THE NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE OF OROMIA

Oromia Irrigation & Pastoralist Development Bureau

FINNA AEGEN PROJECT

FEASIBILITY STUDY AND DETAIL DESIGN

ENGINEERING REPORT

FINAL

CLIENT CONSULTANT
OROMIA IRRIGATION & PASTORALIST ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF
DEVELOPMENT BUREAU OROMIA
P. O. Box P.O.Box. 870/1250
Tel +251 Tel +251 11 4392162/2470
Email: Fax:+251 11 439 2008
Finfinne/Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Email: [email protected]
Finfinne/Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

July ,2022
Oromia Irrigation & Pastoralist Development Bureau(OIPDB) Finna Aegen Project Engineering report

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...............................................................................................................................................I
LIST OF TABLE ...................................................................................................................................................V
LIST OF FIGURE ................................................................................................................................................. VI

EXPERTS PARTICIPATED IN THE STUDY AND DESIGN ....................................................................................... VII

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT ................................................................................................................ IX

LIST OF ABBREVIATION .......................................................................................................................... XI

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................... XII

1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................1

1.1 BACKGROUND..............................................................................................................................................1
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ..............................................................................................................................2
1.3 LOCATION OF THE PROJECT ..............................................................................................................................2
1.4 DESCRIPTION OF WORKS...........................................................................................................................3
1.4.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................................3

2. HYDROLOGIC STUDY ..............................................................................................................................5

2.1 HYDROLOGICAL AND WATER RESOURCES POTENTIAL .............................................................................................5

2.1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT AREA ..............................................................................................................5
2.1.2 AEGEN MICRO-DAM HEAD WORK ...................................................................................................................5
2.2 WATER RESOURCES POTENTIAL ........................................................................................................................5
2.3 HYDROLOGICAL DATA ....................................................................................................................................5
2.4 DESIGN FLOOD .............................................................................................................................................7
2.5 SEDIMENT LOAD ...........................................................................................................................................8
2.6 RESERVOIR DEAD STORAGE .............................................................................................................................8
2.7 RESERVOIR ROUTING .....................................................................................................................................8

3. GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS ............................................................... 12

3.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY.................................................................................................................................... 12

3.1.1 ASHANGI FORMATION (NQG) .............................................................................................................. 12
3.1.2 MEKONNIN BASALT (PNV2/PNMB):- .................................................................................................. 12
3.2 LOCAL GEOLOGY......................................................................................................................................... 13
3.2.2 ALLUVIAL SOILS.................................................................................................................................. 13
3.2.3 VOLCANIC ROCKS .............................................................................................................................. 13
3.2.3.1 BASALT ........................................................................................................................................... 13
3.3 SEISMICITY ................................................................................................................................................... 14

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3.4 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION ...................................................................................................................... 15

3.4.1 GEOTECHNICAL UNITS AND DESIGN PARAMETERS................................................................................... 15
3.4.1.1 ALLUVIUM (GTL-1)............................................................................................................................. 15
3.4.1.2 RESIDUAL DEPOSIT (GTL-2) .............................................................................................................. 16
3.4.1.3 MODERATE TO SLIGHTLY WEATHERED BEDROCK ............................................................................... 16
3.5 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ............................................................................................................................. 19

4. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DAM AND APPURTENANT STRUCTURES ................................................................... 21

4.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 21

4.2 EARTH DAM DESIGN .................................................................................................................................... 21
4.2.1 DESIGN CRITERIA ............................................................................................................................................ 21
4.3 EMBANKMENT MATERIALS AVAILABILITY ......................................................................................................... 24
4.3.1 BORROW MATERIALS/ CLAY MATERIALS ...................................................................................................... 24
4.3.2 FILTER ON UPSTREAM & DOWNSTREAM OF CORE ........................................................................................................ 24
4.3.3 SHELL MATERIAL ..................................................................................................................................................... 25
4.3.4 EXCAVATED MATERIALS ................................................................................................................................. 25
4.3 FOUNDATION AND RESERVOIR WATER TIGHTNESS .............................................................................................. 26
4.4 RESERVOIR PLANNING/CAPACITIES .................................................................................................................. 26
4.5 DESIGN HEIGHT .......................................................................................................................................... 27
4.5.1 FREE BOARD ................................................................................................................................................... 27
4.6 TOP WIDTH AND SIDE SLOPES ......................................................................................................................... 31
4.7 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM SLOPES ............................................................................................................ 31
4.8 SEEPAGE CONTROL MEASURES ....................................................................................................................... 31
4.8.1 CUT OFF IN THE FOUNDATION ........................................................................................................................... 31
4.8.2 FILTER CRITERIA ............................................................................................................................................. 31
4.8.3 SEEPAGE LOSS................................................................................................................................................. 32
4.9 SLOPE PROTECTION MEASURES ...................................................................................................................... 32
4.9.1 UPSTREAM SLOPE PROTECTION ...................................................................................................................... 32
4.9.2 DOWNSTREAM SLOPE PROTECTION ................................................................................................................. 33
4.10 SEEPAGE AND SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................... 34
4.10.1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................................................................... 34
4.10.2 METHOD OF SLOPE STABILITY ...................................................................................................................... 34
4.10.3 STABILITY OF DOWNSTREAM SLOPE ............................................................................................................ 34
4.10.4 STABILITY OF UPSTREAM SLOPE .................................................................................................................. 35
4.10.5 ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN THE ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................ 35
4.10.6 FACTOR OF SAFETY CALCULATION .............................................................................................................. 35
4.11 DIVERSION DURING CONSTRUCTION .............................................................................................................. 38

5. SPILLWAY DESIGN ................................................................................................................................ 39

5.1 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................................ 39

5.2 SELECTION OF INFLOW DESIGN FLOOD (IDF) ..................................................................................................... 39
5.3 ROUTED FLOW OVER SPILLWAY ..................................................................................................................... 40
5.4 LOCATION ................................................................................................................................................. 40
5.5 SELECTED SCHEME ...................................................................................................................................... 40

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5.5.1 APPROACH CHANNEL ................................................................................................................................ 41

5.5.2 CONTROL STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................................... 41
5.5.3 CHUTE SECTION ....................................................................................................................................... 41
5.5.4 STILLING BASIN ....................................................................................................................................... 42
5.5.5 OUTLET CHANNEL .................................................................................................................................... 42
5.6 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF THE SPILLWAY .............................................................................................................. 42
5.6.1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................................................. 42
5.6.2 DESIGN OF THE CONTROL STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................... 42
5.6.3 DESIGN OF CHUTE OR THE DISCHARGE CARRIER ............................................................................................ 45
5.6.4 CRITICAL SLOPE OF THE CHUTE ...................................................................................................................... 46
5.6.5 DESIGN OF ENERGY DISSIPATERS ........................................................................................................................... 47
5.6.6 DESIGN OF THE EXIT CHANNEL .............................................................................................................................. 48
5.7 RIVER/STREAM TRAINING WORK ................................................................................................................... 49

6. OUTLET DESIGN(INTAKE TOWER) ................................................................................................................ 50

6.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 50

6.2 LOCATION ................................................................................................................................................. 50
6.3 COMPONENTS OF THE OUTLET ........................................................................................................................ 50
6.4 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF IRRIGATION OUTLET PIPE ............................................................................................... 50
6.4.1 HEAD LOSSES IN THE OUTLET WORK............................................................................................................... 50
6.4.2 LOSS COMPUTATIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 51
6.4.3 CONDUIT /PIPE ................................................................................................................................................ 56
6.5 TERMINAL STRUCTURES ................................................................................................................................ 56
6.6 INTAKE TOWER .......................................................................................................................................... 56

6.6.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................ 56

6.6.2 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS FOR A FREE-STANDING INTAKE TOWER ............................................................... 57

6.6.2.1 DESIGN EARTHQUAKE .......................................................................................................................... 57

6.6.3 PROCEDURES FOR SEISMIC DESIGN OF INTAKE TOWERS ...................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

7. DAM INSTRUMENTATION ......................................................................................................................... 62

7.1 DAM CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION ................................................................................................................ 62

7.2 MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENTS ........................................................................... 62
7.3 MEASUREMENTS OF PORE WATER PRESSURE .................................................................................................... 62
7.4 MEASUREMENTS OF RAINFALL ....................................................................................................................... 62
7.5 MEASUREMENT OF RESERVOIR WATER LEVEL .................................................................................................... 62
7.6 MEASUREMENT OF RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION ................................................................................................ 62
7.7 WATER DEMAND AND REGULATION ................................................................................................................ 63
7.8 SURVEILLANCE OF THE DAM .......................................................................................................................... 63

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8. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ....................................................................................................... 64

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................... 66

9. BILL OF QUANTITY ....................................................................................................................................... 67

APPENDIX 1: HEADWORK DESIGN DATA & CALCULATION ................................................................................ 84

APPENDIX 1.1 DAM DESIGN CALCULATION ............................................................................................................... 84

APPENDIX 1.2 SPILLWAY HYDRAULIC DESIGN CALCULATION .......................................................................................... 85
APPENDIX 1.3 DISCHARGE CHANNEL WATER SURFACE PROFILE COMPUTATION................................................................ 86
APPENDIX 1.4 OUTLET HYDRAULICS DESIGN CALCULATION .................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

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LIST OF TABLE
Table 1 Annual peak Rainfall data................................................................................................................. 6
Table 2 Design Rainfall for different return period ....................................................................................... 7
Table 3. Aegen Micro- Reservoir Flood Routing Results for Various Special Events ............................... 11
Table 4: Summary of engineering properties of foundation materials of Aegen Dam site. ........................ 17
Table 5: Summary of construction materials of Aegen Dam site. ............................................................... 17
Table 6: Summary of construction materials source of distance materials. ................................................. 20
Table 7 Summary of Investigation and Assumed of Construction Materials .............................................. 25
Table 8 Recommended factor of safety under different loading conditions ................................................ 35
Table 9 Factor of Safety Analysis Result Summary .................................................................................... 38
Table 10:Aegen Micro- Reservoir Flood Routing Results for Various Special Events .............................. 40
Table 11: Shape of Downstream Quadrant of Ogee Profile ........................................................................ 44
Table 12: Shape of Upstream Quadrant of Ogee Profile ............................................................................. 45
Table 13: Water surface profile computations ............................................................................................. 45
Table 14: Summery computation of loss coefficients and head losses ........................................................ 54
Table 15. Material Properties for Design ..................................................................................................... 59
Table 16: Bill of Quantity ............................................................................................................................ 67

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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1 Locations Map of the Project Site ................................................................................................... 3
Figure 2: Geological Map of the project area and its surroundings. ............................................................ 14
Figure 3: Seismic Zoning Map of the Aegen Site........................................................................................ 15
Figure 4 Aegen Dam Axis Cross Section .......................................................................................... 18
Figure 5 Aegen Dam Spillway Cross Section ............................................................................................ 19
Figure 6 Aegen Intake Cross Section ......................................................................................................... 19
Figure 7 Graph showing relative wave run-up ............................................................................................ 29
Figure 8: Cross Section of the Dam ............................................................................................................. 33
Figure 9: Results of the steady-state seepage analysis................................................................................. 36
Figure 10: Results of the rapid drawdown seepage analysis ....................................................................... 36
Figure 11: Results of D/s Slope Stability Analysis for Steady-state Seepage (long term) Loading Condition
...................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 12: Results of U/s Slope Stability Analysis for Rapid Drawdown Loading Condition ................... 37
Figure 13: Results of D/s Slope Stability Analysis for Short Term Loading (During Construction) .......... 37
Figure 14: Results of U/s Slope Stability Analysis for Short Term Loading (During Construction) .......... 38
Figure 15: Intake tower and Access Bridge Plan and Longitudinal Section ............................................... 57
Figure 16. Axial force and bending moment interaction diagram ............................................................... 58
Figure 17: Tower Cross Section .................................................................................................................. 60

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Experts participated In The Study and Design Of Finna Aegen

S.N Profession Name of Experts Remark

1 Team Leader Ketema Hydraulic Engineer

2 Geologist Regasa Gulumma Geotechnical Engener

3 Design Engineer Cherinet G/Egzeabher Irrigation Engineer

4 Hydrologist Fikadu Fetene Hydraulic Engineer

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SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT

A. Location: -

Region --------------------------------------Oromia
Zone------------------------------------------Jimma
District----------------------------------------- Xollay Botor
Genda (kebele) ---------------------------------Kamiso Golla
Geographic location 37N (UTM, ADINDAN)
B) Hydrology
Catchment area up to----------------------------17.70sq km
the proposed Dam
Average Annual Rainfall-----------------------1494 mm
C) Command Area ---------------------------------------400ha

D) Dam

Type of Dam ----------------------------------Earth Fill dam with core

Location----------------------------------------I, Left Abutment EL; 1639.67m, E-314790.19, N-934986.40
II, Right Abutment EL; 1642.42, E-314790.19, N-934986.40
River bed EL-------------------------------------------1597amsl
Average River Slope ---------------------------------2.84%
Dam crest length---------------------------------------362m
Dam bottom width-------------------------------------186.50m
Dam Crest EL-------------------------------------------1631.0m
Dam Crest width ----------------------------------------7m
U/S Dam slope---------------------------------------- U/S 1V:2.5H and U/S coffer dam 1:2.5
D/S Dam slope--------------------------------D/S 1V:2.2H from EL (1631.0 to 1620m), D/S 1V:2.5H from
EL (1620 to 1607m), and (1607 to 1597m) amsl, the consecutive slope are separated by bench with 4m
width.

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E) Intake Tower
Intake pipe diameter----------------------------------0.50m
Intake Distance from Left abutment----------------137.0m
Intake Gate by ----------------------------------------slide gate
Intake pipe inverted Level --------------------------1608.0m
F) Spillway (Un-gated)
Location ------------------------------------------Right side of Dam (E-314790.19, N-934986.40)
Type of Spillway---------------------------------Un-gated Ogee type
Design flood (PMF)------------------------------53.7 m3/sec
Crest of ogee---------------------------------------EL 1628.50m
Spillway outflow (routed Discharge) -----------49 m3/s
Crest level of Non over flow
Clear width of spillway crest----------------------20.0 m
Maximum flood lift over crest---------------------1.0 m
G) Reservoir
Maximum Water Level (MWL)--------------------EL 1629.50 m
Full Reservoir Level (FRL)-------------------------EL 1628.50 m
Reservoir Area @ MWL----------------------------20.05ha
H) Minimum Draw down Level
Minimum Draw Down Level (MDDL)------------EL 1610.0 m
River Bed Level--------------------------------------EL 1597. 0 m
I) Reservoir Capacity
a. Full Reservoir Level (FRL)----------------------2.19 Mm3
b. Minimum Draw down Level (MDDL)---------0.14 Mm3
c. Live storage-----------------------------------------2.05 Mm3
Source of Irrigation water------------------------------------Aegen river (Flood)

Total project cost---------------------------------------------- 241,072,573.98 Birr with 15% VAT

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION
DEM Digital Elevation Model
D/s Downstream
ECO Engineering Corporation of Oromia
El Elevation
Eth Birr Ethiopia Birr (currently approx.
ETo Reference Evapotranspiration
FRL Full Reservoir Level
GIS Geographic Information system
GPS Geographical Position System
ha hectare
km Kilometer
km2 Square Kilometer
m meter
m.a.s.l. Meters above sea level
m3 Cubic meter
m3/s meter cube per second
MDDL Minimum Drawdown Level
MCM Million Cubic Meter
MWL Maximum Water Level
MSIP Medium Scale Irrigation Project
OBANR Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resource
OIPDB Oromia Irrigation and Pastoralist Development Bureau
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator
U/s Upstream

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Aegen Micro Dam irrigation project is located in Oromia regional state, Jimma zone, Xollay Botor
district, Aegen Kebele. It is at 245km from Finfinne of which 151km asphalt, 62km all weathered road,
and 158km from Zonal town Jimma.
The beneficiaries of the project are residents of Kamiso Golla Kebele which includes at least 525
households benefit from this project, so that equitable use of land and water resources could be established
at the site under consideration.
The component of this medium-scale irrigation project includes the Dam, Intake Tower, and Spillway and
other related infrastructures.
The total project cost is 241,072,573.98 birr including 15%VAT. The detail is explained in the bill of
quantity of the project.

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background

In Ethiopia, as well in Oromia under the prevalent rain-fed agricultural production system, the
progressive degradation of the natural resource base, especially in highly vulnerable areas of the
lowlands coupled with climate variability have aggravated the incidence of poverty and food
insecurity. The major source of growth for the country as well for the region is still conceived to be
the agriculture sector. Hence, this sector has to be insulated from drought shocks through enhanced
utilization of the water resource potential of the country through development of irrigation, water
harvesting, and on-farm diversification coupled with strengthened linkages between agriculture and
industry (agro-industry), thereby creating a demand for agricultural output. In line with the above
premises, efforts have been made by the government and NOGs to improve the situation in the region
in areas of irrigation development, domestic water supply provision, watershed management, etc.

