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JSS ONE AGRIC SCIENCE 1ST TERM SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPICS
1 Meaning of and importance of agricultural
2 Evolution of Agriculture/Historical development
i. Hunting/gathering
ii. Settled /commercial
3 Types of agriculture
i. Subsistence agriculture
ii. Commercial agriculture
iii. Characteristics of each
4& 5 Form and Braches of agriculture
6 Identification of farm produce (any 20)
7 Field work ( Construction of vegetation Beds/Use of Box /plastic /tray
8 Crops plant form
i. Identifying parts of flowering plant(Diagram : leaf, root, stem, flower,
seed and fruit( functions of each part)
ii. Meaning of pollination and fertilization )
9 Crop plants from
i. Monocotyledons
ii. Dicotyledons
iii. Difference between them
10 Classification of plants based on life cycle
i. Annual crops
ii. Biennial crops
iii. Perennial crops
iv. Examples of each
11 Classification of plants based on uses.
i. Food crops
ii. Forage
iii. Oil
iv. Spices
v. Latex
vi. Beverages
vii. Fibre
12 Ecological distribution of crops/factors affecting distribution of crops in Nigeria
( Map of Nigeria required)
13 Revision and Examination

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WEEK 1 -2
MEANING OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
Agricultural science can be defined as the cultivation of crop and the rearing of animals and
marketing them for man and industrial use.
IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE
Agriculture is the most essential thing to man because man cannot do without the importance of
agriculture .The importance of agriculture is list and explained below:
1. Provision of food: Agriculture provide food for man .we all cannot do anything without
food .This is one of the role agriculture because those foods eating by man are produced by
agriculture, this include, yam. Rice, cassava, beans, plantain.

2. Provision of shelter and clothing : Agriculture provides fibre and cotton for production of
cloth, it also provides hides and skins for clothing ,shoes ,belt and bags .It provides materials
essential for building such as poles ,doors ,windows ,roofs and floors.

3. It provides income for the farmers: Agriculture provide income to the farmers, the farmers
would sell the farm produce to general income.

4. Employment opportunity: Agriculture also provides job for many people, because many people
are employed in the farm as a farm workers and this employment gives them money to take care
of their family and themselves.

5. Provision of raw materials for industries : Agriculture provides raw materials for the factories
and industries, companies in the country (Nigeria) such as rubber for making plastic chair and
tyres, cotton for making clothes, palm oil for making soap.

6. Provision of market for industries goods: It also provides market for industrial products, such
as farm machinery, chemical, fertilizers.

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7. Provides foreign exchange: Most of the farm products such as tea, palm oil, sugar
cane ,rubber ,cocoa, coffee ,timber serve as means of foreign exchange to the country .These
products are being sold to foreign countries and payment are been made in foreign currencies.

EVOLUTION OF AGRICULTURE (HISTORICAL)

Agriculture is an ancient (old) human activities .It started with the early men, the first men who
lived on earth .These early men obtained their food by gathering fruits and leaves from wild
plants and hunting of wild animals. This was as a result of hunger, so in order to satisfy their
hunger, they then started moving from one place to another searching for food.
As time went on, they started to recognized or identify the plants and animals which they liked
most and began to grow the plants and keep the animals in order to have enough to eat whenever
they wanted.
However, because of surplus of their farm produces, man engaged in trade by barter (exchange
goods for goods) by come together in one place called market.
Gradually men began to learn how to plant crops and rearing animals in advance ways.

WEEK 3
TYPES OF AGRICULTURE
Agriculture is divided into two categories .These includes:
1. Subsistence Agriculture
2. Commercial Agriculture
Subsistence agriculture: This is the type of agriculture whereby a farmer plants crops and rears
animals in order to provide food for himself and his family.
Characteristics of subsistence agriculture
1. It requires a small area of land
2. Family members are usually used as labour or workers.
3. It requires small capital.
4. It is not for the purpose of making profit
5. It involves uses of simple farm tolls such as cutlass, hoes.
Commercial agriculture: This is the types of agriculture whereby a farmer plants crops and rear
farm animals in large quantity for sales and making profit.
Characteristics of commercial agriculture

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1. It requires a large area of land.
2. It involves use of modern tools and implements such as tractor.
3. It requires large capital investment.
4. It requires basic amenities and infrastructure such as electricity, pipe born water and good
roads.
5. It involves high skilled labour (educated worker).

