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Computer 2.0 Batch Latest new Classes Theory

Development of Computer
1. Param Ganga
a. First made in India Peta scale super computer
b. Deployed at IIT Roorkee in March 2022
c. Supercomputing capacity of 1.66 Petaflops
2. Param Pravega
a. Commissioned under National Supercomputing Mission NSM
b. Installed at IISC Bengaluru
c. Supercomputing capacity of 3.3 petaflops
3. Param Sidhi
a. High performance computing- Artificial Intelligence (HPC-AI) supercomputer
b. Developed by Department of Science and Technology DST, M/o Electronics & Information
Technology under NSM
c. Param Sidhi –AI(63rd) and Mihir (146th ) have made it to the top 500 list of world’s most
powerful supercomputers.
4. Cray –I
a. Developed by Cray Company in 1976
5. PARAM 8000
a. Developed in India by C-DAC company in 1991 in Pune.
b. India’s first supercomputer.
c. First giga scale supercomputer of India.
6. PARAM 10000
a. Indian super computer developed by C-DAC company in 1998.
b. 100 gigaflop supercomputer.

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7. PARAM Padma
a. First teraflop supercomputer in 2002.
b. India’s First supercomputer to enter top 500 list of supercomputers of the world (ranked
171)
8. Param Yuva
a. A 54 teraflop supercomputer in 2008
b. Ranked 69 in Nov 2008.
9. Param Yuva II
a. 529 teraflop supercomputer in 2013 (ranked 69)
10. Param Biochrome
a. HPC (High performance computing) cluster for Bio-informatics applications.
b. Capacity of 5 teraflops.
11. Param Bio-blaze
a. Supercomputing power of 10.65 TF
b. Launched in 2014
12. SEAC
a. First generation of computer
b. Standards Eastern Automatic Computer or Standards Electronic Automatic Computer
c. Built in 1950 by U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
13. SMPS
a. Switched Mode Power Supply
b. It is and electrical circuit and is mainly used in computers.
14. HTML
a. Hyper Text Markup Language
b. Invented by Tim Berners Lee in 1990
15. Sun Microsystems
a. American computers later acquired by Oracle.
b. Founded by Vinod Khosla
16. Apple Inc.
a. Formerly known as Apple Computer Company
b. Founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniac and Ronald Wayne in 1976.
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c. Headquartered in Cupertino, California, USA.
d. First apple computer- APPLE I
e. Introduced iPad as a multimedia device in 2010.
17. Alan Turing
a. Father of modern computers
b. Formed the concept of the algorithms and computations with the Turing machine.
18. Microsoft
a. Co-founded by Paul Allen and Bill Gates in 1975.
19. Pen drive was invented by IBM in 1998
20. ENIAC
a. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
b. Invented by John William Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.
c. I digital General purpose electronic computer of world.
d. Completed at Moore School of Electronic at University of Pennsylvania in 1946.
21. The first newspaper that became available on the Internet- The Hindu
22. EKA
a. Asia’s first supercomputer.
b. Built by Computational Research Laboratories and Hewlett-Packard.
c. Designed by Tata Institute of fundamental research.
23. Father of Indian Supercomputers- Vijay Pandurang Bhatkar (founder executive director of C-
DAC).
24. GOOGLE
a. Founders- Sergey Brin and Larry Page
b. Headquartered in Mountain View, California, US.
25. Inventor of Bluetooth – Jaap Hartsen
26. First world programmer- Ms. Ada Lovelace
27. PRATYUSH
a. India’s fastest and first petaflops super computer inaurgurated in Indian Institutes of
Tropical Meteorology in Pune.
b. First petaflops ever built in India.
28. First pair of headphone was developed by Nathaniel Baldwin in 1910.
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29. Douglas Engelbart discovered the mouse of the computer.