In order to alleviate the situation of food insecurity in lowland areas of the region that resulted from
shortage of Rainfall & recurrent drought, the region has aggressively switch development endeavors
towards effective and efficient use of the existing natural and human resources. A development
strategy that gears on the use of water and land resource endowments. As a result, development of
different scale irrigation schemes is believed to play a significant role not only in solving the current
food insecurity but also in enhancing the economic development of the region as well the country
through import substitution especially wheat, paving the way for Agroindustry development, earning
of more foreign currency and creation of employment opportunities for citizens.

Accordingly, the regional government of Oromia has planned a program to implement through
strategic approach of developing more than two hundred thirty small and medium dam projects for
the upcoming four years period. For implementing these projects hereafter known as Finna (meaning
‘mine’ in Afan Oromo) the regional government has restructured autonomous Irrigation and
pastoralist bureau and allocated great deal of budget for construction and undertaking feasibility and
detailed study and design services. As an output to this enormous investment, the regional
government determined in alleviation of food insecurity situation due to rainfall shortage driven
drought and its impact on crop production and livestock husbandry in lowland areas of the region.
Moreover, those highland areas of the region have been also considered in the program to maximize
their productivity in space and time by utilizing the stored water. For implementing the program, the
previous Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources and the current Oromia Irrigation and
Pastoralist Development Bureau (OIPDB) took the leading role as client. From the stage of

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comprehending the program and selection of potential areas through ensuring fair and resource-based
distribution in the region, Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO) has played significant
contribution. In line with this, the regional government has given direction and awarded ECO to
undertake feasibility study and detail design of Finna projects encompassed within the program.

As part and parcel of the current budget year program, feasibility study and detail design of Finna
Aegen project has been underway with the objective of implementing 400ha irrigation development at
Kamiso Golla kebele of Xollay Botor district located in Jimma Zone. Thus; this first draft feasibility
and detail design report has been prepared with all available secondary data sources of previous
nearby similar projects and masterplan studies and data acquiring technologies have been assessed &
incorporated. Accordingly recent digital elevation models, global land use and cover of 2020 datasets,
worldwide forecasted Precipitation datasets like Climate Hazards Group Infra-Red Precipitation with
Station (CHIRPS) have been utilized for analysis. Moreover, national and regional geologic,
geotechnical and geo physical data including recently conducted Oromia Irrigation potential study
outputs have been utilized which could be further verified and rectified with actual data while
submitting upcoming subsequent reports.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the Dam work is to pond sufficient water during the period of high flow and to
use for Agriculture.

1.3 Location of the project

The proposed project area, Aegen micro–Dam Project, is situated in Oromia regional State, Jimma
zone, Xollay Botor woreda, The Aegen dam site center is located at geographic location of
315364.6m East and 935131.2m North in UTM projection elevation of the center of the river at an
elevation of 1584m amsl. The distance from the capital city of the region, Finfinne to the Dam site is
about 245 km and from zonal capital, Jimma town, is about 158 km. The woreda town, called Xollay
town, is located at about 22 km. The Dam site is accessed via Asphalt and all weathered road

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Figure 1 Locations Map of the Project Site

1.4 DESCRIPTION OF WORKS

1.4.1 General Description

The principal components of the Works covered by this 1st draft feasibility study and detail design
document are those stated hereunder but further components will be included during the detailed
design.

Main Dam (Zoned Earth fill Dam with Horizontal Filter drains and Rock toe);

Spillway (incorporating Approach Channel, Ogee Spillway, Chute and Stilling basin) and;

Outlet works which includes Irrigation intakes, conduits and outlets control structures

Dam Body

The main dam body is designed with zoned for there is a limited embankment material, during in
such cases it was a common practice, to design a dam with different material without affecting the
intended objectives, that is storage of irrigation water which might be allows seepage with tolerable
limit. As it was indicated in the Geological investigation there is a limited source of sand and core
material. Therefore, the design of zoned embankment needs horizontal filter drains with rock toe at
the end. Accordingly, for safe disposal of seepage water with protection of piping and internal

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erosion, based on the base material, inclined chimney and Horizontal drain with filter was
recommended and designed in order to protect migration of soil to drain seepage water and smooth
transition from fine to coarse textured drain materials. Excavation is necessary to remove some areas
of alluvial deposit on the left and right bank of the valley having weak shear strength

Spillway

Ogee spillway with Chute control section and energy dissipater is designed to discharge a maximum
of 189.81 m3/s corresponding to 500 years return period routed outflow. However, the dam crest
level is fixed not to be over topped with this routed outflow. The total crest length of the spillway is
40m. The crest level (Normal Reservoir Pool level) is at 1608.0m and the maximum water level
corresponding to 500 years routed outflow is 1609.66m i.e., with flood surcharge head of 1.66m. The
structure comprises control section, chute and terminal structure. The spilled water leaving the
terminal structure will join the natural Finna Aegen River.

Diversion Arrangements

The construction of Finna Aegen Dam could take two or three years to complete. The construction
shall take place in the dry seasons. Therefore, it is not possible to completely block the river flow
rather creating a provision for safe passage of the river flow during the rainy and dry season becomes
essential.

The followings are considered the main components for the diversion system during construction of
the dam.

Up and down stream cofferdams,

Dry season conduit with an inlet and outlet channel, and

Wet season diversion i.e., the existing river course.

Irrigation outlet

The main purpose of the Finna Aegen Dam project is for irrigation. It is planned to develop the
command area estimated to be around 400 ha downstream of the dam. Therefore, during dry months
of the year, regulated water will be released as per the downstream demand. Accordingly, compatible
intake structure has been provided for this purpose.

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2. HYDROLOGIC STUDY
2.1 Hydrological and Water Resources potential

2.1.1 Background of the project area

The project is found the western part of Northern upstream end of Gibe River Basin, Upper Gibe Sub
Basin. This project site is located at Botor Tolay Woreda, nearby the main Gibe River. The catchment
area and dam site physiographic characteristic shows that the longitudinal profile elevation difference
from dam outlet to the longest remote catchment point is about 468m within the longitudinal length of
9.6km. Most of the topography of the catchment area fall within a moderate elevation range. The
selected cross-sectional width of the dam site is appropriate for the needed dam height.

2.1.2 Aegen micro-dam head work

The Aegen micro-dam head work site is located on small stream of Aegen River before confluence
with other small streams. The Aegen River up to the selected headwork site has a catchment area of
17.7 km2.

2.2 Water Resources Potential

The main surface water source for the demand of this area is Aegen Stream, which is a tributary of
Gibe River Basin.

Daily flow data at dam site is necessary for design of dam and its appurtenant structures to estimate
maximum design flood for a given return periods, dependable flow to estimate the reservoir capacity
and low flow to estimate the base flow and decide environmental flow for the downstream
environment. The Aegen Micro-dam site is un-gauged site.

2.3 Hydrological data

Daily flow data at dam site is necessary for design of dam and its appurtenant structures to estimate
maximum design flood for a given return periods, dependable flow to estimate the reservoir capacity
and low flow to estimate the base flow and decide environmental flow for the downstream
environment.

There is no gauging station on Aegen River and no recorded flow data obtained. Therefore, rainfall
runoff relationship method used to estimate the flow of the catchment.

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2.3.1 Annual peak Rainfall data

Design rainfall was analyzed after the peak rainfall fittest curve was determined and based on
that frequency of the rainfall for different return period was derived as follows: The derived
design rainfall frequency is a bit different from the original result as given below.
Table 1 Annual peak Rainfall data
RF(Max) Descending Ranka
Year (mm) RF (m) P (%) T
1991 38.9 62.67 1 0.03 31.00
1992 41.8 57.36 2 0.06 15.50
1993 62.7 55.41 3 0.10 10.33
1994 35.1 55.00 4 0.13 7.75
1995 40.7 53.48 5 0.16 6.20
1996 44.7 52.57 6 0.19 5.17
1997 34.3 52.28 7 0.23 4.43
1998 32.6 51.63 8 0.26 3.88
1999 35.4 44.75 9 0.29 3.44
2000 35.5 44.58 10 0.32 3.10
2001 44.6 44.35 11 0.35 2.82
2002 52.6 41.80 12 0.39 2.58
2003 39.6 41.40 13 0.42 2.38
2004 51.6 41.18 14 0.45 2.21
2005 39.1 40.66 15 0.48 2.07
2006 57.4 40.13 16 0.52 1.94
2007 44.4 39.56 17 0.55 1.82
2008 36.4 39.14 18 0.58 1.72
2009 53.5 39.09 19 0.61 1.63
2010 41.4 38.93 20 0.65 1.55
2011 52.3 37.68 21 0.68 1.48
2012 36.3 36.58 22 0.71 1.41
2013 55.4 36.40 23 0.74 1.35
2014 40.1 36.27 24 0.77 1.29
2015 37.7 35.54 25 0.81 1.24
2016 55.0 35.38 26 0.84 1.19
2017 34.0 35.12 27 0.87 1.15
2018 36.6 34.30 28 0.90 1.11
2019 39.1 33.97 29 0.94 1.07
2020 41.2 32.56 30 0.97 1.03

Design rainfall was analyzed after the peak rainfall fittest curve was determined and based on
that frequency of the rainfall for different return period was derived as follows: The derived
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design rainfall frequency is a bit different from the original result as given below.

Table 2 Design Rainfall for different return period

Return
Period
(yrs) P2 P5 P10 P20 P25 P50 P100 P200 P500 P1000
Design 50.0 55.17 59.1 60.2 63.2 65.5 67.3 69.2 70.3
RF 41.2

2.4 Design Flood

For design flood estimation, SCS method was adopted as there is no gauging station on the
river or nearby. The Curve number for the watershed was estimated based on LULC and soil
type classification of the original report. The forest and range land are dominant land cover
and two types of soil classification which falls under hydrological soil group B as stated by
report. There is no curve number value given on the report. Hence, an average curve number,
CN2 was estimated as 55. For design flood estimation, the antecedent moist soil condition is
considered and CN3 is taken and it became 75.5.
Time of concentration is also missed from the report. Hence, it is calculated from given
watershed delineation using three categories of slope and time of concentration calculation
and obtained a value of 1.38 hr.
The watershed area was give as 17.76 Km2 and the longest distance of channel is given as
9.6 Km. Even if time of concentration is less than 2 hr, in principle less than 2 hr is taken for
flood to become peak at the dam site. Hence, we can take peak rainfall cumulative of 1.38 hr
or 2 hr. The flood estimated in that regard is too small. We consider 24 hr consecutive
rainfall as the worst scenario to be conservative for the flood estimation.
The following is the revised flood estimated for different return period as given below. It is
very different from the one reported on the original hydrology report.
Table 3 Design discharge for Aegen Micro- Dam River at the Dam site

PEAK DISCHA-RGE [m3/s]

Return Q2 Q5 Q10 Q20 Q25 Q50 Q100 Q200 Q500 Q1000

Period (yrs
Design
14.9 25.3 32.2 37.9 39.6 44.1 47.7 50.7 53.7 55.5
Flood

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2.4 Sediment Load

Reservoir area silt accumulation volume at different years of services and corresponding elevation.
The Aegen dam reservoir bed level at dam axis is 1597 m above sea level. The estimated sediment
storage (dead storage) of the reservoir was 0.14 MCM using 50yrs service. For reservoir dead storage
of 0.149MCM, the new reservoir elevation (new zero level) was at 1610m with an increment height
of 13m and with new surface area of 4.9ha.

2.5 Reservoir Dead Storage

The required reservoir dead storage depends on the design life of the reservoir. Assuming a design
life of about 50 years and trap efficiency ranges from 93 to 100%, the accumulated sediment in the
reservoir will be 0.149 million m3. As stated in the hydrology report, the sediment will be deposited
throughout the reservoir water and the new zero level estimated at 1610m amsl. Hence, the total
reservoir storage is 2.17 MMC at FSL of 1628.50 masl and among this 0.149 MMC occupied by dead
storage. The total live storage is 2.03 MMC. The design life for dead storage can be extended by
either reducing the sediment reaching the reservoir through watershed management or by flushing or
removing the deposited sediments from the reservoir.

2.6 Reservoir Routing

The hydrograph of a flood entering a reservoir will change in shape as it emerging out from the
reservoir. This is due to volume of water stored in reservoir temporarily. The peak of the hydrograph
will be reduced, time to peak will be delayed and base of the hydrograph will be increased. The extent
up to which an inflow hydrograph will be modified in the reservoir will be computed by the process is
known as reservoir routing.

Reservoir flood routing was carried out to design the dimension of the spillway. The design flood of
the spillway flooding was carried out based on the criteria of selecting return periods.

From Reservoir Capacity curve, the elevation of the reservoir above the spillway and its
corresponding storage is known, Spillway capacity (Q) versus Spillway head (H) is determined from
the spillway type (Here, uncontrolled Ogee spillway is an option) and inflow hydrograph is

Known or calculated as given below:

Spillway equation is given as: Q= CLH3/2

Where, Q is discharge on the spillway,

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L is effective spillway length,

H is total head above Normal Operation Level (NOL), including velocity of approach head in the
spillway;

C is weir coefficient (2.21) for uncontrolled ogee spillway type

Reservoir capacity relation with elevation (Storage vs Elevation), and calculated spillway

Capacity (Q vs H) is determined. For instance, for spillway length of 20m and crest level of

1631m.
Table 4: Spillway gross Length and design head relation

L 10 15 20 25 30
V V (1000
Elev H Q Q Q Q Q 2S/t + Q
(MMC) m3)
1620.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.77 2768.0 3075.56
1620.5 0.50 7.2 10.9 14.5 18.1 21.7 2.90 2899.7 3240.01
1620.8 0.75 13.3 20.0 26.6 33.3 39.9 2.97 2965.6 3328.34
1621.0 0.97 19.6 29.5 39.3 49.1 58.9 3.02 3024.0 3409.14
1621.1 1.11 23.8 35.7 47.62 59.5 71.4 3.06 3059.1 3458.48
1621.3 1.30 30.3 45.5 60.6 75.8 90.9 3.11 3109.9 3531.23
1621.6 1.60 41.57 62.4 83.1 103.9 124.70 3.19 3190.0 3648.32
1622.0 2.00 58.0 87.0 116.0 145.0 173.9 3.29 3294.8 3805.85
1622.3 2.25 69.2 103.8 138.4 173.0 207.6 3.36 3360.7 3907.02
1622.5 2.50 81.0 121.6 162.1 202.6 243.1 3.43 3426.5 4009.81
1622.8 2.75 93.5 140.2 187.0 233.7 280.5 3.49 3492.4 4114.11
1623.0 3.00 106.5 159.8 213.0 266.3 319.6 3.56 3558.2 4219.86
1623.3 3.25 120.1 180.2 240.2 300.3 360.3 3.62 3624.1 4327.00
1623.5 3.50 134.2 201.3 268.5 335.6 402.7 3.69 3689.9 4435.47
1624.0 4.00 164.0 246.0 328.0 410.0 492.0 3.82 3821.6 4656.22
Table 7: Inflow outflow spillway hydrological routing

Q
Time (hr.) Inflow 2S1/t -Q1 2S2/t + Q2
(Outflow)
0.00 0.0 3075.56 0
0.10 1.6 3076.81 3077.17 0.18
0.19 5.4 3081.98 3083.79 0.91
0.29 10.2 3092.70 3097.55 2.42
0.39 16.6 3109.86 3119.55 4.85
0.48 25.2 3134.96 3151.74 8.39
0.58 35.4 3169.17 3195.64 13.23

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0.68 44.0 3209.44 3248.65 19.60

0.77 49.9 3245.40 3303.42 29.01
0.87 53.2 3274.03 3348.51 37.24
0.97 53.7 3293.73 3380.90 43.58
1.06 53.2 3305.72 3400.60 47.44
1.16 49.9 3310.72 3408.82 49.05
1.26 46.2 3309.52 3406.84 48.66
1.35 41.9 3303.89 3397.59 46.85
1.45 36.5 3294.58 3382.29 43.85
1.55 30.1 3281.74 3361.17 39.72
1.64 24.7 3266.73 3336.51 34.89
1.74 20.9 3251.29 3312.38 30.55
1.84 17.7 3236.56 3289.95 26.70
1.93 15.0 3223.01 3269.32 23.15
2.13 11.1 3209.78 3249.16 19.69
2.32 7.9 3195.02 3228.79 16.88
2.51 5.7 3179.33 3208.66 14.67
2.70 4.1 3164.17 3189.21 12.52
2.90 3.0 3150.17 3171.25 10.54
3.09 2.1 3137.70 3155.27 8.78
3.28 1.6 3126.90 3141.41 7.26
3.48 1.1 3117.68 3129.58 5.95
3.67 0.8 3109.90 3119.61 4.85
3.86 0.6 3103.42 3111.30 3.94
4.35 0.3 3097.95 3104.28 3.16
4.83 0.0 3093.23 3098.22 2.50
5.00 0 3089.33 3093.23 1.95
6.00 0 3086.30 3089.33 1.52
7.00 0 3083.93 3086.30 1.18
8.00 0 3082.08 3083.93 0.92

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Table 1: Routed inflow and outflow and Gross spillway length against Design head

Table 3. Aegen Micro- Reservoir Flood Routing Results for Various Special Events

L (m) Hd (m) Inflow (m3/s) Outflow (m3/s)

10 1.60 53.7 41.57
15 1.30 53.7 45.5
20 1.105 53.7 47.6
25 0.972 53.7 49.1

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3. GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS

3.1 Regional Geology
3.1.1 Ashangi Formation (NQg)

Ashangi formation are the earliest Tertiary volcanic rocks in north Ethiopia, hence they are in the
lowest position. These formations are weathered, partially eroded and have a sub-horizontal
stratification, particularly at the lower part. These dark porphyritic basalts are separated from the
Mesozoic formations below it by basal conglomerates. The basalts hold phenocrysts that developed
before the magma reached the earth surface. These basalts are weathered, partially eroded and have a
sub-horizontal stratification, particularly at the lower part.