WEEK 4&5
FORMS AND BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURE
Agriculture involves growing plants and rearing of farm animal. Therefore, if those who practice
agriculture called farmer or agriculturist must be successful, they should know a lot about crops
and animals.
They should know how plant and animals grow, where they grow well, when they are to planted,
what they need to grow well. They also need to know how the plant and animals grown are
useful to people and how to sell them to make money .The general name for plants grow is called
crops while term livestock is general name for the farm animals. Branches or forms agriculture
are:
1. Soil science
2. Crop science
3. Animal science
4. Forestry
5. Fisheries
6. Veterinary
7. Agricultural extension
8. Agricultural engineering
Soil science: This is the form of agriculture that deals with the study of soil and knows which
type of soil is good for a particular crop .It is also study soil structure.
Crop science: This is the study of the crop and how best to grow them, harvest them .It also
involves managing those crops, caring for them.
Animal science: This is the study of farm animals, how they are reared, grown and the best
condition to keep them to make them grow rapidly .Farm animal is also called livestock such as

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cattle, goat, sheep, rabbit, pig and poultry. These animals are kept to provide us with things
including eggs, meat and milk. The person who study farm animal is called animal scientist.
Forestry: This is the branches of agriculture that deal with the growing of trees in the forest, and
how to maintain the forest. Forestry is a very important aspect of agriculture because it provides
us with timbers which are used for furniture, housing, building constructing vehicle (Lorries).
Fisheries: This is concerned with the catching, keeping, and management of fishes. Catching of
fishes can be from the sea, rivers, lakes and ponds.
Fisheries are also concerned with production of fishes from artificial fish ponds constructed on
land .This area of agriculture also involves the catching and production of other animals lives in
water.
Veterinary: This is the branches of agriculture that takes care of farm animal’s health. It is a
special branch which is concerned with the study of the disease and pests of livestock .This
aspect of agriculture ensures that sick animals are properly treated to avoid rapid death .A
scientist who is an expert in treating sick animals is called veterinarian. He makes sure that the
right medicine is used at the right time. This area of agriculture is very essential for the growth of
agriculture science.
Horticulture: This is the science of growing fruits, vegetables, and nuts tress and ornament
plants. Those who specialize in this area are called Horticullists.They grow and sell fruits and
vegetables such as tomato, onion, pawpaw, cabbage and garden egg and well as flowers and
other ornamental.
Agriculture extension: This is the branch of agriculture that educates the farmer on how to
practice modern agricultural system and how to use the scientifically developed from
implements.
Agricultural engineering deals with the manufacturing and maintenance of farm implements,
farm building and other infrastructural facilities such as electrical installation, drainage system.
The scientist who specializes in agricultural tools and machines are called agricultural engineers.
This section of agriculture is very essential to farmers who practice commercial agriculture. That
is farmers who plant their crops in large quantity for the purpose of selling them.

WEEK 6
IDENTIFICATION OF FARM PRODUCES

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Farm produce are the crops harvested from farm fro man use and industrial uses .For example,
we prepare and eat beans, cassava and yam as well as oranges, pawpaw and banana. Some the
products of agriculture are not used directly but are used to manufacturing other products.
Some of these farm produces are shown in the table below and their uses.
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCES AND THEIR USES
PRODUCES USE
1 Palm oil Cooking oil, soap making and margarine.
2 Palm kernel Cooking oil, cake, margarine.
3 Cotton Thread, material for clothes.
4 Cocoa Chocolate, cocoa wine cocoa butter.
5 Sugarcane Sugar.
6 Rubber Tyres, shoes, foot back.
7 Kola nut Dye, medicine .
8 Groundnut Groundnut oil, groundnut cake,
9 Cassava Starch ,cassava flour
10 Coconut Coconut oil, coconut cake, broom, brushes, foot mats
11 Maize, Rice Human and animals food, making beer and piton
12 Chicken Meat, eggs and feathers
13 Cows Meat, milk and fertilizer, shoes wallets
14 Timber Building house, furniture, wood, paper, rules, pencil
15 Pigs Pork, sausages, skin for leather, meat
16 Sheep &Goat Meat, milk, leather,
17 Fish Flesh for eating, fish oil.

WEEK 7
Field work:
CONTRUCTION OF VEGETABLE BEDS/USE OF BOX /PLASTIC

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WEEK 8
FORM CROP PLANT
A typical flowering plant may be divided into two major system .They are:

1. The root system

2. The shoot system

The Root system: This is part of flowering plant which is normally below the soil surface.
The shoot system: This is the part of flowering plant which is above the soil surface. Examples
of shoot system are stem, leaves and flowers.
Diagram is required
1. Root: The root is a part of a crop plant that is normally inside the soil .There are different
types and they performing two important primary functions.

Functions of root
i. It helps to hold plant firmly in the ground
ii. It helps to absorb water and mineral nutrients from the soil
iii.
2. Stem: This is the part of the crop plant that is above the soil surface and it grows up from
the roots .The stem bear the leaves and flowers.