M.S. Office
Maximum size of Worksheet-
Ø 1,048,576 rows
Ø 16,384 columns
Cell References in Excel

Ø Command to hide column = Ctrl + 0

Ø Command to hide row = Ctrl + 9
Ø Command to Collapse ribbon = Ctrl + F1
Ø Command to start new line of text or add spacing b/w lines = Alt + Enter
Ø Default alignment of numeric values in a cell = Right
Ø Default alignment of text in a cell = Left
Ø Undo = Ctrl + Z
Ø Redo = Ctrl + Y
Ø Cut = Ctrl + X
Ø Copy = Ctrl + C
Ø Paste = Ctrl + V
Ø Select All = Ctrl + A
Ø Default vertical aligmnent of texts in excel = Bottom
Ø Aa feature in home tab = change case
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Ø Max font size automatic = 72

Ø Max font size manually = 1638
Ø JPEG = Joint Photo graphic experts group
Ø AVJ = Audio video interleave
Ø Sound effect files that can be added in PowerPoint = wav files, mid files
Ø .docx = Microsoft word document
Ø .html = hyper text markup language
Ø pptx = Power Point
Ø .bmp = bitmap file
Ø .png = portable network graphic
Ø Shortcut to delete paragraph formatting = Ctrl + Q
Ø Additional margin added to page layout to compensate for part of paper made unusable by
binding process = Gutter margin

M.S. Window
Ø Window logo key + L = Lock PC
Ø Ctrl + K = Insert a Hyperlink
Ø Window logo key + K = Open connect quick action
Ø Ctrl + L = Left align
Ø Alt + S = Open Slide Show in Power Point
Ø Ctrl + S = To save file
Ø Ctrl + tab = To switch b/w open tabs in browser
Ø Alt + tab = To switch b/w open application
Ø Window logo key + H = Open dictation toolbar
Ø Window logo key + D = Display & hide the desktop
Ø Ctrl + D = Bookmark
Ø Ctrl + H = Replace
Ø F1 = Open help window
Ø F2 = Rename Selected items
Ø F3 = Search for files & folders
Ø F4 = Display list
Ø F5 = Refresh active window
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Ø F7 = Spelling & Grammar

Ø F10 = Display menu bar
Disk Defragmenter
Ø Computer utility programme in Microsoft Windows designed to increase data access speed
by rearranging files stored on a disk to occupy contiguous storage locations.

M.S. Office-365
Ø Microsoft 365 (previously known as Office 365), which has been available since 2011, differs
from that old-fashioned bundle in two respects: First, it's sold as a subscription (billed
monthly or yearly), Second, it combines a suite of online services, including business-class
email, cloud file storage, and secure communication tools along with the traditional desktop
apps.
Ø Microsoft 365 is available in Family and Personal editions (previously known as Office 365
Home and Personal, respectively) that are intended for use by families, students, and
individuals for personal, non-commercial use.
Ø Contains a word processor (Word), a spreadsheet programme (Excel) and a presentation
programme (Power point), an email client (outlook), a database management system
(access) and a desktop publishing app (publisher).
Ø Microsoft Word is a word processing application for editing documents.
Ø Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet editor.
Ø Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program.
Ø Microsoft OneNote is a notetaking program that gathers handwritten or typed notes,
drawings, screen clippings and audio commentaries. Notes can be shared with other
OneNote users over the Internet or a network.
Ø Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager (PIM) that includes an e-mail client,
calendar, task manager and address book.
Ø Microsoft Publisher is a desktop publishing app for Windows mostly used for designing
brochures, labels, calendars, greeting cards, business cards, newsletters, web sites, and
postcards.
Ø Microsoft Access is a database management system for Windows that combines
the relational Access Database Engine (formerly Jet Database Engine) with a graphical user
interface and software development tools. Microsoft Access stores data in its own format

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based on the Access Database Engine. It can also import or link directly to data stored in
other applications and databases.
Frequently used shortcuts
Ø This table shows the most frequently used shortcuts in Microsoft Word.