These volcanic rocks formed through melting of the earth mantle. After magma generation, lava
flowed out over the surface, in successive flows.

3.1.2 Mekonnin Basalt (PNV2/PNmb): -

Flood basalt commonly directly overlying the crystalline basement. The geology of western Ethiopia
is characterized by a variety of rock types ranging in age from Precambrian to Quaternary. The
Precambrian basement of western Ethiopia, extending northwards from 60N for about 650 kilometers
is the largest Precambrian block in Ethiopia. The Precambrian rocks of western Ethiopia studied at
different scales (UNDP, 1972; de Wit, 1977; Kazmin, 1978; Davidson, 1983; Abraham, 1989; Tefera,
1990; Tefera and Berhe, 1987; Ayalew and Moore, 1989; Alemu and Abebe, 2000; Solomon and
Mulugeta, 2000; Getahun, 2002). The low-grade metavolcano-sedimentary and associated intrusive
rocks exposed remarkably persistent and can be traced for the entire length of the Precambrian of
western Ethiopia.

Geochronological investigations from plutonic rocks suggest that the age of the low-grade rocks
range from ~830 to ~540 Ma (Ayalew et al., 1990). The Cenozoic volcanics overlie unconformably
either on Precambrian rocks or Paleozoic–Mesozoic sediments. At places in southwestern Ethiopia,
they found overlying the Precambrian rocks are marked by residual and transported sandstone and
conglomerates (Davidson, 1983). The Cenozoic Ethiopian volcanic province can be divided into two
main series. These are:
(i) the Plateau (trap) volcanic, and
(ii) (ii) the Rift volcanic
The plateau volcanic represented 300,000 Km3 of mid Tertiary generally fissure-fed basaltic lavas.
The plateau volcanic divided into west and southeast plateau, which are bounded in either side by the

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Main Ethiopian Rift and Afar Rift. These are; the Jimma Volcanic and the Mekonnen Basalts.
Geochemical (major and trace element and Sr, Nd and Pb isotope) data from the southwestern
Ethiopia volcanic (Ayalew et al., 1999), show that they are derived from a mantle source that is
enriched in U and Th relative to Pb without an associated increase in Rb/Sr. Their trace element and
isotopic signatures are compatible with derivation from isotopically heterogeneous (Nd and Pb)
mantle sources with OIB-like characteristics that probably contains ancient subducted sediments.
Moreover, these authors suggest that the lavas from southwestern Ethiopia show that crustal
contamination had little or no role in the evolution of these lavas.

3.2 Local Geology

3.2.1 Residual Soils: The soils at the site near dam resembles with residual soils along the
river of dam site not to river bank. These soils are black and composed of clay silt, gravel
pebbles and boulders. From the geotechnical observation, the thickness of the soil along
the dam site reaches up to 5meter. These deposits display dull black to grey color, dry,
stiff to very stiff in consistency and moderate plasticity of Silty Clay soil with lenses of
gravels and boulders of parent rock.
3.2.2 Alluvial soils: This alluvial deposit mainly occupies the vast plain alongside the river
plains and marshy areas, but rarely, covers the base of gentle- slopped around river bank.
Mostly they are silt size, less compacted and dark brown to black soil. Usually they are
thin-coated soil but considerable amount of few thicknesses.

3.2.3 Volcanic Rocks

3.2.3.1 Basalt

These volcanic rock units have wide range weathering degree from fresh or faintly weathered
to moderately weathered and decomposed to soil of silty clay nature. These rocks have
moderate permeability and moderately jointed and fragmented at some spots at their fresh
and moderately weathered condition. These geological units have aphanitic and
amygdaloidal texture.

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Figure 2: Geological Map of the project area and its surroundings.

3.3 Seismicity
The site is found at the boundary of the seismically inactive metamorphic craton and the margin of
the south Ethiopian rift. Plotting the dam axis center on the recent seismic zoning map of Ethiopia
reveled it is characterized by Potential Ground Acceleration of 0.0 - 0.025m2/s, and this value can be
utilized for the design purpose.

Besides, even though the site is located in a zone with relatively low level of seismicity, it may be
subjected to induced seismicity after the water load. This needs monitoring with appropriate
instruments before and after the Dam is finalized and filled with water.

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Figure 3: Seismic Zoning Map of the Aegen Site

3.4 Geotechnical Investigation

3.4.1 Geotechnical units and design parameters

3.4.1.1 Alluvium (GTL-1)

Alluvial deposits occupy intermittent stream bed having a wide ranging from the top and it is
located close to the mouth of the river where it defines alluvial fan about 500 meters
downstream of the site. It mainly comprises grey silty soil and Clay silt in various
proportions and some weathered rock fragments, pebbles and cobbles and the color varies

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from black to grayish.

The thickness of the deposit was estimated to be about fifty Cents, but it can be considerably
thicker since the river channel can be deeply eroded.

Such a unit can be described as: Medium to High plastic, silty soil to silty Clayey of
intermediate relative density. Estimated engineering & index properties of such material
show; cohesion (c) of 13Kpa, friction angle (Φ) 0f 240, plasticity index (PI) of 10, unit
weight (Ɣ) of 20kN/m3, and hydraulic conductivity (k) of 1*10-5.

3.4.1.2 Residual Deposit (GTL-2)

This unit comprises residual and transported soils occupying flat lands and gently sloping
topography represented by sand, silt, clay, and gravel in various proportions. The color varies
mainly from black, through grey brown sometimes to grayish. The material is found on gentle
slopes areas along the proposed dam axis and areas covered by alluvial deposits downstream
of the dam axis.

Such a unit can be described as: Medium to slightly high plastic, clayey SILT of soft to
medium strength and its depth of thickness around 5m. Estimated engineering & index
properties of such material show; cohesion (c) of 40Kpa, friction angle (Φ) of 250, plasticity
index (PI) of 18, unit weight (Ɣ) of 19kN/m3, and hydraulic conductivity (k) of 10-5.

3.4.1.3 Moderate to slightly weathered Bedrock

The bedrock unit is believed to be encountered at shallow depth on the dam abutments and
planes outside the stream course. The bedrock lithology is the black to light-grey and mainly
bedded basalt and rock fragments deposits. It is characterized by textural heterogeneity and is
found as aphanitic, vesicular and pyroclastic variety. The vesicular basalt, the predominant
variety, is dark grey to light grey-grey, fine to medium grained, commonly medium weathered
looking. At places the vesicles are filled with secondary minerals such as quartz and calcite
giving the rock an amygdaloidal appearance.

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Analysis of the Hoek Brown Classification rock behavior with rock-lab software using
unit weight of 26kN/m3 for basalt (scoria and rock fragment) and assumed intact UCS
of revealed rock mass properties as shown here; cohesion =2, 075MPa, internal friction
angle of 17.89degree, UCS of 0.579MPa, Bearing capacity of 5.701MPa and modulus
of deformation of 7252MPa.
A) Foundation Material Engineering Property
Property
Foundation Friction Unit
Geotechnica MPa Angle(Ø E weight(Ɣ Remark
thicknes K, UCS,
l Parameters PI Cohes ) BC )
s (m) cm/s MPa
ive (c)
(Degree) MPa kN/m3
Based on
Layer 1 the
0.5 0.01 10 13kpa 24 - - - 20
(Top Soil) Regional
Geological
Layer 2 (Silty Condition.
4 18 40kPa 25 32kpa - - 19
Clay)
Need to be
verified
Layer-3 through
(Basaltic) 2.075
>5 0.01 - 17.89 5.701 0.579 7252 26 test pitting
Mekonin MPa
basslt & other
exploration

Table 4: Summary of engineering properties of foundation materials of Aegen Dam site.

B. Construction Material
Table 5: Summary of construction materials of Aegen Dam site.

Property
Construction Internal
Hydraulic Water
Material Type Cohesion Friction Unit weight
conductivity Absorption
(C) KPa Angle Ø (Ɣ) kN/m3
(K), m/s (%)
(Degree)
Rock Fill 0.01 0 35 22 1

Shell Material 2.59*10-8 7 25 21 2

Filter Material
1*10-4 0 38 18 -
(Sand)

Clay Core 1.79*10-9 28 19 18 -

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Figure 4 Aegen Dam Axis Cross Section

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Figure 5 Aegen Dam Spillway Cross Section

Figure 6 Aegen Intake Cross Section

3.5 Construction Materials

Since the proposed dam type is a zoned embankment dam with central impervious core,
materials such as:

• Rock- as rock fill material and as source of aggregate

• Soil – for central impervious core and for blanketing
• Sand- as filter material and for mortar
• Water sources - perennial river
Need to be found at economically viable distance from the site. The universally accepted hauling
distance for materials required in bulk such as rock, shell material and clay is 12 kilometers and
we believe they are found at close range as shown in the summary table, except sand that need to
be fetched from distance of 115 kilometers Sankale, Ambo town and 25km from around Didesa
river.

The selection for material source was made by referring to the geological map, and using
judgment from previous experience of the site. This work also need to be verified during the

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construction period as the thickness and volume of material can actually vary, and better quality
and volume of material like sand can be found at closer distance.

A. Construction Material Distance from Dam Site

Construction Geological Materials Distance
Material Type (km)

Rock Fill Massive and Slightly Fractured Basalt

Shell Material Fractured and Weathered Basalt 20
Filter Material (Sand) Sand 65
Clay Core Clay 12
Water Perennial 4

Table 6: Summary of construction materials source of distance materials.

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4. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DAM AND APPURTENANT STRUCTURES

4.1 Introduction
This study depends on the outcomes of the study teams in general and the topographic,
hydrology and geotechnical study in particular. Therefore, at this phase of the Aegen Micro
earth dam design the depth of the study is made to correspond to a feasibility level study. The
detail design stage shall follow after the approval of this report.

Accordingly, in the earth dam design the dam height is fixed based on the physical storage
capacity of the dam site. Although storage requirement to satisfy the irrigation demand and
other losses as computed in the water balance computation of the hydrology report is higher
than the actual physical capacity the reservoir can impound 2.728 M m3 at a height of 24.0m
and at elevation of 1608.0 masl. The dam section is determined based on the nature of the
available embankment materials and the nature of the foundation.

The spillway is designed for a flood of 189.8 m3/sec with crest length of 40.0 m and an
Overflow Ogee weir. The outlet is designed for 0.55 m3/sec to satisfy the maximum irrigation
demand to irrigate 450ha. Both structures are equipped with all necessary components.

The criteria satisfied in the design of the dam are for no overtopping, no seepage failure, no
structural failure, Proper slope protection, proper drainage, and to have safe and economical
dam section.

4.2 Earth dam design

4.2.1 Design criteria

4.2.1.1 General

A 370m long straight dam axis has been selected between (E 314873.23 N 934986.4) Left abutment
and (E 314790.19 N 934986.4) right abutment. Consideration was given to the most economical
alignment fitting the topography while considering geological constraints.
At this stage of study, the following criteria are met:
- The dam is safe against overtopping in the event of occurrence of the design flood
- The slopes of the dam are stable in all reservoir operations and during earthquake
- No foundation failure due to the stresses caused by the embankment
- Safe removal of seepage water is ensured and the amount of seepage loss is controlled.

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- Embankment is safe against overtopping by wave action

- Both upstream, downstream slopes and the dam crest are protected against prevailing
erosions.
- Means to control seepage and criteria relating to the freeboard and spillway, to prevent
water overtopping the dam.
- Identification of geological conditions and suitable materials in the amounts needed for
full dam construction and design accordingly.
- Determination of final dam alignment (dam axis).
- Determination of the freeboard and allowances for wind, settlement, etc., for
calculation of the dam crest elevations for half and full PMF floods as well as the
selected spillway sizes.
- Determination, based on the above, of the spillway design flood and discharge (routed
through the reservoir) and freeboard.
- Determination of criteria for the different zones and their materials, including
dimensioning of their thicknesses, etc.
- Determination of criteria for compaction of materials.
- Determination of criteria relating to cracking and its prevention/ protection.
- Determination of criteria relating to safety factors for different load conditions:
- During construction, end of construction, rapid drawdown, steady state seepage,
- Conditions as above as related to earthquakes, seismic design.
- Dam instrumentation.
- Basic hydraulic considerations, including costing, dimensioning and design of all
appurtenant structures and their structural design (taking into account earthquakes).
- Other structural considerations.
- Considerations concerning the minimum operable water level in the reservoir (for
irrigation), dictated by the irrigation plan.

4.2.1.2 Seismicity of the dam

The Aegen micro dam is located in seismically less active area. However, taking into account the
expected long-life period of the dam and not ruling out the chance of the dam site being hit by a
damaging earthquake which may originate in the Ethiopian rift valley, adequate seismic design
considerations has been taken. Based on the seismic hazard map of Ethiopia prepared by the Institute
of Geophysical Observatory at Addis Ababa University with a return period of 300 years (return
period for Design Base Earthquake – DBE – of dams is generally 300 to 400 years), the nearest

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contour to the Aegen dam site is with a maximum peak ground acceleration of 0.1g

Seismic Loading

Pseudo-static approach has been adopted to analyse the behaviour of dam under dynamic loading
caused by a strong earthquake. The dynamic loading is accounted for by using a seismic coefficient.
The design value of horizontal seismic coefficient αh is computed by the following expression:
Α = β I αo
Where β = design response factors a coefficient depending upon the soil foundation
I = a factor depending upon the importance of the structure, and
αo = basic horizontal seismic coefficient applicable for that area.

EBCS specifies that value of ‘β’ for dams be taken as ≤ 2.5 and the value of ‘I’ for dams be taken as
1.0.

The dam Site is considered to be equivalent of lying in zone IV of seismic hazard map identified by
EBCS. The values of basic horizontal seismic coefficient are 0.05.

Accordingly,
αh = 2.5 x 1.0 x 0.1
= 0.25
αv = 0.5* αh = 0.125

The Aegen micro dam has, therefore, been designed to satisfy the minimum required factor of safety
for a 0.125 g peak ground acceleration. Following international practice, the vertical peak
acceleration coefficient is assumed to be half of the horizontal peak acceleration (0.25g/2=0.125 g).

4.2.1.3 Type of Earth Dam

The geotechnical investigation for construction material indicates that there are different types of
embankment materials. The report also shows that there is large amount of shell material available in
qualitatively. and there is sufficient clay/ borrow material within the reservoir area, spillway axis and
around the dam site.

For this reason, a zoned earth dam with a central clay core and with weathered rock shell material for
u/s and d/s is chosen as a suitable earth dam section. This is justified from the point of utilizing the
available materials. Transition zones is required between the impervious clay core and the pervious
shell zone since there is segregation expected between the fine particles of the shell and the clay core.

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4.3 Embankment Materials Availability

4.3.1 Borrow Materials/ Clay Materials

Availability of suitable impervious clay core and shall materials, the amount of seepage that
can safely be permitted through the dam and the desired resistance to piping caused by
earthquake are considered in determining the thickness of the central core.

Taking the above points into consideration, the dimensions of the core are fixed as follows.
The top width of the core is made 3m. The top level of the core is kept 1.0 m below the dam
crest & 1.22m well above the full supply water level. This difference is sufficient to prevent
seepage by capillary siphoning. The upstream and downstream slopes of the core are made
to be 1:0.5 (V: H). The width of the core at any level is made to exceed the head of water
above it.

4.3.2 Filter on Upstream & Downstream of Core

Since the central clay core is thicker and impervious; filter is not provided on both upstream
and downstream face of impervious clay core. And significant limit of water is not coming
out of d/s of the sheal resulting from seepage and there by keeping the downstream shell
relatively dry. However horizontal filter is needed to drain the residual seepage comes
through the clay core. The filter should be clean and well graded. The minimum thickness of
filter is determined from the following considerations:

(i) The thickness of filter should have allowance for intermixing with the adjoining
zones. The allowance shall be varying depending on compaction equipment used for
the purpose.

(ii) Minimum width required for compaction depending upon the equipment deployed

Accordingly, 1.0 m thickness horizontal sand filter is provided adjust between over the
foundation of the dam and the beneath of d/s sheal.

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4.3.3 Shell material

Large quantities of shell are provided to ensure stability of the body of the dam and
protection of the central core. The permeability coefficient of the shell material is 2.0 x 10-
6
m/sec, which can be classified as pervious.

