Digital Image Processing

◼ First photograph due to Niepce,

◼ First on record shown - 1822
◼ Basic abstraction is the pinhole
camera

◼ First successful commercial

photograph due to Eastman in late
19th
First digital picture
Why so much fuss ● Improve pictorial information

about DIP?? for human interpretation.

● Processing of image data for
tasks(storage, transmission
and extraction).
 ● Two dimensional function f(x,y)
● x,y plane /spatial coordinates
● Value/Amplitude of f @ x,y is the
intensity or gray level of that image
at those points.

What is DIP?
● Digital image- x,y and intensity
values of f are finite and discrete
values.
● DI has a finite number of elements
But what is an Image?? ,each has a particular value and
location – picture elements ,image
elements ,pel and pixels(the most
widely used term)
● Processing digital images by means
of a digital computer.
• Human perception-Vision sense.
• Only a part of the electromagnetic spectrum is visible for humans.
• Imaging machines – gamma to radio waves -- Entire EM spectrum(almost).

• Confusion with other related areas– image analysis, computer vision.

• No general agreement on this 
• One way, but its limits the applications- both input and output of a process
are images.
An image can be defined as a 2D signal that varies
over the spatial coordinates x and y, and can be
written mathematically as f (x, y).
◼ We can think of an image as a function, f, from R2 to R:
❑ f( x, y ) gives the intensity at position ( x, y )
❑ Realistically, we expect the image only to be defined over a rectangle, with a
finite range:
◼ f: [a,b]x[c,d] → [0,1]

◼ A color image is just three functions pasted together. We can write

this as a “vector-valued” function:

 r ( x, y ) 
f ( x, y ) =  g ( x, y ) 
 
 b( x, y ) 
Image Coordinate
  f (0,0) f (0,1)  f (0, N − 1) 
 f (1,0) f (1,1)  f (1, N − 1)  ; M×N matrix
f ( x, y ) =  
  
 
 f (M − 1,0 )   f (M − 1, N − 1)

 a00 a01  a0, N −1 

  
A= 
   ; aij= f (x=i, y=j)
 
a
 M −1,0   a M −1, N −1 
 Digital Image?
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) ⚫Remember: digitization causes a digital image to
become an approximation of a real scene

1 pixel

Digital Image Digital Image

Real image Real image
(an approximation) (an approximation)

MMR,CSE4105,MBSTU
 Digital Image
⚫Common image formats include:
⚫ 1 values per point/pixel (B&W or Grayscale)
⚫ 3 values per point/pixel (Red, Green, and Blue)
⚫ 4 values per point/pixel (Red, Green, Blue, + “Alpha” or Opacity)

Grayscale RGB RGBA

⚫We will start with gray‐scale images, extend to color later

 Verticals in DIP
● Image sharpening and restoration
● Medical Field
○ Gamma-ray imaging
○ PET scan
○ X-Ray Imaging
○ Medical CT scan
○ UV imaging
● Robot vision
● Pattern recognition
● Filters on Editing Apps and Social Media
Medical field
Robot Vision
Pattern
Social Media
Three Types of computerized processes

High • “making” sense –image analysis, performing cognitive functions

normally associated with human vision.

Mid • Tasks like segmentation, reduce features to a suitable form for

computer processing, recognition of objects.
• Input are images, but output are attributes extracted from these
images

Low • Primitive operations-image preprocessing.

contrast enhancement and image sharpening.
• Input and output are images.
Reduce noise,
Low level image processing

◼ Very little knowledge about the content of the images.