To do this Press
Open a document. Ctrl+O
Create a new document. Ctrl+N
Save the document. Ctrl+S
Close the document. Ctrl+W
Cut the selected content to the Clipboard. Ctrl+X
Copy the selected content to the Clipboard. Ctrl+C
Paste the contents of the Clipboard. Ctrl+V
Select all document content. Ctrl+A
Apply bold formatting to text. Ctrl+B
Apply italic formatting to text. Ctrl+I
Apply underline formatting to text. Ctrl+U
Decrease the font size by 1 point. Ctrl+Left bracket ([)
Increase the font size by 1 point. Ctrl+Right bracket (])
Center the text. Ctrl+E
Align the text to the left. Ctrl+L
Align the text to the right. Ctrl+R
Cancel a command. Esc
Undo the previous action. Ctrl+Z
Redo the previous action, if possible. Ctrl+Y
Adjust the zoom magnification. Alt+W, Q, then use the Tab
key in the Zoom dialog box
to go to the value you want.
Split the document window. Ctrl+Alt+S
Remove the document window split. Alt+Shift+C or Ctrl+Alt+S
Close a task pane
Ø To close a task pane using the keyboard:
1. Press F6 until the task pane is selected.
2. Press Ctrl+Spacebar.
3. Use the arrow keys to select Close, and then press Enter
Use the Access Keys for ribbon tabs
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Ø To go directly to a tab on the ribbon, press one of the following access keys. Additional tabs
might appear depending on your selection in the document.
To do this Press
Move to the Tell Me or Search field on the Ribbon to search for Alt+Q, then
assistance or Help content. enter the
search term.
Open the File page to use Backstage view. Alt+F
Open the Home tab to use common formatting commands, Alt+H
paragraph styles, and the Find tool.
Open the Insert tab to insert tables, pictures and shapes, headers, Alt+N
or text boxes.
Open the Design tab to use themes, colors, and effects, such as Alt+G
page borders.
Open the Layout tab to work with page margins, page orientation, Alt+P
indentation, and spacing.
Open the References tab to add a table of contents, footnotes, or a Alt+S
table of citations.
Open the Mailings tab to manage Mail Merge tasks and to work Alt+M
with envelopes and labels.
Open the Review tab to use Spell Check, set proofing languages, Alt+R
and to track and review changes to your document.
Open the View tab to choose a document view or mode, such as Alt+W
Read Mode or Outline view. You can also set the zoom
magnification and manage multiple document windows.

Preview and print documents

To do this Press
Print the document. Ctrl+P
Switch to print preview. Ctrl+Alt+I
Move around the preview page when zoomed in. Arrow keys
Move by one preview page when zoomed out. Page up or Page down
Move to the first preview page when zoomed out. Ctrl+Home
Move to the last preview page when zoomed out. Ctrl+End

Align and format paragraphs

To do this Press
Center the paragraph. Ctrl+E
Justify the paragraph. Ctrl+J

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Align the paragraph to the left. Ctrl+L
Align the paragraph to the right. Ctrl+R
Indent the paragraph. Ctrl+M
Remove a paragraph indent. Ctrl+Shift+M
Create a hanging indent. Ctrl+T
Remove a hanging indent. Ctrl+Shift+T
Remove paragraph formatting. Ctrl+Q
Apply single spacing to the paragraph. Ctrl+1
Apply double spacing to the paragraph. Ctrl+2
Apply 1.5-line spacing to the paragraph. Ctrl+5
Add or remove space before the paragraph. Ctrl+0 (zero)
Enable AutoFormat. Ctrl+Alt+K
Apply the Normal style. Ctrl+Shift+N
Apply the Heading 1 style. Ctrl+Alt+1
Apply the Heading 2 style. Ctrl+Alt+2
Apply the Heading 3 style. Ctrl+Alt+3
Display the Apply Styles task pane. Ctrl+Shift+S
Display the Styles task pane. Ctrl+Alt+Shift+S

Format characters
To do this Press
Display the Font dialog box. Ctrl+D or Ctrl+Shift+F
Increase the font size. Ctrl+Shift+Right angle bracket (>)
Decrease the font size. Ctrl+Shift+Left angle bracket (<)
Increase the font size by 1 point. Ctrl+Right bracket (])
Decrease the font size by 1 point. Ctrl+Left bracket ([)

Insert special characters

To do this Press
Insert a line break. Shift+Enter
Insert a page break. Ctrl+Enter
Insert a column break. Ctrl+Shift+Enter

To do this Press
Insert a hyperlink. Ctrl+K
Go back one page. Alt+Left arrow key
Go forward one page. Alt+Right arrow key
Refresh the page. F9
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To do this Press
Switch to the Read Mode view. Alt+W, F
Switch to the Print Layout view. Ctrl+Alt+P
Switch to the Outline view. Ctrl+Alt+O
Switch to the Draft view. Ctrl+Alt+N

To do this Press
Move to the beginning of the document. Home
Move to the end of the document. End
Go to a specific page. Type the page number, then
press Enter
Exit Read Mode. Esc

F1 § F1 alone: displays the Word help task pane.

