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*X20460* Reg. No. :
Question Paper Code : X 20460
B.E./B.tech. Degree Examinations, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2020
Seventh Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering
EC 6702 – Optical Communication and networks
(Regulations 2013)
(Common to PTEC 6702 – Optical Communication and Networks for B.E.
(Part-Time) – Sixth Semester – Electronics and Communication Engineering )
(Regulations – 2014)
Time : Three Hours Maximum : 100 Marks
Answer all questions
Part – A (10×2=20 Marks)
1. List the advantages of optical fibers.
2. A certain single mode step-index fiber has a mode field diameter of 11.2 µm and
V = 2.25. What is the core diameter of this fiber ?
3. Draw a graph on how the attenuation varies over wavelength for a standard
single mode fiber.
4. A given step index fiber has a core refractive index of 1.480, a core radius equal
to 4.5 µm and a core-cladding index difference of 0.25 percent. What is the cutoff
wavelength ?
5. Depict the electron recombination and the associated photon emission for direct-
bandgap and indirect-bandgap materials.
6. Define internal quantum efficiency and bulk recombination lifetime of LED.
7. What is cutback technique in attenuation measurements ?
8. Define Bit error rate. What is the typical error rates ranges between for optical
fiber telecommunication systems ?
9. Write the expressions for blocking probability and achievable utilization for a
given blocking probability in a network with wavelength conversion and without
wavelength conversion.
10. Define Optical CDMA.
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Part – B (5×13=65 Marks)
11. a) i) Discuss about various key elements of optical fiber systems. (5)
ii) Explain in detail about total internal reflection, acceptance angle and
numerical aperture with necessary diagrams and derivations. (8)
(OR)
b) i) Write briefly with neat diagrams on linearly polarized modes in optical
fiber. (8)
ii) Give a short notes on graded index fiber structure. (5)
12. a) Explain how the signal is distorted by microscopic variation in material
density, macro bending and micro bending. (13)
(OR)
b) Define dispersion in optical fibers and explain types of dispersion such
as material dispersion, waveguide dispersion and polarization mode
dispersion. (13)
13. a) Elaborate the working of Laser diodes along with laser modes and
threshold conditions and external quantum efficiency. (13)
(OR)
b) Elaborate the impact of mechanical misalignment, fiber-related losses and
fiber end-face preparation in fiber-to-fiber joints of fiber optic system. (13)
14. a) Illustrate the fundamental optical receiver operation and its error sources. (13)
(OR)
b) With necessary diagrams and equations write short notes on
i) Time-domain intermodal dispersion measurement. (7)
ii) Frequency domain international dispersion. (6)
15. a) Explain about SONET/SDH transmission formats and speed, SONET/SDH
rings and SONET/SDH Networks. (13)
(OR)
b) Discuss about a special kind of wave that can propagate undistorted over long
distance and remain unaffected after collision with each other. (13)
Part – C (1×15=15 Marks)
16. a) Analyze the impact of a third nonlinearity four wave mixing in the signal
propagating through the optical fiber. How the FWM can be mitigated ? And
also discuss about how four wave mixing can be used for wavelength
conversion. (15)
(OR)
*X20460* -3- X 20460
b) i) Consider an EDFA being pumped at 980 nm with 30 mW pump power. If
the gain at 1550 nm is 20 dB, what are the maximum input and output
powers ? (6)
ii) Draw absorption and gain spectra for erbium ions in silica fiber doped with
Ge and A1. (3)
iii) List 3 points that note from the curves given in the below figures a and b. (6)
Figure a) : EDFA gain versus amplifier length for 15 WDM signals that
are co-directionally pumped with 50 mW of 980 nm pump power.
Figure b) : EDFA gain versus amplifer length for 15 WDM signals that
are co-directionally pumped with 50 mW of 1480 nm pump power.
–––––––––––––
Reg. No. :
Question Paper Code : 70447
B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATIONS, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2021.
Seventh Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering
EC 6702 – OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS
(Regulations 2013)
(Common to : PTEC 6702 Optical Communication and Networks for
B.E. (Part-Time) - Electronics and communication Engineering - Sixth Semester
(Regulations 2014))
Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks
Answer ALL questions.
PART A — (10 × 2 = 20 marks)
1. What are the conditions for total internal reflection?
2. Distinguish meridional rays from skew rays.
3. Distinguish between intramodal and intermodal dispersion.
4. Why graded index is less affected by dispersion than step index multimode
optical fiber?
5. Why carrier confinement and optical confinement are used in LED?
6. What is Lambertian pattern?
7. What are mode scramblers or mode filters?
8. State the significance of maintaining the fiber outer diameter constant.
9. Define power penalty.
10. Consider a spectral band of 0.8 nm (or equivalently, a mean frequency spacing
of 100 GHz at a 1550 nm wavelength) within which lasers with narrow line
widths are transmitting. How many of such signal channels fit into the
C band?
PART B — (5 × 13 = 65 marks)
11. (a) Draw the block diagram of an optical fiber link transmission and explain
the different components. (13)
Or
(b) With relevant diagrams, explain the different types of fibers, considering
number of modes and material composition of the core. (13)
12. (a) Explain the dispersion shifted and dispersion flatted fibers. Why do we
need such fibers and how these fibers are made? (13)
Or
(b) Describe the attenuation mechanisms in an optical fiber. (13)
13. (a) Draw and explain the structure of Fabry Perot resonator cavity for a
Laser diode. Also derive the LASER rate equations for steady state
output. (13)
Or
(b) Explain in detail fiber to fiber joints and their losses with neat diagram.
(13)
14. (a) (i) Express the technique used in frequency-domain intermodal
dispersion measurement. (7)
(ii) Give main idea about ‘Insertion-Loss method’ used for attenuation
measurement. (6)
Or
(b) (i) Explain in detail about the front end optical amplifiers. (7)
(ii) Describe about fiber refractive index profile measurement in detail.
(6)
15. (a) (i) An Engineer has the following components available at 850 nm
(1) GaAlAs laser diode with 0 dBm fiber coupled power
(2) Silicon avalanche photodiode with -51 dBm sensitivity
(3) Graded index fiber with 3.5 dB/km attenuation
(4) Connector with loss of 1 dB/connector.
What is the maximum transmission-distance that can be covered if
he designs an optical link using the above components? Justify your
answer. (7)
(ii) Demonstrate SONET layers and frame structure with diagram. (6)
Or
2 70447
(b) (i) A 2 × 2 biconical tapered fiber coupler has an input optical power
level of P0 = 200 μW . The output powers at the other three ports
are P1 = 90 μW , P2 = 85 μW and P3 = 6.3 nW. What are the coupling
ratio and return loss for this coupler? (6)
(ii) Explain WDM operational principle in detail with neat diagram. (7)
PART C — (1 × 15 = 15 marks)
16. (a) Consider a cascaded chain of k fibers plus EDFA combinations as shown
in figure 1.
(i) Show that the path average signal power is < P > path = Ps , in
[(G − 1)/ (G. ln(G ))] . (10)
(ii) Derive the path average ASE power. (5)
Or
(b) A soliton transmission system operates at 1550 nm with fiber that have a
dispersion of 1 .5 ps/(nm.km) and an effective core area of 50 μm2 .
(i) Find the peak power required for fundamental solitons that have a
16 ps FWHM width. Use the value n2 = 2.6 × 10 −16 cm2 / w . (5)
(ii) What are the dispersion length and the soliton period? (5)
(iii) What is the required peak power for 30 ps pulses? (5)
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