4.3.4 Excavated materials

Table 7 Summary of Investigation and Assumed of Construction Materials

Coefficient of Cohesion, Angle of

Unit weight
S. Material type permeability, C internal
No KN/m 3
k, (m/sec) (KN/m2) friction, ø
1 Clay Core 1.0x10-9 19 28 18
3 Toe Drain/Filter Material 1.0 x 10 -4 0 38 18.0

3 Trench excavated/ 1.0 x10-6 18 32.0 19.0

Foundation Soil
4 Shell material 2.0*10-6 5 42 21

5 Transition Material 1.0x10-4 0 38 18

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4.3 Foundation and Reservoir Water Tightness

The proposed reservoir site is characterized by black to gray silt dominant soil of considerable 0.5
to 5.0m thickness. It is bounded gentle to rolling the slope with 10-200 topographic gradients.
Furthermore, it is covered by grazing grass, there is no rim or instability of the reservoir slopes.

4.4 Reservoir planning/capacities

The reservoir planning is made based on the water balance calculations of the hydrologic
study. As stated in the report, the sediment will be deposited throughout the reservoir water
and the new zero level estimated at 1610 masl and the dead storage is 0.142 million m3.
Hence, the total reservoir storage is 2.19 Mm3 at FSL of 1628.50 masl and among this 0.142
MMC occupied by dead storage. According to the water balance computations, the live
reservoir capacity to satisfy the annual withdrawals is beyond the physical capacity of the
reservoir, therefore, the reservoir capacity is limited/fixed at 2.19 Mm3. Based on the Aegen
Micro Dam area-elevation capacity curves the normal pool level (HNWL) to impound this
storage shall be at 1628.50 masl.
Contour Contour Contour Incremental Cumulative
Depth
Elevation Area Area Volume Volume
m ha (sq. m) (m) (cu. m) (cu. m)
1,601.00 0.361 3,611.90 0.00 - 0.00
1,602.00 0.645 6,448.93 1.00 5,030.42 5,030.42
1,603.00 0.871 8,710.56 2.00 7,579.75 12,610.16
1,604.00 1.193 11,928.86 3.00 10,319.71 22,929.87
1,605.00 1.408 14,080.27 4.00 13,004.57 35,934.44
1,606.00 1.640 16,402.64 5.00 15,241.46 51,175.89
1,607.00 1.902 19,020.00 6.00 17,711.32 68,887.21
1,608.00 2.200 22,002.71 7.00 20,511.36 89,398.57
1,609.00 2.616 26,161.80 8.00 24,082.26 113,480.82
1,610.00 3.246 32,459.91 9.00 29,310.85 142,791.67
1,611.00 3.876 38,758.01 10.00 35,608.96 178,400.63
1,612.00 4.611 46,114.42 11.00 42,436.22 220,836.85
1,613.00 5.345 53,450.91 12.00 49,782.67 270,619.51
1,614.00 6.199 61,994.11 13.00 57,722.51 328,342.02
1,615.00 7.068 70,676.22 14.00 66,335.17 394,677.19
1,616.00 7.841 78,409.08 15.00 74,542.65 469,219.84
1,617.00 8.616 86,162.09 16.00 82,285.59 551,505.42
1,618.00 9.374 93,740.45 17.00 89,951.27 641,456.69
1,619.00 10.083 100,832.21 18.00 97,286.33 738,743.02

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1,620.00 10.807 108,074.07 19.00 104,453.14 843,196.16

1,621.00 11.586 115,856.92 20.00 111,965.50 955,161.66
1,622.00 12.540 125,403.55 21.00 120,630.24 1,075,791.89
1,623.00 13.399 133,989.30 22.00 129,696.43 1,205,488.32
1,624.00 14.330 143,299.40 23.00 138,644.35 1,344,132.67
1625.00 15.332 153,315.03 24.00 148,307.22 1,492,439.88
1626.00 16.334 163,340.67 25.00 158,327.85 1,650,767.73
1627.00 17.407 174,072.30 26.00 168,706.49 1,819,474.22
1628.00 18.784 187,837.03 27.00 180,954.67 2,000,428.88
1628.50 19.413 194129.40 27.50 187542.03 2097493.58
1629.00 20.042 200,421.77 28.00 194,129.40 2,194,558.28
1629.50 20.712 207122.90 28.50 101,886.17 2,296,444.45
1630.00 21.382 213,824.02 29.00 105,236.73 2,401,681.18
1631.00 22.723 227226.27 30.00 220,525.15 2,622,206.32

4.5 Design height

After the normal water level is fixed as explained above the total dam height is determined as follows:

H= HNWL + Hd + Fb

Where, H = design height

HNWL = vertical distance between the normal water level (NWL) and bottom of the deepest
river at the point of dam axis =24m
Fb = free board
Hd = Surcharge head at the spillway

4.5.1 Free Board

Sufficient free board is provided to accommodate wave height, wave run up, wind set up above the
maximum water level and a provision for settlement.

Free board Fb = wind set up + wave run-up + settlement allowance.

I. Effective Fetch Length (Fe)

The effective fetch length of the Aegen Micro dam reservoir was calculated from the relevant
topographic map. Accordingly, the effective fetch lengths for the maximum reservoir water level
were found to be 650m at 32.50 m dam height.
II. Wind Speed (V)

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The maximum wind speed for the Aegen Micro Dam site, based on a Hydrology report is 2.13m/s.
But, the Ethiopian Building Code Standard and the National Atlas of Ethiopia shows that the western
and southern parts of the country have a wind speed (V10) for the highest mountain tops that never
exceeds 15 knots (equal to 30 m/s or 108 km/h). Wind velocity over land (U) in km/h taken as two
third of maximum wind velocity = 0.67 x 108 = 72.36 km/h or 20 m/s. Hence the basic wind speed
for the purpose of estimating significant wave height in the reservoir has been considered as 72
km/hour or 20.0 m/sec.

III. Significant Wave Height (Hs)

The significant wave height, in metres, is expressed by the following relationship:

g  Hs  g  Fe 
0.47

= 0.0026  
 V 
2 2
V

Where:

Fe - Effective fetch, in m

g - Acceleration due to gravity, in m/s2

V - Wind velocity over water surface, in m/s

From the above relation the significant wave height Hs = 0.041m

IV. Wave Period (Ts)

The wave period, in seconds, is calculated according to the following equation:

g  Ts  g  Fe 
0.28

= 0.45   
 V 
2
V

From the above relation the wave period Ts = 0.805 sec

V. Wave Length (Ls)

The wave length, in metres, is calculated by the following equation:

Ls = 1.56  Ts2 =1.56*0.805 2 = 1.012m

VI. Design Wave Height (H0)

The design wave height, in metres, is calculated by the following equation:

(for normal freeboard) H 0 = 1.67  H s

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Ho = 1.67*0.041 = 0.069m

(For minimum freeboard)

H 0 = 1.27  H s
Ho = 1.27*0.041 = 0.053m

VII. Steepness Ratio

The steepness ratio is calculated by the following equation:

H0
Steepness ratio = =0.069/1.012 = 0.068 for normal free board, 0.052 for minimum free board
Ls

VIII. Relative Run-Up (Ra = R/H0, rough surface)

Figure 1 is used to determine the relative run-up R/H0, whose value depends on the upstream slope of
the dam. An upstream slope of 1V:2H was assumed in this case, and the steepness ratio H0/Ls ≈ 0.1
(>0.06) for normal freeboard. Accordingly, R/H0 for a rough surface is taken to be 0.58 for normal
freeboards.

Figure 7 Graph showing relative wave run-up

IX. Wave Run-Up (R)
The wave run-up is calculated by the following equation:

=0.58*0.069 = 0.04 for normal free board

= 0.58*0.053 = 0.031 for minimum free board

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X. Average Depth of Reservoir (D)

The river bed elevation is 1597.0 m. The maximum reservoir elevation is 1629.50 m for the 32m high
dam. Hence, the average depth of reservoir is:

D = (1629.50 – 1597)/2 = 16.0 m

XI. Wind Set-Up (S)

The wind set-up is calculated by the following equation.

Where:

F – fetch length, in km (can be considered equal to twice the "effective" fetch)

V – wind speed, in m/s

D – average depth of reservoir, in m

From the above relation the wind set-up (S) = 0.00001m

XII. Freeboard Required

Freeboard required = R + S = 0.04+0.00001 = 0.04019m for normal free board

= 0.031+0.00001 = 0.03056m for minimum free board

Where:

R – wave run-up, in m

S – wind set-up, in m

XIII. Settlement allowance

In fixing the freeboard for an earth or rockfill dam, allowance also needs to be made to the settlement
of embankment under the shaking action of earthquake vibrations. Provision of settlement allowance
5% of dam height above toe of the slopes is provided for. An allowance of 1.2 m is being provided in
calculating the required freeboard to accommodate settlement due to shaking action of earthquake
vibrations.

Total freeboard required above FRL (1628.50) = 0.04019 + 1.2= 1.24019m

Total freeboard required above MWL (1628.50+1.56) = 0.03056 + 1.2 = 1.43056m

Thus, the total height of the dam is the maximum of the two relations

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i. = 1628.50 + 1.0+1.30 =1630.80 or

ii. = 1628.50 + 1.0+ 1.43 = 1630.90.0m

Therefore, the dam crest level is 1631.0 amsl

4.6 Top width and side slopes

A 7.0 m top width of the earth dam is determined to account roadway requirement, its ability to keep
the phreatic line well within the dam body, accommodate the 3.0 m minimum top width of the clay
core and practicability of construction.

4.7 Upstream and downstream slopes

A minimum of 1:2.5 (V:H) upstream and 1:2.2 at top and 1:2.5 bottom of downstream slopes of the
dam are chosen depending on the type of the embankment material, foundation conditions, the height
of the dam, and many other factors and the dam is homogenous. The stability of these slopes has been
checked by using computer software GEOSLOPE.

4.8 Seepage control measures

In order to prevent the adverse effects of the water seeping through the dam and its foundation and
thus increase the stability of the dam, a horizontal filter drain is provided.

4.8.1 Cut Off in the Foundation

The hand dug trial pits along the dam axis reveal that bed rock may be found at an depth of 3m. The
cut off trench is to be provided throughout the length of the foundation. Its dimensions are fixed as
follows.
Bottom width = 4.0 m
Side slope = 1:1

4.8.2 Filter criteria

To control seepage flows a horizontal filter blanket/toe drain is recommended. The drain must be
pervious enough to drain the seepage water effectively, besides protecting the dam and foundation
materials from migrating/piping in to it. Therefore, its design should full fill the following Terzaghi
filter criteria.

D15 of filter < 4 to 5 < D15 of filter

D 85 of protected layer D15 of protected layer

The thickness of the strip drain should be sufficient to convey the maximum quantity of seepage
estimated to come through the dam.

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Thickness of filter, t, is given by Darcy’s law:

q = kiA

Where : Discharge, q = 6.75×10-8 m3/s/m * 362 m length of dam = 2.41x10-5 m3/s/m (from seepage
analysis by SEEP/W software). Permeability of filter, k = 2.10 x 10-3 m/s (assumed).

A = t × 1 = t; i = 1.

6.75×10-8 = 2.10 × 10-3 × t

 t = 3.25mm

Considering a factor of safety of 3, t = 10 mm.

However, from construction practical considerations and to account for leakage through cracks in
core of the dam and safety of the core, it is proposed to provide a 1.0 m thick horizontal filter.

4.8.3 Seepage Loss

The amount of seepage loss per unit width of the dam q is estimated using the SEEP W analysis. The
seepage loss at the toe drain is 6.7 x 10-8 m3/s.

Seepage through the dam body, Q = q L

Where, q = Seepage volume per unit length (m3/sec/m) = 6.71x 10-8 m3/s/m =
L = average length of dam (355.0m)

Therefore, Q = 0.0000256M m3/yr.

However, since the reservoir is a monocycle and water depth in the dam is supposed to deplete/vary
continually throughout the year and the seepage is proportional to the upstream head and the above
estimated seepage loss shall be considered in the reservoir planning/water balance.

4.9 Slope Protection Measures

4.9.1 Upstream Slope Protection

The upstream slope protection is ensured by providing a hand placed stone riprap against erosive
wave action. The minimum weight of stone (G) provided is computed using its relation with the

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maximum wave height and side slope as follows,

G = 100 h2
Cot 
Where, h = maximum wave height (0.58m)
 = Angle the upstream slope makes with the horizontal (Cot  =3.0)
 G = 100 (0.58)2 = 11.213 kg
3.0
Thickness of riprap in cm is computed as

t = 10.93G, =10.93*11.213

= 36.6 cm

The riprap thickness should be 50% more than the estimated linear average rock size. Therefore, t =
1.5 x 36.6 = 0.549 m

Thus from 38cm to 55 cm thick hand placed riprap shall be provided especially on the upper-most
surface of upstream slope.

Since the shell material is relatively pervious, there is no as such sudden draw down incidence
expected due to the nature of the reservoir operation. However, this may be supplemented by
provision of sandy gravel material under the hand placed riprap.

4.9.2 Downstream slope protection

Surface stabilization of downstream slope and the prevention of soil from rain drop erosion shall be
accomplished by the establishment of grass. A depth of 20 cm of good quality organic top soil
overlying the embankment is sufficient to sustain grass growth. This shall be found from the clearing
work of the dam site and borrow areas. The cross section of the dam design is shown in Figure 8

Figure 8: Cross Section of the Dam

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4.10 Seepage and Slope Stability Analysis

4.10.1 General

One of the basic requirements for design of embankment dams is to ensure safety against internal
erosion, piping and development of excessive pore pressures in the dam. Seepage and slope stability
were carried out on the design of the homogeneous earth fill dam using the Slope-W and Seep-W
programs from Geo-slope international, 2014. These analyses were conducted on preliminary designs
and the results of these analyses have been used to refine the final design of the dam section. The U/s
slope section of the dam is 1:2.5 and the d/s slope selected is continues with two benches starting
from 1:2.2 u/s at the tope and 1:2.5 at the bottom respectively. The section is checked to ensure that it
satisfies the following checks are carried out safety criteria.

i. The downstream slope is checked for the stability during steady seepage conditions at reservoir
full condition and

ii. The upstream slope is checked for the stability during sudden drawdown conditions.

4.10.2 Method of Slope Stability

The slope stability investigation was carried out using the Slope/W computer program based on the
limit equilibrium method and the Morgenstern-Price method was used to obtain the factors of safety.
This particular method has been adopted because, unlike Fellenius or Bishop’s or Janbu’s methods,
the Morgenstern-Price method satisfies both the force and moment equilibrium conditions. Spencer’s
method also satisfies both moment and force equilibriums and gives factors of safety values very
close to those obtained by the Morgenstern-Price method.

The pore water pressures developed within the body of the dam and in the foundation under steady
state seepage has been initially estimated with the help of the SEEP/W software. These pore pressures
in terms of head have been incorporated in the slope stability analysis.

4.10.3 Stability of Downstream Slope

The worst condition under which the downstream slope should be stable is during steady seepage, at
full reservoir level. For the downstream slope of the earth dam, the most critical condition occurs
when the reservoir is full and steady seepage condition has been established because a well-defined
phreatic line is formed at this stage. The stability of downstream slope is checked under this critical
condition and the analysis result is shown in table 4-2 below. To minimize the effects of steady
seepage on the downstream slope for homogeneous dam, a horizontal filter is provided.

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4.10.4 Stability of Upstream Slope

For the upstream slope of the earth dam, the critical condition occurs when the reservoir is suddenly
emptied (sudden drawdown condition). To minimize the effects of sudden drawdown, a shell material
which is more permeable than that of the core is provided at the upstream side. However, sudden
drawdown may not be as such expected problem due to the nature of the reservoir operation. The
reservoir evacuation time is over 30 days and this will cause an average drawdown of 0.316 m/day
which is well below the sudden draw down condition.

The Upstream slope stability has been checked under this critical condition and result is shown in
section 4.10.6.2. In both u/s and d/s slope stability analysis,
F.S = CΣ LI + Σ (Wi Cos  I - UGLI) tan φ
Σ Wi Sin I
Where: WI = Weight of the slice (Wi = bi h)
 =  sat in saturated condition
bi = Width of the slice
h = average height of the slice (read from graph)
Li = arc length of the slice
Uw = pore water pressure developed ( wh)
I = the angle that the slice makes with horizontal
C = unit cohesion of the soil
φ = angle of internal friction

4.10.5 Assumptions made in the Analysis

• The critical arc passes through the toe/heel of the slopes (most common case)
• The values of soil properties c, φ and g are taken from laboratory test results of the respective
soil samples. The soil parameters values from laboratory test are summarized in table 7 above.