§ Shift+F1: displays or hides context-sensitive help or the Reveal
Formatting task pane.
§ Ctrl+F1: displays or hides the ribbon.
§ Alt+F1: moves to the next field.
§ Alt+Shift+F1: moves to the previous field.

F2 § F2 alone: moves the selected text or graphic. Use the arrow keys to place the
cursor where you want to move the text or graphic, and then press Enter to
move, or press Esc to cancel.
§ Shift+F2: copies the selected text or graphic. Use the arrow keys to place the
cursor where you want to copy the text or graphic, and then press Enter to
copy, or press Esc to cancel.
§ Ctrl+F2: displays the print preview area on the Print tab in the Backstage
view.
§ Alt+Shift+F2: saves the document.
§ Ctrl+Alt+F2: displays the Open dialog box.

F3 § Shift+F3: switches the selected text between upper case, lower case, and title
case.
§ Ctrl+F3: cuts the selected content to the Spike. You can cut multiple texts
and graphics to the Spike, and paste them as a group to another location.
§ Ctrl+Shift+F3: pastes the contents of the Spike.
§ Alt+F3: creates a new Building Block.

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F4 § F4 alone: repeats the last command or action, if possible.

§ Shift+F4: repeats the last Find or Go To action.
§ Ctrl+F4: closes the current document.
§ Alt+F4: closes Word.

F5 § F5 alone: displays the Go To dialog box.

§ Shift+F5: moves the cursor to the last change.
§ Ctrl+Shift+F5: displays the Bookmark dialog box.
§ Alt+F5: restores the document window size.

F6 § F6 alone: switch between the document, task pane, status bar, and ribbon. In
a document that has been split, F6 includes the split panes when switching
between panes and the task pane.
§ Shift+F6: switches between the document, ribbon, status bar, and task pane.
§ Ctrl+F6: switches to the next document window when more than one
document is open.
§ Ctrl+Shift+F6: switches to the previous document window when more than
one document is open.
§ Alt+F6: moves from an open dialog box back to the document, for dialog
boxes that support this behavior.

F7 § F7 alone: displays the Editor task pane to check spelling and grammar in the
document or the selected text.
§ Shift+F7: displays the Thesaurus task pane.
§ Ctrl+Shift+F7: updates the linked information in a Word source document.
§ Alt+F7: finds the next spelling or grammatical error.
§ Alt+Shift+F7: displays the Translator task pane.

F8 § F8 alone: extends the selection. For example, if a word is selected, the

selection size is extended to one sentence.
§ Shift+F8: reduces the selection. For example, if a paragraph is selected, the
selection size is reduced to one sentence.
§ Ctrl+Shift+F8: turns extend selection mode on and off. In the extend
selection mode, the arrow keys extend the selection.
§ Alt+F8: displays the Macro dialog box to create, run, edit, or delete a macro.

F9 § F9 alone: updates the selected fields.

§ Shift+F9: switches between a field code and its result.
§ Ctrl+F9: inserts an empty field.
§ Ctrl+Shift+F9: unlinks the current field.
§ Alt+F9: switches between all field codes and their results.
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§ Alt+Shift+F9: runs GOTOBUTTON or MACROBUTTON from a field

displaying field results.

F10 § F10 alone: turns KeyTips on or off.

§ Shift+F10: displays the shortcut menu for the selected item.
§ Ctrl+F10: maximizes or restores the document window size.
§ Alt+F10: displays the Selection task pane.
§ Alt+Shift+F10: displays the menu or message for available actions, for
example, for pasted text or an AutoCorrect change.

F11 § F11 alone: moves to the next field.

§ Shift+F11: moves to the previous field.
§ Ctrl+F11: locks the current field.
§ Ctrl+Shift+F11: unlocks the current field.
§ Alt+F11: opens the Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications editor, in which
you can create a macro using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).

F12 § F12 alone: displays the Save As dialog box.

§ Shift+F12: saves the document.
§ Ctrl+F12: displays the Open dialog box.
§ Ctrl+Shift+F12: displays the Print tab in the Backstage view.
§ Alt+Shift+F12: selects the Table of Contents button in the Table of Contents
container when the container is active.