FUNCTIONS OF STEM
i. It support the leaves ,flower and fruits
ii. It conducts water and mineral salts from the root to other part of the plant.
iii. It holds the leaves in position to obtain sunlight from the process of
photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is the process whereby green plants manufactured their own food in the
present of sunlight, water and chlorophyll to produce energy.
3. LEAVES: Leaves are attached to the stem by a leaf stalk called the petiole .The leaf has
many opening called stomata which allows air to enter the plant.

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FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES
i. Leaves make food for the plant
ii. Leaves helps to remove excess water from the plant through the process called
transpiration.
iii. Leaves can be modified to perform other functions climbing, food storage and
protection from grazing animals.

4. FLOWERS: Flowers are very important in the life of plants because without them the
plant cannot produce fruits and seeds. The part of plant that produces fruits and seeds is
called flower.
FUNCTIONS OF FLOWER
i. It helps in plant reproduction
ii. Flower is used for pollination
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower plant
or to another flower.
Pollination is divided into two .These are
Self pollination: This is involves transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of the same
flower.
Cross pollination: This is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to stigma of another
flower.
After pollination, the flower develop into fruits which contains the seed .The seed are used to
grow new plants
CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS BASED ONTHEIR USES
In this classification, crops are divided into the following categories;
i. Cereal crops: These are crops belong to the grass family and they provide
carbohydrate .e.g. maize, rice, millet, guinea corn, wheat.
ii. Pulses (grain legumes): These crops are rich sources of proteins .e.g. cowpea, soya
beans, groundnut .lima beans
iii. Roots and tubers crops: These are produce tubers under the ground and they provide
carbohydrate. E.g. cassava, yam, cocoyam, sweet potatoes.

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iv. Fruits crops: These also provide vitamins and minerals .e.g. orange, banana,
pineapple, mango, pawpaw.
v. Vegetable crops: These crops provide vitamins and mineral .e.g. onion, okoro, bitter
leaf, amaranthus.
vi. Beverage crops: These crops provide food drinks when processed .e.g. cocoa, coffee,
tea, and kola-nut.
vii. Spices: These also provide vitamins and minerals .It also adds flavuor to our stew or
soup. E.g. ginger, pepper, and onion.
viii. Oil crops: These are crops which can provide oil when process both for domestic and
industrial uses. E.g. oil palm, groundnut oil, melon, coconut and soya beans.
ix. Fibre crops: These are crops are used for making clothing materials, ropes and
bags .e.g. cotton .sisal, hemp and hibiscus.
x. Latex crops: These are crops which provide latex used in plastic industries .e.g.
rubber.

WEEK 10
CLASSIFICATION OF CROP BASE ON THEIR LIFE CYCLE
Crops are classified into three groups based on their life cycle or season. These
include the following.

1. Annual crops
2. Biennial crops
3. Perennial crops
Annual crops: These are crops that perform their entire life cycle from seed to flower and flower
to fruit within a single growing season or a year. All roots, stems and leaves of the plants die
annually. Examples of annual crops are: beans, maize, tomatoes,
Biennial crops: These are crops that complete their entire life cycle within the period of two
years.
Perennial crops: These are crops that complete their entire life cycle in more than two years.
That is the plant can survive and bear fruits for many years before they die.

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WEEK 11
CROP PLANT FORM III
MONOCOTYLEDONS AND DICOTYLEDONS
Monocotyledons: These are the plant which germinated with only one seed leaf .e.g. maize,
millet.

EXTERNAL FEATURES OF MONOCOTYLEDONS

Root: In monocotyledons, the root is usually fibrous, that is the root are nearly all of equal size
and they start from the base of the stem.
Stem: The stem of monocotyledons such as maize, usually have a single erect stem without
branches. Millet and wheat branches may arise from the base of the main stem .The branches are
called tillers.
Leaves: The leaves of monocotyledons are usually parallel veined with almost smooth margins.
Also the monocotyledons leaves have no stalks, that is the petiole.
Flower: In monocotyledons that number of parts of the flower is usually three or multiples of
three.

Dicotyledonous: These are the plants which germinate with two seed leaves. Examples are beans
and water-leaf.
EXTERNAL FEATURES OF DICOTYLEDONS
Root: Dicotyledons have tap root system .The system consist of one large main root called the
Tap root, and many smaller roots called secondary roots branching from the tap root.
Stem: Dicotyledons plants have stem with many branches unlike monocotyledons plant.
Leaves: The leaves of dicotyledons plants are net veined with commonly several rough
margins .Also the dicotyledons leave have stalks (petiole)
Flower: Most dicotyledons flowers have either five or multiple of five parts or four or a multiple
of four parts.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE MONOCOTYLEDONS AND DICOTYLENDONS

PLANTS

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Monocotyledons plant Dicotyledons plant
1. Their leaves have parallel vein Their leaves have net vein
2. Their leaves have broad bases Their leave have small bases.
3. They do not have stalks or petiole They have leaf stalks or petiole.
4. They have fibrous root system. They have tap root system

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