4.10.6 Factor of Safety Calculation

Table 8 Recommended factor of safety under different loading conditions
S. No. Minimum factor of safety
Loading Condition
upstream downstream
1 End of construction 1.25 1.25
2 Steady state, reservoir full 1.5 1.5
3 Rapid draw down 1.3 1:1

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4.10.6.1 Discussion on the safety factor results

Slope stability analysis is done under the above-mentioned critical cases and the results as calculated
using the geo-slope 2018 R2 software are summarized in the table below: Since the software
considers several possible slip circles and the parameters are taken from lab results, the result has
considered dependable. Results of the long term, seismic and rapid drawdown loading cases are
presented in the following Figures
i) Results of the steady-state seepage analysis

Figure 9: Results of the steady-state seepage analysis

ii) Results of the Rapid Drawdown seepage analysis

Figure 10: Results of the rapid drawdown seepage analysis

iii) Steady State (Long Term) Loading Condition – Downstream Slope

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Figure 11: Results of D/s Slope Stability Analysis for Steady-state Seepage (long term) Loading Condition

iv) Results of the Rapid Drawdown Loading Condition ‐ Upstream Slope

Figure 12: Results of U/s Slope Stability Analysis for Rapid Drawdown Loading Condition

v) Short Term Loading – During Construction Downstream Slope

Figure 13: Results of D/s Slope Stability Analysis for Short Term Loading (During Construction)

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vi) Short Term Loading – During Construction Upstream Slope

Figure 14: Results of U/s Slope Stability Analysis for Short Term Loading (During Construction)
4.10.6.2 Summary of Results
Table 9 Factor of Safety Analysis Result Summary
Slip Slope Safety factor
S.No. Condition Conclusion
Slope used
Compute Allowable
1. Steady State Seepage D/S 1:2.2 & 1.52
d* 1.50 Safe
1:2.5
2. Sudden drawdown U/S 1:2.5 1.36 1.3 Safe
Upstr
4. Steady State Seepage U/S 1:2.5 2.13 1.5 Safe
eam
5. Short Term Loading – D/S 1:2.2 & 1.51 1.0 Safe
During Construction Down 1:2.5
6 Short Term Loading – U/S
strea 1:2 1.55 1.25 Safe
During Construction
m
* As computed by Morgenstern-Price
Upstr
4.10.6.3 Conclusion eam
Down
Based on the stability analyses results, the stable slopes for the proposed earth fill dam are upstream
strea
slope of 1V:2.5H and downstream slope of 1V:1.2.2H and 1V:1.2.5H.
m
4.11 Diversion During Construction

The Aegen Micro earth dam construction expected to be completed in dry season. Before the start of
rainy season, the height of the dam is expected to be completed. Therefore, provision of diversion
structure is required as the stream is perennial and there is rainy season flow during dam fill work. If
the dam construction takes more time than expected and unexpected rain happens, the flow to be
handled by pass over the fill which will be at the riverbed section after key trench completion. The
right and the left part of the dam fill work will be done primarily then the river bed section will be
done finally. Due to the river is perennial outlet canal is used as diversion during construction and
river course during rainy season.

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5. SPILLWAY DESIGN

5.1 General Design Considerations

Aegen dam being an earth dam, provision of spillway of sufficient capacity is essential for the safety of the
dam. The spillway capacity needs to be sufficient such that it contains the inflow design flood within the
storage space above the full retention level of the reservoir and prevents the dam to be overtopped in the event
of occurrence of design flood. Normally, the releases from the reservoir would be so regulated that the water
level comes close to MDDL at the end of dry season and the excess flow during rainy season gets absorbed in
the live storage. Still, the chances of occurrence of a major flood cannot be ruled out when water level in the
reservoir is close to FSL. Hence, it is required that spillway of adequate capacity be provided such that even
in the event of design flood impinging at such time when reservoir is at full retention level, there should be no
occasion for the resulting flood lift to be so high that the dam gets overtopped.

In addition to the provision of sufficient discharging capacity of the spillway, the hydraulic design of
spillway must be adequate to dissipate the energy associated with water corresponding to the
difference in head pond level of the reservoir and the tail water level downstream of the spillway
structure.

5.2 Selection of Inflow Design Flood (IDF)

Selection of inflow design flood to determine the spillway capacity plays an important role in safety
and economy of dam and spillway structures. It relates to the risk that would arise on failure of dam
due to overtopping. Selection of IDF for Aegen Micro Dam project has been guided by USACE and
ETCOLD. The USACE guidelines for selecting of spillway design flood recommended by classifying
dams by height, volume impounded, and hazard potentials in the downstream areas in the event of
dam failure.For Aegen Micro- dam, which falls under Intermediate dam size and hazard category of
Low and class B project and its designed flood, is estimated by 100 years return period. Therefore,
the design flood for sizing the spillway will be 100 years return period was adopted but the design
will be ensured by the 500 years Return period design flood as it will not cause damage to the
spillway structures or the dam.

A design flood for spillway design of 500 years return period was considered and the estimated flood
of 49m3/s was used for spillway dimension design.

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5.3 Routed Flow over Spillway

Flood routing studies for estimating the flood lift and the routed discharge over the spillway have
been made for different lengths of spillway crest. The objective of the study has been to optimize the
spillway crest length so that a balance is achieved between incremental cost of earth fill dam and the
spillway structure. Table 5.1 presents the results of reservoir flood routing by adopting different
lengths of spillway crest, the spillway crest being set at FRL of El 1608.0m.

Table 10:Aegen Micro- Reservoir Flood Routing Results for Various Special Events
Initial Routing Max.
Dam Flood Max. Inflow Spillway Spillway Elevation
Elevation at Outflow
Height, Event, Discharge, Length, Head (m)
NWL, Discharge,
m Years m3/s m (m)
Masl m3/s
24 500 1628.50 53.7 20 1.02 49 1629.50

Generally, for passing an inflow flood discharge of 53.7 m3/s and an outflow flood discharge of
49m3/s, with spillway crest at FRL, a crest length of 20m would be a proper choice.

5.4 Location

Location of the spillway is mainly governed by the feasibility of finding an economic layout and by
the consideration that it should not interfere with layout or performance of other permanent structures
of the project. Thus, the topography, geology and layout of other structures have been the main
considerations in locating the spillway structure on right bank of the river.

The spillway section starts from the right abutment of the dam. The axis of spillway control structure
is in line with axis of dam. The co-ordinates of point SP1 lying at the intersection of spillway axis and
centerline are Easting 314790.19, Northing 934986.4

5.5 Selected Scheme

Selected scheme of Aegen spillway structure comprise an approach channel leading the water to the
control structure, a control structure and an inclined chute terminating into a stilling basin. Energy
dissipation will be by means of hydraulic jump forming in the stilling basin. After the dissipation of
energy in stilling basin, the flows over spillway structure will be conveyed back to the river through
an outlet channel.

Main components of spillway structure are:

(i) Approach Channel,

(ii) Control Structure,

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(iii) Chute Section,

(iv) Stilling Basin, and
(v) Outlet Channel connecting Stilling basin to River.

5.5.1 Approach Channel

The function of the approach channel is to draw water from the reservoir and convey it to the control
structure. The guiding considerations in selecting the layout and design of approach channel are that
the entrance velocity shall be limited and channel curvatures and transitions are shaped so as to obtain
uniformity of flow over the spillway crest.

The approach velocity and depth below crest level have important influence on the discharge over the
overflow crest. A greater approach depth with the accompanying reduction in approach velocity
results in a larger discharge coefficient. Taking all factors into consideration, the bed of approach
channel is planned at El 1619.17 m.

The selected scheme has two parts. The first part of the approach channel has 90m length of
trapezoidal earth channel. The second part has 10m length of rectangular masonry & concrete lined
channel. The approach channel provides for guide walls perpendicular to the axis of control structure.
So, the total length of the approach channel is 90 m. The width of approach channel is 40.0 m and the
top of the guide walls has been kept at El 1610.16, 0.5m above the MWL.

5.5.2 Control Structure

Guided by the results of flood routing studies, the design parameters of spillway have been selected
corresponding to effective crest length of 40m and corresponding maximum outflow discharge of
189.81 m3/s. Ungated spillway control structure is recommended for releasing surplus water. For
reasons of eradicate negative pressure an Overflow Ogee control structure is chosen.

5.5.3 Chute Section

Chute section of spillway structure starts from the end of ogee profile and extends up to the start of
stilling basin. The layout is selected to effect economy by reducing the quantity of required
excavation. Discharge passes from the spillway control structure to the chute section in a supercritical
state. In order to avoid the formation of a hydraulic jump in between the crest and the stilling basin,
the layout of the chute section needs to be so selected that the flow remains in the supercritical stage
throughout the length of the chute part.

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5.5.4 Stilling Basin

Stilling basin is the terminal structure of spillway. It is planned and designed for dissipation of energy
of flow by means of a hydraulic jump. The flow enters the stilling basin in a supercritical state. It
meets the subcritical flow in stilling basin, resulting in formation of a hydraulic jump. After
dissipation of the energy, the flow exits the stilling basin and joins the exit/outlet channel.

5.5.5 Outlet Channel

Outlet channel conveys the flow coming out of the stilling basin to the Aegen River. As per design
scheme of the project, the stilling basin is located 140m far from the control structure and 60m far
from the river.

5.6 Hydraulic Design of the Spillway

5.6.1 Basic Considerations

Hydraulic analysis of a spillway usually involves four conditions of flow:

a. Sub critical flow in the spillway approach
b. Critical flow as the weir passes over the spillway crest
c. Supercritical flow in the chute below the crest
d. Transitional flow at or near the terminus of the chute where the flow must shift back to sub
critical.

5.6.2 Design of the Control Structure

For reasons of eradicate negative pressure an Overflow Ogee control structure is chosen. The ogee
shape is made to conform to the profile of the lower surface of nappe of a ventilated jet
issuing from a sharp crested weir when the head over the weir is the design head. At design
head the water flowing over the crest remains in contact with the surface of the spillway. The
pressure at the spillway surface will be atmospheric for the design head.

Design Parameters
• From the hydrology report, the design flood Qd is 53.7 m3/s
• From water balance calculations to impound the required storage the normal pool level
(NPL) shall be at 1628.50 masl.
• Dam crest level is at 1631.0m after adding sufficient freeboard for all relevant
considerations.

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Design of approach channel

Q = CLeHe 3/2
Assuming the coefficient of discharge as 2.2 before correction and as 2.1 after correction and taking weir
crest width as 20 m and assuming He = H
49 = 2.1x20xH 3/2
H= [49/ (20*2.2)] ^2/3
H = 1.04 m
U/S water level = Crest level +H
= 1628.50+1.0
Weir height ≤ 0.5H = 0.502m
Corrected He=1.66
Approach channel depth = 0.502+1.66
= 2.15 m, thus total flow depth 3.15m
Assuming a trapezoidal section of approach channel with 1.5 side slop, bottom width of 20 m and
flow depth 3.15m
Area of channel = y*(b+ m*y) = 3*15*(20+1.5*3.15) m2 = 74.70m2
Thus, the velocity of approach Va = Q/A = 0.66 m/sec and velocity head Ha will be 0.18 m Wetted
perimeter of the channel = m2 = 20+2*3.15*(1+1.5^2) ^0.5 = 30.98m
The hydraulic radius R =A/P = 2.41
Assuming the length of the approach channel to be 20 m the head loss up to the spillway crest using
Manning’s formula:

hf = n2V2L/R4/3 = 0.01 m

U/S TEL = U/S water level+ Velocity head – hf

=1628.5+1.34-0.01 = 1629.83masl
Hence head over the crest including velocity of approach (total head) = 1.34 m and the design head
Hd is 1.09m.

Approach channel length

From Khosla's theory, the exit gradient can be expressed by the relation as:
Exit gradient = (1/π) x √ʎ x (H /d)
Depth of d/s cut-off, d = 1.0m (assumed)

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From Khosla curve for (1/π) x √ʎ, α =7.5

Approach Channel Length = α x d = 7.5*1.0m = 7.5m; Adopt 10m lined channel the remain upstream section
is designed with riprap as illustrated on drawing.

Shape of the Ogee Profile

The profile of the ogee weir consists of two quadrants, the upstream and downstream quadrant. For most
conditions the shape of the ogee weir can be summarized according to the form shown in Fig. 9-21 (USBR -
Design of Small Dams, 1987), where the profile is defined as it relates to axes at the apex of the crest. That
portion upstream from the origin is defined as either a single curve or a tangent or as a compound circular
curve. The portion downstream is defined by the equation:
n
y  x 
= −k   
Ho  Ho 
Where:
X and Y are coordinates of the crest profile
Ho = Design head
k and n are constants whose values depend on the upstream inclination and on the velocity of approach.
Position of D/S apron:
In order for the apron position not to affect the coefficient of discharge the following condition must be
satisfied;
ha + d/He ≥ 1.7 or
ha +d ≥ 1.7He = 3.122 m
Therefore, the maximum apron elevation = TEL – 3.122 = 1626.71masl; however, this level is much higher
than the river bed level to which the spilled water must finally join. Hence a discharge channel is needed to
convey the flow safely to the river.

Profile of Downstream Quadrant

The results obtained from calculating the shape of the downstream quadrant of the ogee profile are presented
in Table 5-2.
Table 11: Shape of Downstream Quadrant of Ogee Profile

x 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.10
y 0.00 -0.02 -0.09 -0.19 -0.32 -0.49 -0.69 -0.91 -1.17 -1.29
Elevation 1608.00 1607.98 1607.91 1607.81 1607.68 1607.51 1607.31 1607.09 1606.83 1606.71

Profile of Upstream Quadrant

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As per USBR, the upstream quadrant of the crest should conform to the quadrant of ellipse defined as
the following graphs:

xu/s 0.282*Hd -0.4359m

yu/s 0.124*Hd -0.19168m

Therefore, U/S profile is designed b/n x = 0 and x = -0.436m

Table 12: Shape of Upstream Quadrant of Ogee Profile

x 0.000 -0.05 -0.10 -0.15 -0.20 -0.25 -0.30 -0.35 -0.40 -0.45 -0.47
y 0.0000 -0.0015 -0.0060 -0.0137 -0.0244 -0.0385 -0.0562 -0.0817 -0.1199 -0.18 -0.21
Elevation 1608.000 1607.999 1607.994 1607.986 1607.976 1607.962 1607.944 1607.918 1607.880 1607.822 1607.791

5.6.3 Design of chute or the discharge carrier

For the above reason a paved channel of 140.00 m is provided with a bed slope 1/5 from 0-140m that
can keep the flow in supercritical condition until the velocity is low enough to be carried by an
earthen channel. (For details, please see the water surface profile computation table below).

Table 13: Water surface profile computations

Bed Bed flow Velocity,
Chainage V2/2g H=Z+d+V2/2g Area(A) P R SUM h Fr.no water.s TBL
level Slope depth v=q/d

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 16 17 19 20

0 1626.50 0.0007 0.85 2.9 0.42 1627.77 17.0 21.7 0.8 1627.8 1.0 1627.3 1628.2
5 1628.50 0.90 2.7 0.38 1629.78 18.0 21.8 0.8 1629.8 0.9 1629.4 1630.3

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10 1628.50 0.88 2.8 0.40 1629.77 17.6 21.8 0.8 1629.8 0.9 1629.4 1630.2
15 1628.49 0.86 2.8 0.41 1629.77 17.2 21.7 0.8 1629.8 1.0 1629.4 1630.2
20 1628.49 0.84 2.9 0.43 1629.76 16.8 21.7 0.8 1629.8 1.0 1629.3 1630.2
25 1628.49 0.82 3.0 0.45 1629.76 16.4 21.6 0.8 1630.8 1.1 1629.3 1630.2
30 1628.48 0.80 3.1 0.48 1629.76 16.0 21.6 0.7 1629.8 1.1 1629.3 1630.1
35 1628.48 0.78 3.1 0.50 1629.76 15.6 21.6 0.7 1629.8 1.1 1629.3 1630.1
40 1628.48 0.76 3.2 0.53 1629.77 15.2 21.5 0.7 1629.8 1.2 1629.2 1630.1
45 1626.81 0.33 0.74 3.3 0.56 1628.11 14.8 21.5 0.7 1628.1 1.2 1627.6 1628.4
50 1625.14 0.70 3.5 0.63 1626.47 13.9 21.4 0.6 1626.5 1.4 1625.8 1626.7
55 1623.48 0.66 3.7 0.71 1624.85 13.1 21.3 0.6 1624.9 1.5 1624.1 1625.0
60 1621.81 0.62 4.0 0.81 1623.24 12.3 21.2 0.6 1624.3 1.6 1622.4 1623.3
65 1620.15 0.58 4.3 0.93 1621.65 11.5 21.2 0.5 1623.7 1.8 1620.7 1621.6
70 1618.48 0.54 4.6 1.07 1620.08 10.7 21.1 0.5 1623.1 2.0 1619.0 1619.9
75 1616.81 0.50 4.9 1.25 1618.56 9.9 21.0 0.5 1622.6 2.2 1617.3 1618.2
80 1615.15 0.46 5.4 1.48 1617.08 9.1 20.9 0.4 1622.1 2.5 1615.6 1616.5
85 1613.48 0.42 5.9 1.78 1615.67 8.3 20.8 0.4 1621.8 2.9 1613.9 1614.8
90 1611.82 0.38 6.5 2.18 1614.37 7.5 20.8 0.4 1621.5 3.4 1612.2 1613.1
95 1610.15 0.34 7.3 2.73 1613.21 6.7 20.7 0.3 1621.4 4.0 1610.5 1611.4
100 1608.48 0.33 7.4 2.81 1611.62 6.6 20.7 0.3 1620.8 4.1 1608.8 1609.8
105 1607.58 0.20 0.32 7.7 2.99 1610.88 6.4 20.6 0.3 1621.1 4.3 1607.9 1608.9
110 1606.67 0.31 8.0 3.23 1610.20 6.2 20.6 0.3 1621.5 4.6 1607.0 1607.9
115 1605.76 0.30 8.2 3.45 1609.50 6.0 20.6 0.3 1621.8 4.8 1606.1 1607.0
120 1604.85 0.30 8.2 3.40 1608.55 6.0 20.6 0.3 1621.8 4.8 1605.1 1606.1
125 1603.94 0.29 8.5 3.69 1607.92 5.8 20.6 0.3 1622.2 5.1 1604.2 1605.2
130 1603.03 0.28 8.9 4.02 1607.32 5.5 20.6 0.3 1622.7 5.4 1603.3 1604.3
135 1602.12 0.26 9.3 4.39 1606.78 5.3 20.5 0.3 1623.2 5.8 1602.4 1603.4
140 1601.21 0.25 9.7 4.82 1606.28 5.0 20.5 0.2 1623.8 6.2 1601.5 1602.5
145 1600.96 0.05 0.52 4.7 1.13 1602.62 10.4 21.0 0.5 1620.9 2.1 1601.5 1602.4
150 1600.71 0.51 4.8 1.18 1602.40 10.2 21.0 0.5 1621.5 2.1 1601.2 1602.1
155 1600.46 0.50 4.9 1.23 1602.19 10.0 21.0 0.5 1622.2 2.2 1601.0 1601.9
160 1600.22 0.48 5.1 1.31 1602.01 9.7 21.0 0.5 1623.1 2.3 1600.7 1601.6
165 1598.55 0.20 0.47 5.2 1.37 1600.39 9.4 20.9 0.5 1622.5 2.4 1599.0 1599.9
170 1596.88 0.44 5.6 1.58 1598.91 8.8 20.9 0.4 1622.0 2.7 1597.3 1598.2
175 1595.22 0.43 5.7 1.67 1597.32 8.6 20.9 0.4 1621.4 2.8 1595.6 1596.6
180 1593.55 0.42 5.9 1.77 1595.74 8.3 20.8 0.4 1620.8 2.9 1594.0 1594.9
185 1591.89 0.40 6.1 1.87 1594.16 8.1 20.8 0.4 1620.3 3.0 1592.3 1593.2