Keyboard shortcuts in Excel

To do this Press
Close a workbook. Ctrl+W
Open a workbook. Ctrl+O
Go to the Home tab. Alt+H
Save a workbook. Ctrl+S
Copy selection. Ctrl+C
Paste selection. Ctrl+V
Undo recent action. Ctrl+Z
Remove cell contents. Delete
Choose a fill color. Alt+H, H
Cut selection. Ctrl+X
Go to the Insert tab. Alt+N
Apply bold formatting. Ctrl+B
Center align cell contents. Alt+H, A, C
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Go to the Page Layout tab. Alt+P
Go to the Data tab. Alt+A
Go to the View tab. Alt+W
Open the context menu. Shift+F10 or Windows Menu key
Add borders. Alt+H, B
Delete column. Alt+H, D, C
Go to the Formula tab. Alt+M
Hide the selected rows. Ctrl+9
Hide the selected columns. Ctrl+0

Move to the Tell me or Search field on the ribbon and type a Alt+Q, then enter
search term for assistance or Help content. the search term.
Open the File menu. Alt+F
Open the Home tab and format text and numbers and use the Alt+H
Find tool.
Open the Insert tab and insert PivotTables, charts, add-ins, Alt+N
Sparklines, pictures, shapes, headers, or text boxes.
Open the Page Layout tab and work with themes, page setup, Alt+P
scale, and alignment.
Open the Formulas tab and insert, trace, and customize Alt+M
functions and calculations.
Open the Data tab and connect to, sort, filter, analyze, and Alt+A
work with data.
Open the Review tab and check spelling, add notes and Alt+R
threaded comments, and protect sheets and workbooks.
Open the View tab and preview page breaks and layouts, show Alt+W
and hide gridlines and headings, set zoom magnification,
manage windows and panes, and view macros.

Move to the previous cell in a worksheet or the previous Shift+Tab

option in a dialog box.
Move one cell up in a worksheet. Up arrow key
Move one cell down in a worksheet. Down arrow key
Move one cell left in a worksheet. Left arrow key
Move one cell right in a worksheet. Right arrow key
Move to the edge of the current data region in a Ctrl+Arrow key
worksheet.
Enter the End mode, move to the next nonblank cell in End, Arrow key
the same column or row as the active cell, and turn

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off End mode. If the cells are blank, move to the last cell
in the row or column.
Move to the last cell on a worksheet, to the lowest used Ctrl+End
row of the rightmost used column.
Extend the selection of cells to the last used cell on the Ctrl+Shift+End
worksheet (lower-right corner).
Move to the cell in the upper-left corner of the window Home+Scroll lock
when Scroll lock is turned on.
Move to the beginning of a worksheet. Ctrl+Home
Move one screen down in a worksheet. Page down
Move to the next sheet in a workbook. Ctrl+Page down
Move one screen to the right in a worksheet. Alt+Page down
Move one screen up in a worksheet. Page up
Move one screen to the left in a worksheet. Alt+Page up
Move to the previous sheet in a workbook. Ctrl+Page up
Move one cell to the right in a worksheet. Or, in a Tab key
protected worksheet, move between unlocked cells.
Open the list of validation choices on a cell that has data Alt+Down arrow key
validation option applied to it.
Cycle through floating shapes, such as text boxes or Ctrl+Alt+5, then the Tab
images. key repeatedly
Exit the floating shape navigation and return to the Esc
normal navigation.
Scroll horizontally. Ctrl+Shift, then scroll
your mouse wheel up to
go left, down to go right
Zoom in. Ctrl+Alt+Equal sign ( = )
Zoom out. Ctrl+Alt+Minus sign (-)

Select the entire worksheet. Ctrl+A or Ctrl+Shift+Spacebar

Select the current and next sheet in a workbook. Ctrl+Shift+Page down
Select the current and previous sheet in a Ctrl+Shift+Page up
workbook.
Extend the selection of cells by one cell. Shift+Arrow key
Extend the selection of cells to the last nonblank Ctrl+Shift+Arrow key
cell in the same column or row as the active cell,
or if the next cell is blank, to the next nonblank
cell.
Turn extend mode on and use the arrow keys to F8
extend a selection. Press again to turn off.

