility modified MBE of dry gas reservoir for gas condensate reservoir
in pore space which has a considerable effect. The effect of water with water influx provides the biggest error (33.3%) while the
and formation compressibility is described in parameter A. Calcula- newly developed MBE for gas condensate reservoir without water
tions of this case are presented in the following Table 4. influx develops the smallest error of 0.2%.
1214 A.H. Ramadan, S.A. Shedid / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 27 (2018) 1209–1214

Table 4
Newly developed material balance calculations.
 M HCLi
Net cumulative gas Average reservoir Bg, RB/scf A M 1 A
M HCL
produced % GIIP pressure, PSIA
0 7115 0.000642 1 0.000748 0
0.21 7088 0.000643 0.999377 0.00075 0.002709351
0.65 7020 0.000647 0.997807 0.000754 0.009573833
1.27 6966 0.000649 0.996561 0.000757 0.015066823
2.3 6855 0.000655 0.993999 0.000764 0.026474297
3.42 6745 0.000661 0.99146 0.000771 0.037933633
4.52 6622 0.000668 0.98862 0.000779 0.050929832
5.68 6504 0.000675 0.985895 0.000788 0.063579126
6.96 6427 0.00068 0.984117 0.000793 0.071929178
8.48 6313 0.000687 0.981485 0.000802 0.08443066
9.89 6203 0.000694 0.978944 0.000811 0.096650888
11.45 6106 0.000701 0.976704 0.000819 0.107555148
12.45 5981 0.00071 0.973816 0.00083 0.121784168

6. Conclusions

This study presents an improved material balance equation

(MBE) for gas condensate reservoirs with consideration of the
effects water vaporization and water influx. A statistical error anal-
ysis is carried out and the following conclusions are attained:

1. Conventional materials balance equations for gas condensate

reservoirs with and without effect of water influx have been
evaluated and applied using actual field data.
2. Two new material balance equations have been developed for
gas condensate reservoirs with consideration of significant
water vaporization and water influx.
3. Application of the newly-developed equations indicates more
Fig. 3. Newely devloped MBE without water influx effect. accuracy for predicting the initial gas condensate in place than
the conventional models.
4. A statistical error analysis of all material balance equations for
gas condensate reservoirs is carried out and indicates that con-
ventional equation without water vaporization and water influx
has the biggest error while the newly developed ones showed
the lowest.

References

[1] M. Zhang, L.F. Ayala, A new material balance equation for the analysis of liquid
rich natural gas reservoirs, Paper SPE-175081-MS, the SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, 28–30 September, Houston, Texas, USA, 2015,
https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/SPE-175081-MS.
[2] R.G. Schilthuis, Active oil and reservoir energy, Society of Petroleum Engineers,
Transaction of AIME, 118 (1), December, USA, 1936, https://www.onepetro.org/
journal-paper/SPE-936033-G.
Fig. 4. Newly developed MBE for gas condensate reservoir with water influx. [3] F.B. Thomas, D.B. Bennion, G. Andersen, Gas condensate reservoir performance,
J. Canad. Petrol. Technol. 48 (7) (2009).
[4] D. Tiab, Gas Reservoir Engineering, the University of Oklahoma, School of
Table 5
Petroleum and Geological Engineering, Norman, Oklahoma, USA, 2000.
Comparison of calculated G and resultant error.
[5] D. Havlena, A.S. Odeh, The material balance as an equation of a straight line,
MBE case Calculated G, scf Error (%) Paper SPE 559-PA, 18 (8), August, 1963, https://www.onepetro.org/journal-
paper/SPE-559-PA.
Case 1: Gas condensate reservoir 1.284 28.4 [6] D. Havlena, A.S. Odeh, The Material Balance as an Equation of a Straight Line-
with no water influx, Eq. (40) Part II, Field Cases. Paper SPE 869-PA, Journal of Petroleum Technology 16 (7),
Case 2: Gas condensate reservoir 1.333 33.3 July, 1964, https://www.onepetro.org/journal-paper/SPE-869-PA.
with water influx, Eq. (41) [7] N.V. Humphreys, The material balance equation for a gas condensate reservoir
Case 3: New gas condensate reservoir 1.002 0.2 with significant water vaporization, Paper SPE 21514-MS, the SPE Gas
with no water influx, Eq. (42) Technology Symposium, Houston, 22–24 January, Houston, Texas, USA, 1991,
Case 4: New Gas condensate reservoir 1.047 4.7 https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/SPE-21514-MS.
[8] Z. Luo, N. Wang, P. Liu, N. Li, F. Liu, A new form of material balance equation of
with water influx, Eq. (35)
condensate gas reservoir, J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 5 (12) (2013) 1440–1445.