5.6.4 Critical slope of the chute

The design parameters for calculating the critical slope of the chute by Manning formula are:

Cross-section type: Rectangular

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Design discharge: Q = 48.9 m3/s

Bottom width: B = 20.0 m

Manning’s value n for concrete; n = 0.019 (Concrete)

The critical water depth with in the chute can be calculated by the next formula;
q = Q/L = 2.45m3/s/m

Yc=(q2/g)1/3= (2.452/9.81)1/3= 0.26m

The critical velocity will be,

Vc = q/yc = 9.46 m/s

The critical section area in the chute is,

A = b x yc = 5.2 m2
The critical wetted perimeter of the chute,
P = B + 2 yc = 20.46 m
The critical hydraulic radius;
Rc = A/P = 0.25 m
Finally, the desired critical slope is calculated using Manning’s formula.
Sc = Vc2 * n2 = 9.462 x 0.0192 = 0.020 = 20%
Rc4/3 (0.25)4/3

The slope of the chute should be steeper than 2 % in order to attain supercritical flow in the chute.
From the water surface computations, we can see that at chainage 0 +185.0 m the velocity of flow is
9.46 m/sec and the Froude number is 2.73 which is below 4.5. This shows that there is no much
energy left that requires a special energy dissipating structure. However, a stilling basin is
recommended for length of 8 m concrete lined channel.

5.6.5 Design of Energy Dissipaters

When the water is coming from the steeper slope of the chute before reaching the earth channel which
leads it to the natural river a stilling basin is provide for a length 6*d 2 = 14 (take 15.0 m). Since the
Froude number of the pre-jump is less than 4.5, a true hydraulic jump does not fully develop. Stilling
basins that accommodate these flows are the least effective in providing satisfactory dissipation.
Hence, a concrete lined floor for a length of 6*d2 is provided.

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The post jump depth (Y2) can be found:

Y2=
Y1
2
 1+ 8 F - 1=0.68/2[√1+8*2.73 -1]
2
1
2

Y2(d2= 2.29 m

5.6.6 Design of the Exit Channel

After the energy is dissipates through the stilling basin the water flows into an exit channel. The
design of the exit channel is carried out below.

A trapezoidal type of section of 1:1 side slope is selected in cut, for this type of channel the cross
section area is given by:
A = bd + md2
= 20*0.5+1*0.6^2

The wetted perimeter

P = B + 2d 1 + m2 =20+2*0.5*(√1+12)

Hydraulic radius R = A/P

Then, Q = 1 A R2/3 S ½
n

Assuming a channel bed slope of S0 = 0.024 and n = 0.020 for Rocky channel,

Exit Channel Design Parameters

Routed discharge, Qrouted 49.00 m3/s
Longitudinal slope, S 0.06
Roughness, n 0.025
Side slope, m 1.25
Channel Bed width, B 20.00 m
Channel flow depth, D 0.44 m

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Wetted perimeter, P 21.41 m

Wetted area, A 9.04 m
Hydraulic radius, R 0.42
Flow velocity, V 5.46 m/s
Design discharge 49.38 m3/s

Solving the above equation by trial and error gives a flow depth d = 0.6m, as a result the velocity of
the flow through the channel can be found from the discharge Q = 49 m3/s and cross section area A =
9.04 m2
Then, the velocity becomes,
V = Q = 5.46 m/s
A

The velocity of the channel is indeed higher for earth channel. Hence, it is recommended to add a
hand placed stone riprap. The stone riprap should be both in the floor and side bank underlain by 15.0
cm sand gravel.

Free board of the channel,

FB = 0.61 + 0.04 Vm.dm1/3
= 0.61 + 0.04 (3.18) (1.5)1/3
= 0.75 m, for 1.5m depth of channel 0.75m free board is large value hence we consider
0.5m free board.
Then, the minimum total depth of the channel is = 1.5+ 0.3 = 1.80m.

5.7 River/Stream Training Work

Because of average width of Aegen stream channel is small and to protect the command area from the
flood-related problems during spilling of the flood; the stream should be trained by enlarging the
channel width. When analyzing the flood discharge by the tail water rating curve (see the table and
figure below) the river channel requires expanding the channel width. Average Slope of the stream is
2.48%.

The intended river channel section has been designed using standard Manning’s formula and proposed
as unlined, open trapezoidal section with side slope of 1H : 1V. In order to maintain the flood flow
from the d/s toe of the dam to the end of the command area, it is desirable to keep the waterway
opening at least 40m at the bottom and 43.0m at the top of the channel. Flow depth of the channel is
estimated 1.50m and 0.30m additional depth (free board) is provided to prevent overtopping of the
banks due to waves in the water surface.

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6. OUTLET DESIGN (Intake Tower)

6.1 Introduction
In the left side of the dam, a 66.0m long outlet pipe has been adopted to command the left side. Steel
conduits of diameter 0.6, 6.0 m long each, provided to carry the discharge from the inlet box (intake
tower) to downstream. The proposed outlet pipes are planned for the maximum discharge of 550
lit/sec. The outlets u/s inlet level is placed above new zero level leaving a provision for 50 years
sedimentation.

6.2 Location

The out let is located on the left side of the river at a distance of 96.0m along the dam axis, from the
left abutment.

The out let pipe bed level elevation at the intersection point of the pipe axis with the dam axis is fixed
to be 1610 m amsl.

The dead storage level is fixed by keeping a 50-year useful life without dragging operation. The gate
is located at the downstream end to ease of operation.

6.3 Components of the outlet

The major components of the outlet work are; an inlet box (intake) submerged in the upstream
reservoir with trash rack over it and on the side wall as well, steel conduits of diameter 0.7 m, 6.0 m
long each, provided to carry the discharge from the inlet box to downstream, at the end of which two
butterfly valves are provided. A plunge basin is also provided at the downstream end to dissipate the
excess energy so that the main canal is safe from erosion. The basin will have two outlets where the
one is for the main canal while the remaining one is for downstream release during rainy season.

6.4 Hydraulic Design of Irrigation Outlet Pipe

Since the gate is provided at the dawn stream end of the pipes, the portion up stream of the gate is
considered to be flow regime under pressure. The outlet is designed to carry 0.55 m3/sec.

6.4.1 Head losses in the outlet work

The head losses considered for the design of the outlet were trash rock losses (ht), entrance losses (he),
gate or value losses (hg) friction losses (hf) and exit losses (hv). Other losses were assumed to be not
relevant to this scale of outlet.

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The head ‘hL’ as measured from the reservoir surface (NPL, 1628.50 masl) to the effective position of
the hydraulic grade line at the outlet is given by;
hL= ht + he+ hg + hv +hf + V2/2g ............. (1)

Since the outlet pipe diameter is constant (i.e.0.60 m) throughout its lengths and assuming the get to
be operated fully opened the cross-sectional area of the pipe is constant. Hence the velocity is
assumed to be constant throughout the pipe length.

For a maximum discharge Q max =0.55 m3/sec. And pipe diameter D=0.60m. the cross-sectional area
will be,
A= πD2/4 ............. (2)
= π (0.6)2
4
= 0.283 m2
V= Q ............. (3)
A
= 1.95m/sec.

The pipe length from inlet to outlet is 140.0 m. Since each pipe length is 6 m, and a total of 24 pipes
can be taken. Each loss was computed as under.

6.4.2 Loss Computations

Friction Loss

The head loss due to friction along the conduit was computed by the Darcy-Weisbach formula
(According to USBR Small Dam, for flow in large pipes, the Darcy-Weisbach formula is most often
used to determine the energy losses from frictional resistances of the conduit) which is given by
hf = (f *L)/D (V2/2g) ............ (4)

The value of the friction factor f is determined by its relation with manning “n” by

By simplifying the above equation, the friction factor f is given by:

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f= 185n2/D1/3................. (5) Where D is in feet

The maximum and minimum value of n for a steel pipe with welded joints is 0.012 and 0.008. The
average value i.e. 0.01 is taken for design purpose.
f av = 185* (0.01)2 / (1.97)1/3 = 0.015 For the assumed pipe diameter of 0.60 m;
(i.e. 2.3ft...)
Similarly
f min = 0.009
f max = 0.021

Substituting the values of f, V, L and D in equation 4 the friction loss will be

hf = f (66/0.6) (1.95)2/2*g
Similarly, hfmin= 0.29 m, hfav = 0.46 and hf max = 0.66 m

Trash Rack Loss

The trash rack loss is given by
ht = k t (V2)................... (6)
2g

In which the average trash rock loss coefficient is given by

2
an  an 
K t av = 1.45 - 0.45 -   .................. (7)
ag  ag 

where, a g = The gross area of the rack and supports

= 1.5*5.0 =7.5m2
an = the net area through the rack bars 6.750

Ktmax=1.45-0.45*(4.05/7.5) -(4.05/7.5)2 = 0.915

V2 
_ ht = 0.915  
 2g 

htmax=0.915*0.19 = 0.177m

The minimum trash rack loss coefficient is taken as zero and the maximum loss value is considered

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where 50 % of the trash rack area is clogged

i.e. a n = 6.75 & a g =7.5, substituting these values in equation (7)

k t avg = 0.608
Using equation (6)

2
v
havg = k t avg x * .......... ........(8 )
2g = 0.117 m.

hmin=0.045m
Entrance Loss

Entrance loss is give by:

2
v ......................... (9) and
he = k e
2g
1 ............................ (10)
ke = ( 2
-1 )
c

In which C is coefficient of discharge, and it was assumed to be equivalent to slightly rounded

entrance. Hence the minimum, average and maximum value of C are taken to be 0.79, 0.90 and 0.92
respectively.
Substituting in equation (10)

1 = 0.266
k emax = ( 2
- 1)
0.79

Similarly; average k e= 0.111 and the minimum k e = 0.087

Using equation (9) minimum, average & maximum values of he will be 0.017, 0.021 and 0.051,
respectively.
Valve losses
Since the valve is mounted at the downstream end of the conduit valve loss is considered in the
design. The valve losses are given by;

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2
v
h g = Kg ( )
2g ...........................................(11)

The minimum, average and maximum valves loss coefficient kg for a butterfly valve were assumed to
be 0.10, 0.15 and 0.2 respectively hence, from equation (9)
h g min = 0.019 m.
hg avg = 0.029 m
hg max = 0.039 m.

Bend loss
Bend losses are given by hb = Kb (V2) ............................... (12)
2g
The value of the loss coefficient, Kb, for 900 bends is taken as 0.9. Therefore, hb = 0.9*v2/2g = 0.174 m
Exit loss
Exit losses are given by he = Kv (V2) ............................... (13)
2g
Since the release form pressure conduit freely discharges, the velocity head loss coefficient k v is taken as 1.0
Therefore, hg = v2/2g = 0.193 m
Table 14: Summery computation of loss coefficients and head losses

Loss Considerations
S. No. Loss type & Coefficient head
symbol head loss Coefficient head Coefficient
Minimum loss
(m) average loss (m) maximum
(m)
1 Friction, hf 0.009 0.29 0.015 0.46 0.021 0.66
2 Trash rack, ht 0.235 0.045 0.608 0.117 0.915 0.177
3 Entrance loss, he 0.087 0.017 0.111 0.021 0.266 0.051
4 Value loss, hv 0.10 0.019 0.15 0.029 0.2 0.039
5 Bend loss, hb 0.9 0.174 0.9 0.174 0.9 0.174
6 Exit loss, hex 1.0 0.193 1.0 0.193 1.0 0.193
Total loss hL 0.74 0.99 1.29

According to the results of the above summary table

Heff = H - h

Where H, is the total head i.e. the difference in head between the upstream normal water level (NPL=

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1608.0) and the downstream centre line of the pipe is (1591) is 17.0 m.

Therefore, the net available head to cause flow in the three conditions will be

Maximum Heff = 17 – 0.74= 16.26 m.

Average Heff = 17– 0.99 = 16.01 m.

Minimum Heff = 17 – 1.29 = 15.71 m.

The discharge through the out let is calculated by

Q = A 2g.H eff
..................................... (13)

Substituting the maximum and minimum net effective head in equation (13) give the average,
maximum and minimum discharges as follows;

Qav = A 2gHeff

Q av = 5.01 m3/Sec., Qmax = 5.05 m3/sec and Q min = 4.96m3/sec > 0.55 m 3/sec; this is ok for reservoir
full condition, since the minimum discharging capacity of the outlet (Qmin) is much greater than the
discharge required during the peak demand, it is ok.

For low reservoir levels, the minimum net head required to get the design discharge of 0.55 m3/sec is
computed as follows:

H min = (Qd/A) 2/2g

= 0.19 m

This is too small from the max head loss. This shows that there will be short of head to get the 0.55
m3/sec discharge at very low reservoir level if we fix maximum main canal beginning bed level at
elevation 1609.95m amsl. In other words, there must be a minimum of 0.22 m and a maximum of
0.41 m head above the outlet level to get the maximum discharge. This situation will be a problem if

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the lowest reservoir level and the maximum irrigation demand occur simultaneously. But the
proposed maximum main canal beginning bed level is 1609.80m amsl this is lower than the
calculated maximum main canal bed level hence the design head is safe and there will not be
expected head problem.

6.4.3 Conduit /Pipe

6.4.3.1 Leakage prevention

It has been empirically proven that the dam body compaction around circular pipe has always been
less than the required density & as a result leakage is likely to happen. One of the techniques to be
applied is the use of Filter material along Pipe which easily pass the seepage.

6.5 Terminal structures

Plunge basins type terminal structure were chosen to dissipate energy as flow issue from a
downstream control value and the jet discharges in to the air and plunges down wards in to a pool
of water.

According to USBR recommendation the total basin depth was made about one-fifth (1/5) of the
difference in elevation between maximum reservoir water surface and maximum tail water levels.

That is d = (1629.5– 1597)/5

=6.50 m

But this value seems uneconomical for such a maximum discharge of 5.05 m3/sec; therefore,
about 50% of it is adapted, i.e., 1.85 m. The basin length will be 5 times of the actual basin depth,
i.e., 10m. Therefore, the bottom width of the plunge basin can be made 2D i.e., 1.2 m.

6.6 Intake Tower

6.6.1 General

The Intake tower is designed as a rectangular hollow section stem uniform size throughout the
height, made out of reinforced concrete structure. The typical tower height taken is 20.1m high
and the stem cross section is 3.90mx2.6m m. Figure 1.1 below shows the plan and vertical section
of the intake tower. The tower has 2 gates at the bottom of stem to control water supply for
irrigation. In case the reservoir is full, or in case of flood and the stem is empty, for the case of
maintenance period for example, the uplift of water on the stem is at the maximum value. To
introduce a factor of safety drilled anchor rods are used to attach the structure to the foundation to

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balance the uplift force together with the self-weight of the stem and to control the possibility of
overturning of the stem in case of an earthquake event. The external tower wall facing the
pedestrian bridge side supports the bridge girder. The access bridge is aligned to parallel to the
dam axis in order that access is possible from right or left side of the dam from the site
topographic convenience point view and to avoid the complication between the interaction of the
bridge support foundations with the dam body and irrigation outlet instead of access is made
across dam axis or along the alignment of the irrigation outlet for accessing the bridge right from
the dam crest.

6.6.2 Structural Analysis for a Free-Standing Intake Tower

Design of intake tower is based on linear elastic response spectra modal techniques. The tower
has a 0.3m thick concrete slab at the top and a heavy 1.0 m thick slab at its base. The unit weight
of concrete considered is equal 24 KN/m.