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Add a non-adjacent cell or range to a selection of Shift+F8
cells by using the arrow keys.
Start a new line in the same cell. Alt+Enter
Fill the selected cell range with the current entry. Ctrl+Enter
Complete a cell entry and select the cell above. Shift+Enter
Select an entire column in a worksheet. Ctrl+Spacebar
Select an entire row in a worksheet. Shift+Spacebar
Select all objects on a worksheet when an object is Ctrl+Shift+Spacebar
selected.
Extend the selection of cells to the beginning of the Ctrl+Shift+Home
worksheet.
Select the current region if the worksheet contains Ctrl+A or Ctrl+Shift+Spacebar
data. Press a second time to select the current
region and its summary rows. Press a third time to
select the entire worksheet.
Select the current region around the active cell. Ctrl+Shift+Asterisk sign (*)
Select the first command on the menu when a Home
menu or submenu is visible.
Repeat the last command or action, if possible. Ctrl+Y
Undo the last action. Ctrl+Z

Key Description
F1 § F1 alone: displays the Excel Help task pane.
§ Ctrl+F1: displays or hides the ribbon.
§ Alt+F1: creates an embedded chart of the data in the current range.
§ Alt+Shift+F1: inserts a new worksheet.
§ Ctrl+Shift+F1: toggles full screen mode

F2 § F2 alone: edit the active cell and put the insertion point at the end of its contents.
Or, if editing is turned off for the cell, move the insertion point into the formula
bar. If editing a formula, toggle Point mode off or on so you can use the arrow keys
to create a reference.
§ Shift+F2: adds or edits a cell note.
§ Ctrl+F2: displays the print preview area on the Print tab in the Backstage view.

F3 § F3 alone: displays the Paste Name dialog box. Available only if names have been
defined in the workbook.
§ Shift+F3: displays the Insert Function dialog box.

F4 § F4 alone: repeats the last command or action, if possible.

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When a cell reference or range is selected in a formula, F4 cycles through all the
various combinations of absolute and relative references.

§ Ctrl+F4: closes the selected workbook window.

§ Alt+F4: closes Excel.

F5 § F5 alone: displays the Go To dialog box.

§ Ctrl+F5: restores the window size of the selected workbook window.

F6 § F6 alone: switches between the worksheet, ribbon, task pane, and Zoom controls.
In a worksheet that has been split, F6 includes the split panes when switching
between panes and the ribbon area.
§ Shift+F6: switches between the worksheet, Zoom controls, task pane, and ribbon.
§ Ctrl+F6: switches between two Excel windows.
§ Ctrl+Shift+F6: switches between all Excel windows.

F7 § F7 alone: Opens the Spelling dialog box to check spelling in the active worksheet or
selected range.
§ Ctrl+F7: performs the Move command on the workbook window when it is not
maximized. Use the arrow keys to move the window, and when finished press
Enter, or Esc to cancel.

F8 § F8 alone: turns extend mode on or off. In extend mode, Extended Selection appears
in the status line, and the arrow keys extend the selection.
§ Shift+F8: enables you to add a non-adjacent cell or range to a selection of cells by
using the arrow keys.
§ Ctrl+F8: performs the Size command when a workbook is not maximized.
§ Alt+F8: displays the Macro dialog box to create, run, edit, or delete a macro.

F9 § F9 alone: calculates all worksheets in all open workbooks.

§ Shift+F9: calculates the active worksheet.
§ Ctrl+Alt+F9: calculates all worksheets in all open workbooks, regardless of
whether they have changed since the last calculation.
§ Ctrl+Alt+Shift+F9: rechecks dependent formulas, and then calculates all cells in all
open workbooks, including cells not marked as needing to be calculated.
§ Ctrl+F9: minimizes a workbook window to an icon.

F10 § F10 alone: turns key tips on or off. (Pressing Alt does the same thing.)
§ Shift+F10: displays the context menu for a selected item.
§ Alt+Shift+F10: displays the menu or message for an Error Checking button.
§ Ctrl+F10: maximizes or restores the selected workbook window.

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F11 § F11 alone: creates a chart of the data in the current range in a
separate Chart sheet.
§ Shift+F11: inserts a new worksheet.
§ Alt+F11: opens the Microsoft Visual Basic For Applications Editor, in which you
can create a macro by using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).

F12 § F12 alone: displays the Save As dialog box.