◼ Data are the original images, represented as matrices of
intensity values, i.e. sampling of a continuous field using a
discrete grid.
◼ Focus of this course.
Low level image processing

3x3 neighborhood
Origin (Ox,Oy)

Pixel Value

Pixel Region

Spacing (Sy)

Spacing (Sx)
Low level image processing

◼ Image compression
◼ Noise reduction
◼ Edge extraction
◼ Contrast enhancement
◼ Segmentation
◼ Thresholding
◼ Morphology
◼ Image restoration
Low level image processing

◼ Image compression
◼ Noise reduction
◼ Edge extraction
◼ Contrast enhancement
◼ Segmentation
◼ Thresholding
◼ Morphology
◼ Image restoration
Low level image processing

◼ Image compression
◼ Noise reduction
◼ Edge extraction
◼ Contrast enhancement
◼ Segmentation
◼ Thresholding
◼ Morphology
◼ Image restoration
Low level image processing

◼ Image compression
◼ Noise reduction
◼ Edge extraction
◼ Contrast enhancement
◼ Segmentation
◼ Thresholding
◼ Morphology
◼ Image restoration
Low level image processing

◼ Image compression
◼ Noise reduction
◼ Edge extraction
◼ Contrast enhancement
◼ Segmentation
◼ Thresholding
◼ Morphology
◼ Image restoration
Low level image processing

◼ Image compression
◼ Noise reduction
◼ Edge extraction
◼ Contrast enhancement
◼ Segmentation
◼ Thresholding
◼ Morphology
◼ Image restoration
Low level image processing

◼ Image compression
◼ Noise reduction
◼ Edge extraction
◼ Contrast enhancement
◼ Segmentation
◼ Thresholding
◼ Morphology
◼ Image restoration
Low level image processing

◼ Image compression
◼ Noise reduction
◼ Edge extraction
◼ Contrast enhancement
◼ Segmentation
◼ Thresholding
◼ Morphology
◼ Image restoration
High level image understanding

◼ To imitate human cognition according to the information

contained in the image.
◼ Data represent knowledge about the image content, and are
often in symbolic form.
◼ Data representation is specific to the high-level goal.
High level image understanding
◼ What are the high-level components?
◼ What tasks can be achieved?

Landmarks
Traces (bifurcation/cross
(vessel centerlines) over)
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Representation
Acquisition & Description

Object
Problem Domain
recognition
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression

MMR,CSE4105,MBSTU
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Aquisition
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image
Representation
Acquisition
& Description

Example: Take a picture Object

Problem Domain
recognition
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression

MMR,CSE4105,MBSTU
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Image
Enhancement
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Enhancement Segmentation

Image Representation
Acquisition & Description

Example: Change contrast

Object
Problem Domain
recognition
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Image Restoration

Image
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Morphological
Restoration
Processing

Example: Remove
Noise
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Representation
Acquisition & Description

Object
Problem Domain
recognition
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Morphological Processing
Morphological Extract
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Image attributes
Processing
Restoration useful for
describing
image

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Representation
Acquisition & Description

Object
Problem Domain
recognition
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Segmentation

Divide
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Image Morphological image into
Restoration Processing constituent
parts

Segmentation
Image
Enhancement

Image Representation
Acquisition & Description

Object
Problem Domain
recognition
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Object Recognition
Image
regions
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Image Morphological transformed
Restoration Processing suitable for
computer
processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Representation
Image & Description
Acquisition

Object
Problem Domain
recognition
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression

MMR,CSE4105,MBSTU
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Representation & Description
Finds &
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Image Morphological Labels
Restoration Processing objects in
scene (e.g.
motorbike)

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Representation
Acquisition & Description

Object
Problem Domain recognition

Colour Image Image

Processing Compression
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Image
Compression
Reduce
Image Morphological
image size
Restoration Processing (e.g. JPEG)

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Representation
Acquisition & Description

Object
Problem Domain
recognition
Image
Colour Image Compression
Processing
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: Colour
Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Representation
Acquisition & Description

Object
Problem Domain
recognition
Consider color Colour Image
images (color Processing Image
models, etc) Compression
Components of DIP system
Components of DIP system
Components of DIP system
Components of DIP system
Components of DIP system
Components of DIP system
Components of DIP system
Components of DIP system
Components of DIP system