6.6.2.1 Design Earthquake

The tower is located in seismic zone. The peak ground accelerations for the MDE (Maximum
Design Earthquake) are 0.1g. Dynamic forces were calculated using SAP-2000 software.

Figure 15: Intake tower and Access Bridge Plan and Longitudinal Section

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Design provisions outlined here are applicable to structures with capacities well below the
balanced point of the axial-force bending-moment interaction curve (Figure 3). Since the vertical
load in towers is generally the result of self-weight, which is not very large, most intake towers
will have capacities well below the balanced point.

Figure 16. Axial force and bending moment interaction diagram

The basic seismic design of the reinforced concrete intake towers should follow the following steps:

(1) Select desirable material properties (usually known or assumed).

(2) Select overall geometry of the tower cross sections (usually known before the design).
(3) Determine demands Mu, Pu, and Vu (from the analysis) and apply appropriate load factors.
(4) Determine the approximate amount of reinforcement steel.
(5) Perform shear design with φ = 0.85 to obtain Vn.
(6) Perform bending design including vertical load to obtain Mn.

(7) Check ultimate-state failure modes and redo shear design if necessary:

Tower will fail in bending. Since the bending is a ductile failure mode, the design is OK if the
ductility requirement is met and the shear strength is not exceeded.

Tower will fail in shear. Since the shear is a brittle failure, the failure under shear should be
avoided. This is done by increasing shear strength of the tower by redoing shear design with φ =
0.60.

(8) Perform sliding shear failure check.

(9) Check anchorage for the moment reinforcing bars at the base.
(10) Design reinforcing bar splices.

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(11) Perform comprehensive spalling check.

(12) Perform minimum tensile reinforcement requirements check.
(13) Sketch final reinforcement arrangement and detailing.
(14) Repeat the design for other cross sections.

2. Material Properties

The materials used for the design are summarized here in below

Table 15. Material Properties for Design

Assumed material properties

Parameters Metric Unit

Re-Bar Material Properties

Modulus of Elasticity (Es) 200,000Mpa

Nominal Yield Strength (fy) 400 Mpas.

Strain Hardening 0.8%

Steel ultimate Strength 460Mpa

Ultimate Strain 5.00%

Concrete Material Properties

Modulus of Elasticity (Ec) 21,525 MPa

Shear Modulus (G) 8,987Mpa

Poisson’s Ratio (v) 0.2

Compressive Strength (fc’) 24 Mpa.

Modulus of Rupture (Fr) 2.82

Concrete ultimate Strain (ec) 0.3%

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3. Section Properties

In order to perform a design, the overall dimensions of the structure should be known. In most
cases geometry of the tower is known prior to the design process. Figure-4 shows dimensions of
the bottom section of the tower, where the largest bending moment, shear, and axial forces occur.
The critical section can also be determined on the basis of the demand-capacity ratios, if
approximate capacities of the sections are known

Figure 17: Tower Cross Section

4. Determination of Nominal Loading Capacity

The computed moment and force demands after application of load factors should be less than or
equal to the factored uni-axial nominal capacities:

and , Pu < 0.1Ag. fc’

Where Ag is the gross sectional area and fc’ is the concrete compression strength, the bending

moment strength reduction factor of applies. Otherwise a should be

employed if the tower is expected to fail in bending, the shear force strength reduction factor shall
be taken as 0.85 while for the failure in shear, the shear force strength reduction factor shall be

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taken as 0.60.

From the national earth quake zoning provided by Ethiopian building code of standard the
maximum anticipated earth quake Coefficient is 0.1 for recurrence interval of 100 years.
Accordingly, the design is done based on the design procedure outlined by USACE guideline
referred as operating Basis Earthquake (OBE) design for peak ground acceleration of 0.1 and for
Maximum Design earth quake (MDE) for recurrence interval of 1000 years peak ground
acceleration coefficient, which is projected to be equal to 0.2.

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7. DAM INSTRUMENTATION
7.1 Dam Control Instrumentation

For the systematic control of the performance of the dam, both during construction and operation, the
following instrumentation has been investigated and measurements of the types stated below will be
taken as outlined in detail in the operation and maintenance manual.

7.2 Measurement of Vertical and Horizontal Displacements

Monuments will be used for the measurement of vertical and horizontal displacements. Theses
monuments will be located at selected points on the dam crest.

The vertical and horizontal displacements of the dam shall be periodically controlled by the help of
surveying instruments which have preferably high degree of accuracy.

The vertical and horizontal spacing of the monuments will be according to the following coordinates
(see Layout Map). Permanent bench marks located outside the influence of the dam and reservoir will
serve as the main reference points from which all surveying works for the control of vertical and
horizontal displacements commence.

7.3 Measurements of Pore Water Pressure

For the measurements of pore water pressure open stand pipe piezometers are recommended due to
economical and practical aspects. The location of the pipes should be in such points where pore water
pressure is assumed to be critical. The arrangements of the piezometers are shown in Layout Map.

7.4 Measurements of Rainfall

Non recording rain gauge has to be installed at the Dam site for the measurements of daily rainfall. In
order to obtain continuous data, it is advisable to install self –recording rain gauge.

7.5 Measurement of Reservoir Water Level

The Reservoir Water Levels will be measured by means of staff gauges installed on the walls of the
intake tower and on the banks of the reservoir where observation and maintenance could be useful in
observing the flood magnitude.

7.6 Measurement of Reservoir Sedimentation

Reservoir sedimentation can be measured using sounding line capable of measuring the depth of water
in the reservoir, so as to be able to obtain the elevation reached by the sediment deposition. Sampling of
the water turbidity in the reservoir shall be carried out by conventional hydrometric methods.

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7.7 Water Demand and Regulation

The quantity of water to be released into the irrigations water supply system can be measured by
installing water meters (V-notch weirs). Downstream release could also be measured by the same
device. For future information conventional reservoir operation planning is included in the operation
and maintenance manual.

7.8 Surveillance of the Dam

In the regular operation of reservoir constant surveillance of the dam must be carried out using
appropriate personnel, necessary equipment and facilities. The Surveillance of the dam shall be ensured
by a responsible technician who will be in charge of the supervision crew. The crew consist of crew
leader (qualified technician), assistant technicians, skilled laborers, guard officer and assistants.

The technician, the guard officer, and their assistants, if any shall reside in the immediate vicinity of the
dam, in a well-furnished living quarter and nearby office rooms. The office should have telephone and
radio communication facility or either of them to be in close contact with local and regional office
which would be responsible for operation and maintenance works of the dam.

The regional/zonal office shall appoint an engineer or an assistant engineer in charge of the operation,
inspection and maintenance of the dam. He will probably reside in the zonal capital, but shall make
regular inspection of the dam according to defined scheduled of inspection and when the need each
period.

The inspection by the engineer or assistant engineer shall be at least four times a year during the regular
operation of the reservoir. Inspection should be scheduled during period of high and low water to
observe conditions peculiar to each period.

Special inspection should be scheduled when there is reason to believe that significant damage has
occurred or may develop, such as after any unusual occurrence, like earth quakes, sustained periods of
heavy rains, heavy flood events etc.

During the initial filling of the reservoir inspection shall be conducted daily or in day time so that
utmost information could be acquired.

Roads and pathways which are in good condition shall be ensured between the living quarter office
rooms and different parts of the dam, such as intake tower, crest of the dam, downstream berms,
spillway, outlet part of conduit.

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8. Conclusion and Recommendation

The dam design was carried out by considering all available secondary data sources of regional
and nearby similar project study results of geological and geotechnical investigation. Site
specific actual data collection at the dam axis, spillway and the reservoir area are currently
underway as per agreed service level of agreement. The geological features derived in this study
phase are basically based on regional map observations, available geophysical survey previously
conducted along selected investigation routes for nearby projects and other similar studies. No
laboratories test results with regards to top foundation condition and construction materials were
included. Based on the existing and inferred data an attempt was made to extract as much as
possible information required for the design purposes.
For a successful and full-fledged design, detailed knowledge of geology and geotechnical
investigation is highly essential. The foundation material below the dam body shall be evaluated
based on site level investigation result and local geology. Even after test pit investigation to a
depth of 3m-4m, deviation may occur during construction because of natural variability of
subsurface conditions. Therefore, an adjustment or treatment of the foundation may be required
depending on the final observed nature of the geologic formation. Among such treatment works,
increasing the cutoff trench depth and adjusting the thickness of drainage and filter or applying
grouting work could be implemented pertinent to the result of actual subsurface investigation
output.

In relation to hydrologic and meteorological data utilized for this particular study and design
purpose, those global datasets shall be verified by site specific information. Even though current
land use and cover global data and long duration (30 years) precipitation datasets have been
utilized, undertaking site condition analysis maximizes the accuracy for estimates made on flood
and flows together with sediment load. Hence documents to be submitted in the near future will
incorporate such site-specific study and data analysis results.

From conducted seepage analysis through dam body and subsurface formation, the estimated
loss due to seepage was found to be 3.36 m3/day or (0.04l/s) per meter length of the dam. This
may change depending on utilized borrow area material property variability. Therefore, it is

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essential to check the assumed soil property in the design is compatible to the existing condition
during construction.

Generally, the following recommendations have been drawn:

• For better performance and sustainable service of the project, regular inspection and
maintenance is highly required.
• Farmers training on how to operate and maintain the project as a whole and utilization of
available land water resources has a paramount importance.
• The irrigation hours per day and per week should be flexible based on the demand
• Detail supervision, follow up and decision making on compatibility of actually observed
and utilized design parameters is so critical and basic necessity during the construction.
• The Dam has been evaluated against all the causes of failure and found safe specially,
Piping, Overtopping, Settlement / liquification and Stability against different loading
conditions
• Sedimentation is the main cause for shortening the service life of this project. As a result,
a due attention shall be given for soil and water conservation practice in the catchment
area.
• The design is compatible if and only if the dam is constructed with the same quarry site
and material property unless the design should be revised when the material property is
changed.

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REFERENCES
• Cedergren, H. R., (1977). Seepage, Drainage and Flow Nets, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York.
• FEMA, (2011), Filters for Embankment Dams, Best Practices for Design and
Construction, U.S Department of Homeland Security, USA.
• Geo-slope International, Ltd., Canada (2009). Dynamic Modelling with QUAKE/W,
QUAKE/W Engineering Workbook.
• Jibson, R.W. (2011). Methods for assessing the stability of slopes during earthquakes—
A retrospective: Engineering Geology, v. 122, p. 43-50.
• Novak, P., Moffat, A.I.B., Nalluri, C., and Narayanan, R., 2007. Hydraulic Structures, 4th
ed., Taylor & Francis, London
• U.S Army Corps of Engineer manual EM-1110-2-6053
• USBR (2014). Design Standards No. 13 Embankment Dams, Chapter 7: Riprap Slope
Protection Phase 4 (Final)
• USBR (1987). Design of Small dams, A water Resources Technical publication, 3rd
edition’

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9. BILL OF QUANTITY
Table 16: Bill of Quantity

FINNA AEGEN PROJECT SUMMARY OF COST ESTIMATION

Revised Amount
Bill. No. Description
(ETH Birr)

Bill No. 1 General Provision 5,110,000.00

Bill No. 2 Camp Work 1,415,993.68

Bill No. 3 Earth Fill Dam Body Work 137,809,552.83

Bill No. 4 Dam Instrumentation 1,577,087.16
Bill No. 5 Spillway Construction Work 40,045,074.07

Bill No. 6 Irrigation Inlet Outlet Work 21,440,099.78

Bill No. 7 Gravel access road 2,230,517.68

Total Amount of Bill of Quantities (Bill 1 to Bill 7) 209,628,325.20

VAT (15%) 31,444,248.78

GRAND TOTAL 241,072,573.98

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Oromia Irrigation & Pastoralist Development Bureau (OIPDB) Finna Aegen Engineering Design Report
Item Ethiopian Birr
Item Description Unit Qty
No. Rate Amount

BILL PART 1- GENERAL PROVISION

1 General Provisions

Mobilization and Demobilization of Contractor's Equipment

1.1 and Manpower including transport to Site, erection, LS 1 1,500,000.00 1,500,000.00
maintenance and removal from Site on completion

Provisions of contractor Camp facilities including residential

1.2 room, office, Stores, Café, & kitchen, Toilet, shower, Guard LS 1 2,700,000.00 2,700,000.00
House and other services

Preparation and submission of As-Built Drawings (Electronic

1.3 LS 1 50,000.00 50,000.00
and Hard Copies)
Preparation and submission of Operation and Maintenance
1.4 LS 1 50,000.00 50,000.00
Manuals

1.5 Temporary access and haul roads. LS 1 500,000.00 500,000.00

1.6 Survey and setting out LS 1 10,000.00 10,000.00

Provide and erect sign boards each at junction on the main

1.7 No. 3 20,000.00 60,000.00
road as per drawing and specification

Provide water and power supply including all running cost

1.8 months 12 20,000.00 240,000.00
and installation

Sub total of 1 5,110,000.00

Total bill No 1 Carried to total Summary 5,110,000.00

BILL PART 2- CONSULTANT CAMP WORKS

Camp (Staff residence (3m x 13.85), office (3m x 13.85),

2
Café & Kitchen (6x4x2) and Toilet & Shower (4x2x2)

2.1 Residential rooms & office

2.1.1 Earth Work

2.1.1.1 Clearing of site to remove top soil to a depth of 200 mm m2 116.34 20.44 2,377.72

Excavation for stone masonry foundation; 0.5m width and

2.1.1.2 m3 29.8 140.23 4,178.98
0.4 m depth

Cart away and dispose excavated surplus material to a

2.1.1.3 m3 36 26.85 966.72
distance not exceeding 500m

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Supply and fill hard core with hard basaltic or equivalent

2.1.1.4 stone, well compacted and blinded with crushed stone to a m2 99.7 224.12 22,344.43
finished thickness of 25 cm

2.1.2 Masonry and Concrete Work

Supply and construct 500mm thick trachytic or equivalent

2.1.2.1 stone masonry foundation wall below ground level bedded in m3 10.3 2,034.62 20,956.56
cement mortar mix 1:3

Supply and construct 500mm thick trachitic or equivalent

2.1.2.2 stone masonry foundation wall above ground level bedded in m3 10 2,251.78 22,517.79
cement mortar mix 1:3

2.1.2.3 Mass concrete fill on floor slab (100mm) C-15. m2 91.4 323.58 29,574.92

2.1.3 Carpentry and Walling

Supply, assemble and fix in position eucalyptus wall post of

2.1.3.1 m 63 75.71 4,770.01
length 3 m with span length of 1.2m

Supply and fix purlin in Eucalyptus wood size 8 cm nailed

2.1.3.2 m 150 72.85 10,927.74
into eucalyptus truss

Supply and fix wall cover in G-32 corrugated galvanized iron

2.1.3.3 sheet fixed into Eucalyptus wood purlin with dome headed m2 263 416.28 109,480.55
galvanized nails (purlin and ridge cover measured separately)

Supply and fix 8mm thick chip wood internal wall cover.
2.1.3.4 m2 150 1,023.53 153,529.53
Price shall include 4 x 5 cm wooden buttons

2.1.4 Carpentry and Roofing

Supply, assemble and fix in position 10cm dia eucalyptus

upper and lower roof truss members of a given length and
2.1.4.1 m 88.6 95.66 8,475.51
span price shall include the application of three coats and
external anti-termite treatment as per the drawing

Supply, assemble and fix in position 8 cm dia eucalyptus

diagonal roof truss members of a given length and span price
2.1.4.2 m 158 75.71 11,962.88
shall include the application of three coats and external anti-
termite treatment as per the drawing

Supply and fix purlin in eucalyptus wood size diam 8cm

2.1.4.3 nailed into eucalyptus truss including three coats of anti - m 317 72.85 23,093.96
termite external treatment

Supply and fix roof cover in G-32 corrugated galvanized iron

2.1.4.4 sheet fixed into Eucalyptus wood purlin with dome headed m2 217 453.61 98,432.86
galvanized nails (purlin and ridge cover measured separately)

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Supply and fix 8 mm chip-wood ceiling. Price shall include 4

2.1.4.5 m2 45 1,023.53 46,059.00
x 5 cm wooden buttons

2.1.4.6 Supply and fix CIS windows size 1x1.2m No 8 748.16 5,985.31

2.1.4.7 Supply and fix CIS doors size 1.0x2.10m No 8 1,939.81 15,518.49

2.1.5 Finishing

2.1.5.1 Floor screed in cement mortar 20 mm thick (1:3 mortar) m2 73.12 315.03 23,034.96

Sub total of 2.1 614,187.92

2.2 Cafe, Kitchen and worker living rooms

2.2.1 Earth Work

2.2.1.1 Clearing of site to remove top soil to a depth of 200 mm m2 36.48 20.44 745.57

Excavation for stone masonry foundation; 0.5m width and

2.2.1.2 m3 10 140.23 1,402.34
0.4 m depth
Cart away and dispose excavated surplus material to a
2.2.1.3 m3 13 26.85 349.09
distance not exceeding 1km.