Abbreviations
MICR

Ø Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

Ø Technology that uses a 9 digit code printed at the bottom of a cheque to quickly and
accurately identify and process it.
IANA

Ø Internet assigned Numbers Authority

Ø Responsible for global internet unique identification systems.
ISDN

Ø Integrated Services Digital Network

Ø Digital telephone service that can transmit voice, data and control information over an
existing single telephone line.
ISP

Ø Internet Service Provider

Ø Any company that provides internet connection to a user is an ISP
SEO

Ø Search Engine Optimization

Ø Process of improving the quality and quantity of website traffic to a website or a web page
from search engines.
Ø Targets unpaid traffic (natural or organic results) rather than direct traffic or paid traffic.
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RDRAM

Ø Rambus Dynamic Random Accesss Memory

Ø Subsytem designed to transfer data at faster rates.
Ø Developed for high bandwidth applications for various types of contemporary memories
such as SDRAM.
CDMA

Ø Code division multiple access.

Ø Wireless technology used in the transmission of signals from places with high security and
noise reduction.
Ø The principle of spread spectrum is used to work with CDMA.
OSI

Ø Open system interconnection

IBM

Ø International Business Machines

Ø Multinational technology and consulting organization with its Headquarters in Armonk,
NY.
Ø Chairman and CEO= Arvind Krishna
Ø Company manufactures computer hardware and software and offers infrastructure, hosting
and consulting services.
DDL

Ø Data definition language or data description language.

Ø Syntax for creating and modifying database objects like tables, indices and users.
FDDI

Ø Fiber distributed data interface

CLI

Ø Command line interface or command language interpreter

Ø Also known as line user interface
Ø Users interact with a system or application by typing text.
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URL

Ø Uniform resource locator

Ø Reference or an address of a web page displayed on the internet.
Ø Tim Berners Lee invented URL in 1994.
Ø URL consists of three parts:
v Protocol Designation
v Host name or address
v File or resource location
OLE

Ø Object linking and embedding

Ø Proprietary technology developed by Microsoft.
FQDN

Ø Fully qualified domain name

Ø Complete address for a website, computer server or similar entity that exist on the internet.
Ø FQDN consists of two parts: the host name and the domain name.
DHCP

Ø Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

Ø Network protocol that serves to assign internet protocol (IP) address and other relation
configuration information such as default gateways and summit marks to network devices.
Ø Majorly used to dynamically configure network devices that are connected to the network.
DOS

Ø Disk operating system

Ø System software
Ø Single user system which is used in micro computer.
Ø Created by Tim Paterson.
VDU

Ø Visual display unit

Ø Machine with a screen which is used to display information from a computer.
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Ø Two main technologies, liquid crystals and organic light emitting diode are mainly used.
DNS

Ø Domain name system

Ø Translates human readable domain names to machine readable IP address.
BHIM

Ø Bharat Interface for Money

Ø Mobile application launched by National Payment Corporation of India for the purpose of
digital financial transaction.
VR

Ø Virtual reality.
Ø A three dimensional computer generated situation that simulates the real world.
PDF

Ø Portable document format.

Ø Charles Geschke helped to develop PDF. He was the co-founder of Adobe also.
FTTP

Ø Fiber to the Premises.

Ø Equipment used in fiber access deployments where fibers extend all the way to the end user
premises and the equipment is designed and optimized for use in residential applications.
IDN

Ø Internationalized domain name

Ø Represented by characters other than traditional character.
W3C

Ø World wide web consortium

LIFO

Ø Last in First out

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Ø Method for handling data structure where the first elements is processed last and the last
element is processed first.
Ø Web pages are shaped by HTML and attraction with the use of CSS.
CSS

Ø Cascading Style sheets

Ø Without CSS file extender we can use HTML but CSS cannot be used without HTML for
designing web pages.
PDA

Ø Personal Digital Assistant

ICT

Ø Information Communication Technology

SMS

Ø Short message service

Ø Mattie Maconen is considered to be the father of SMS
SAP

Ø System, application, products

Ø This management provides a wide range of enterprise resource planning, including financial
production cycle management and supply chains.
GSM

Ø Global system for mobile communication

Ø Electronic device base on a network of base stations used for voice over mobile and data
communication.
NIU

Ø Network interface unit

Ø Device that serves as a common interface for various devices within a local area network.
ISCII

Ø Indian standard code for information interchange.

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Ø Coding scheme which is used to represent various writing systems if India.

Ø It encodes main Indian scripts as well as Roman transliteration.
Ø Uses a 8-bit code and it can represent 256 characters.
Ø Adopted by Bureau of Indian standards in 1991.

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