Provide and fill hard core with hard basaltic or equivalent

2.2.1.4 stone, well compacted and blinded with crushed stone to a m2 37 224.12 8,292.32
finished thickness of 25 cm

2.2.2 Masonry and Concrete Work

Supply and construct 500 mm thick trachitic or equivalent

2.2.2.1 stone masonry foundation wall below ground level bedded in m3 4 2,034.62 8,138.47
cement mortar mix 1:3

Supply and construct 500 mm thick high trachitic or

2.2.2.2 equivalent stone masonry foundation wall above ground m3 4 2,251.78 9,007.12
level bedded in cement mortar mix 1:3

2.2.2.3 Mass concrete fill on floor slab (100mm), C-15 m2 33.3 323.58 10,775.11

2.2.3 Carpentry and Walling

Supply, assemble and fix in position eucalyptus wall post of

2.2.3.1 length 3 m span price shall include the external anti-termite m 117.00 75.71 8,858.59
treatment as per the drawing

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Supply and fix purlin in Eucalyptus wood size 8 cm nailed

2.2.3.2 M 120.00 72.85 8,742.19
into eucalyptus truss

Supply and fix wall cover in G-32 corrugated galvanized iron

2.2.3.3 sheet fixed into eucalyptus wood purlin with dome headed m2 121.00 416.28 50,369.38
galvanized nails (purlin and ridge cover measured separately)

2.2.4 Carpentry and Roofing

Supply, assemble and fix in position 10cm dia eucalyptus

upper and lower roof truss members of a given length and
2.2.4.1 M 105.00 95.66 10,044.33
span price shall include the application of three coats and
external anti-termite treatment as per the drawing

Supply, assemble and fix in position 8 cm dia eucalyptus

diagonal roof truss members of a given length and span price
2.2.4.2 M 150.00 75.71 11,357.17
shall include the application of three coats and external anti-
termite treatment as per the drawing

Supply and fix purlin in Eucalyptus wood size 8 cm nailed

2.2.4.3 m 125.00 72.85 9,106.45
into eucalyptus truss

Supply and fix roof cover in G-32 corrugated galvanized iron

2.2.4.4 sheet fixed into eucalyptus wood purlin with dome headed m2 79.00 453.61 35,835.00
galvanized nails (purlin and ridge cover measured separately)

2.2.4.5 Supply and fix CIS windows size 1x1.2m No 2.00 748.16 1,496.33

2.2.4.6 Supply and fix CIS doors size 1.0x2.10m No 3.00 1,939.81 5,819.43

2.2.5 Finishing

2.2.5.1 Floor screed in cement mortar 20 mm thick, (1:3 mortar) m2 32.83 315.03 10,343.05

Sub total of 2.2 190,681.94

2.3 Shower and Toilet

2.3.1 Earth Work

2.3.1.1 Clearing of site to remove top soil to a depth of 200 mm m2 24.00 20.44 490.50

Excavation for stone masonry foundation with toilet pit

2.3.1.2 m3 77.00 140.23 10,798.05
according to specified on drawing
Cart away and deposit excavated surplus material to a
2.3.1.3 m3 100.10 26.85 2,688.02
distance not exceeding 1km.

2.3.2 Concrete and Block Work

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Supply and construct 500mm thick trachitic or equivalent

2.3.2.1 stone masonry foundation wall below ground level bedded in m3 28.80 2,034.62 58,596.99
cement mortar mix 1:3

Slab for the toilet including reinforcement bar, form work

2.3.2.2 m3 2.40 3,490.77 8,377.84
and concrete C-20 with 150mm thick

2.3.2.3 Mass concrete fill on floor slab (150mm) for shower, C-15 m3 1.20 3,235.77 3,882.92

2.3.3 Carpentry and Walling

Supply, assemble and fix in position eucalyptus wall post of

2.3.3.1 length 3.5 m span price shall include the external anti-termite m 50.00 75.71 3,785.72
treatment as per the drawing
Supply and fix purlin in Eucalyptus wood size 8 cm nailed
2.3.3.2 m 100.00 72.85 7,285.16
into eucalyptus truss

Supply and fix wall cover in G-32 corrugated galvanized iron

2.3.3.3 sheet fixed into eucalyptus wood purlin with dome headed m2 156.00 416.28 64,939.04
galvanized nails (purlin and ridge cover measured separately)

2.3.4 Carpentry and Roofing

Supply, assemble and fix in position 10cm dia eucalyptus

upper and lower roof truss members of a given length and
2.3.4.1 m 33.00 95.66 3,156.79
span price shall include the application of three coats and
external anti-termite treatment as per the drawing

Supply, assemble and fix in position 8 cm dia eucalyptus

diagonal roof truss members of a given length and span price
2.3.4.2 m 120.00 75.71 9,085.73
shall include the application of three coats and external anti-
termite treatment as per the drawing

Supply and fix purlin in Eucalyptus wood size 8 cm nailed

2.3.4.3 m 160.00 72.85 11,656.26
into eucalyptus truss

Supply and fix roof cover in G-32 corrugated galvanized iron

2.3.4.4 sheet fixed into eucalyptus wood purlin with dome headed m2 62.00 453.61 28,123.67
galvanized nails (purlin and ridge cover measured separately)

2.3.4.5 Supply and fix CIS doors size 1.0x2.10m No 6.00 1,939.81 11,638.87

Sub Total of 2.3 224,505.56

2.4 Laboratory (8x6) m2

2.4.1 Earth Work

2.4.1.1 Clearing of site to remove top soil to a depth of 200 mm m2 38.40 20.44 784.81

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Excavation for stone masonry foundation; 0.5m width and

2.4.1.2 m3 12.00 140.23 1,682.81
0.4 m depth
Cart away and deposit excavated surplus material to a
2.4.1.3 m3 15.60 26.85 418.91
distance not exceeding 1km.
Provide and fill hard core with hard basaltic or equivalent
2.4.1.4 stone, well compacted and blinded with crushed stone to a m2 18.72 224.12 4,195.46
finished thickness of 25 cm

2.4.2 Concrete and Block Work

Supply and construct 500 mm thick trachytic or equivalent

2.4.2.1 stone masonry foundation wall below ground level bedded in m3 12.00 2,034.62 24,415.41
cement mortar mix 1:3

Supply and construct 500 mm thick trachitic or equivalent

2.4.2.2 stone masonry foundation wall above ground level bedded in m3 12.00 2,251.78 27,021.35
cement mortar mix 1:3

2.4.2.3 Mass concrete fill on floor slab (100mm), C-10 m2 57.60 323.58 18,638.02

2.4.3 Carpentry and Walling

Supply, assemble and fix in position eucalyptus wall post of

2.4.3.1 length 3 m span price shall include the external anti-termite No 62.40 75.71 4,724.58
treatment as per the drawing

Supply and fix purlin in Eucalyptus wood size 8 cm nailed

2.4.3.2 m 150.00 72.85 10,927.74
into eucalyptus truss
Supply and fix Wall cover in G-32 corrugated galvanized
iron sheet fixed into eucalyptus wood purlin with dome
2.4.3.3 m2 193.60 416.28 80,591.01
headed galvanized nails (purlin and ridge cover measured
separately)

2.4.4 Carpentry and Roofing 0.00

Supply, assemble and fix in position 10 cm dia. eucalyptus

roof truss of a given length &span price shall include the
2.4.4.1 No 33.60 95.66 3,214.19
application of three coats and external anti-termite treatment
as per the drawing

Supply, assemble and fix in position 8 cm dia eucalyptus

diagonal roof truss members of a given length and span price
2.4.4.2 m 120.00 75.71 9,085.73
shall include the application of three coats and external anti-
termite treatment as per the drawing
Supply and fix purlin in Eucalyptus wood size 8 cm nailed
2.4.4.3 m 200.00 72.85 14,570.32
into eucalyptus truss
Supply and fix roof cover in G-32 corrugated galvanized
iron sheet fixed into eucalyptus wood purlin with dome
2.4.4.4 m2 120.00 453.61 54,432.92
headed galvanized nails (purlin and ridge cover measured
separately)

2.4.4.5 Supply and fix CIS windows size 1x1.2m No 2.00 748.16 1,496.33

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2.4.4.6 Supply and fix CIS doors size 1.0x2.10m No 2.00 1,939.81 3,879.62

2.4.5 Finishing

2.4.5.1 Floor screed in cement mortar 20 mm thick, (1:3 mortar) m2 52.50 315.03 16,539.05

Subtotal 2.4 276,618.26

Fence 2.0m height & 15cm φ eucalyptus poles placed every

2.4.6 2m with barbed wire at 20cm vertical interval & erected in m 200.00 550.00 110,000.00
0.6m depth embedded with concrete

Subtotal 2.4.6 110,000.00

Sub Total of 2.0 1,415,993.68

BILL PART 3-EARHEN FILL DAM BODY

3.1 Earthwork

Clearing the dam site from bushes, stones etc and top soil
3.1.1 m2 42,501.45 20.44 868,729.64
removal, 20 cm and including disposal

3.1.2 Trench excavation in soft rock and disposal m3 2,428.05 269.47 654,286.23

3.1.3 Trench excavation in hard rock and including disposal m3 1,214.02 381.74 463,441.62

Trench excavation in common soil, alluvium up to 1.5 m

3.1.4 m3 9,771.17 65.56 640,598.17
depth and including disposal
Trench excavation in common soil, alluvium from 1.5 m
3.1.5 m3 13,354.27 81.95 1,094,382.17
3.0m depth including disposal
Trench excavation in common soil, alluvium more than 3m
3.1.6 m3 7,284.15 131.12 955,097.17
depth and disposal
3.1.7 Bulk Excavation For General Foundation m3 56,186.45 65.56 3,683,583.66

Sub-total 3.1 8,360,118.66

3.2 Compacted earth fill

Selected fill with clay material and compactions of the trench

Section as shown in the drawing and specification, includes
3.2.1 m3 24,280.49 230.00 5,584,511.60
production of fill material, transportation and compaction
complete in all aspect

Selected fill with clay material and compactions of the core

Section as shown in the drawing and specification, includes
3.2.2 m3 243,155.72 230.00 55,925,815.46
production of fill material, transportation and compaction
complete in all aspect

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Selected fill with shell material and compaction of the shell

embankment Section as shown in the drawing and
3.2.3 m3 268,006.74 210.00 56,281,415.93
specification, includes production of fill material,
transportation and compaction complete in all aspect

Sub-total 3.2 117,791,742.99

3.3 Filter and Drainage Material

Sand filter-Construction of filter (F1) with clean washed,

concrete sand as shown in the drawing and specification,
3.3.1 m3 3,965.49 350.00 1,387,920.63
includes production of fill material, transportation and
compaction complete in all aspect

Sub-total 3.3 1,387,920.63

3.4 Upstream Slope Protection

Supply, place and spread stone reprap of 0.5m thickness on

3.4.1 m2 20,690.75 302.03 6,249,228.11
the dam body as orderd by the Engineer

Sub-total 3.4 6,249,228.11

3.5 Downstream and dam top crest protection -

Production, transportation ,spreading and little compaction of

3.5.1 m2 22,822.45 85.33 1,947,439.66
20 cm top soil

3.5.2 Supply and placing of Sodding m2 22,822.45 20.00 456,449.00

Protection of the dam crest (Selected materials for preferable

3.5.3 m2 2,880.00 99.96 287,884.80
for Dam crest)

Sub-total 3.5 2,691,773.46

3.6 Downstream dam toe drainage

3.6.1 Drainage trench Excavation (Toe of Dam) m3 307.48 65.56 20,158.11

Construction of drain with clean screened fine gravel,(F2)

3.6.2 includes supply of gravel material, transportation and m3 3,965.49 330.00 1,308,610.88
compaction complete in all aspect

Subtotal 3.6 1,328,768.99

Total bill No 3 Carried to total Summary 137,809,552.83

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4 BILL PART 4- DAM INSTRUMENTATION

4.1 Supply and install piezometers in embankment No 6 120,555.00 723,330.00

Supply and install Deformation Monitoring Monuments in

4.2 No 5 135,744.90 678,724.50
embankment

4.3 Produce and install concrete Bench mark No 10 1,000.00 10,000.00

Supply and Intsall water level staff in the irrigation intake

4.4 No 1 55,093.66 55,093.66
structure
Supply and install Seepage measuring weir (V-Notch) supply
4.5 No 1 109,939.00 109,939.00
and installation

Total bill No 4 Carried to total Summary 1,577,087.16

BILL PART 5- SPILLWAY WORKS

5.1 Earthwork

Clearing the spillway site from bushes, stones etc and top
5.1.1 m2 8,627.42 20.44 176,344.46
soil removal, 20 cm and disposal

Excavation of alluvial deposit, colluvial material and

5.1.2 ordinary soil up 1.5m depth and Disposal within the haul m3 18,566.52 65.56 1,217,220.94
distance of 500m

Excavation of alluvial deposit, colluvial material and

5.1.3 m3 16,007.62 81.95 1,311,824.07
ordinary soil from 1.5m to 3m depth and Disposal

Excavation of alluvial deposit, colluvial material and

5.1.4 m3 36,071.65 131.12 4,729,714.85
ordinary soil from more than 3m depth and Disposal

5.1.5 Excavation in soft rock and disposal m3 19,839.41 269.47 5,346,125.25

5.1.6 Excavation in hard rock and disposal m3 16,232.24 381.74 6,196,496.38

Compacted granular backfill on the back of walls from

5.1.7 m3 1,120.00 66.76 74,771.20
excavated selected materials as per the specification

Compacted granular backfill on the back of walls from

5.1.8 m3 560.00 99.96 55,977.60
imported selected materials as per the specification

Subtotal 5.1 19,108,474.75

5.2 Masonry Work

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Stone Masonry in 1:3 cement mortar ratio for approach

5.2.1 m3 104 2,034.62 211,600.27
channel bed

Stone Masonry wall in 1:3 cement mortar ratio for retaining

5.2.2 m3 120 2,251.78 270,213.48
walls in approach channel sections

Masonry wall in 1:3 cement mortar ratio for weir side

5.2.3 m3 66 2,251.78 148,617.41
retaining walls

Stone Masonry wall in 1:3 cement mortar ratio for retaining

5.2.4 m3 759 2,251.78 1,709,100.26
walls in chute sections

Stone Masonry wall in 1:3 cement mortar ratio for retaining

5.2.5 m3 72.8 2,251.78 163,929.51
walls in stilling basin sections

Apply three coats of plaster in 1:3 cement mortar to internal

5.2.6 m2 972 143.05 139,046.54
wall

25cm thick basaltic or equivalent stone hard core well rolled,

5.2.7 m2 7280 224.12 1,631,571.76
consolidated and blinded with crushed stone

Sub total 5.2 4,274,079.24

5.3 Concrete work

5.3.1 7.5 cm thick blinding concrete of C-10 m2 5,200.00 317.93 1,653,236.00

Provide cut and fix in position smooth finish formwork Type

5.3.2 m2 198.40 1,012.61 200,901.82
"F3"

C 25 reinforced concrete in top of the weir and d/s inclined

5.3.3 face with a minimum cement content of 360 kg/m3 including m3 88.00 3,745.77 329,627.76
as indicated in drawings and specification

C 25 reinforced concrete in upstream and downs stream weir

5.3.4 cut off with a minimum cement content of 360 kg/m3 m3 10.80 3,745.77 40,454.32
including as indicated in drawings and specification

Cyclopean Concrete in control section of ogee wier as per

5.3.5 m3 54.00 1,286.56 69,474.24
the spefication and drawings

50 cm thick Cyclopean Concrete work in chute floor below

5.3.6 m3 2080.00 1,286.56 2,676,044.80
concrete as per the spefication and drawings

50 cm thick Cyclopean Concrete work in stiling basin floor

5.3.7 m3 195.00 1,286.56 250,879.20
below concrete as per the spefication and drawings

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C 25 reinforced concrete in chute section and stilling basin

5.3.8 floor/bed with a minimum cement content of 360 kg/m3 as m3 117.00 3,745.77 438,255.09
indicated in drawings and specification

C 25 reinforced concrete in chute section cutoff

5.3.9 wall/anchorage with a minimum cement content of 360 m3 216.00 3,745.77 809,086.32
kg/m3 as indicated in drawings and specification
Deformed bar Steel reinforcement according to structural
5.3.10 drawings. Price includes cutting, bending, placing in position kg 79,970.50 114.81 9,181,413.12
and tying wire

Subtotal 5.3 15,649,372.67

Subtotal 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3, 39,031,926.67

5.4 Drain Pipe

Supply and install ∅200mm non perforated longitudinal

5.4.1 m 400 803.16 321,264.00
drain pipe with all fittings

Supply and install ∅100mm perforated lateral pipe at 20m

5.4.2 m 120 486.82 58,418.40
spacing withal fittings

5.4.3 Supply and place gravel surrounding the perforated pipe m3 30 330.00 9,900.00

Subtotal 5.4 389,582.40

5.5 Miscellaneous

5.5.1 Supply and fix 250 mm PVC water-stops m 405 628.00 254,340.00

5.5.2 Resin bonded cork filler (20 mm thick) m2 121.50 950.00 115,425.00

5.5.3 Polysulphide sealant (20 mm wide x 30 mm deep) M 423 600.00 253,800.00

Subtotal 5.5 623,565.00

Total bill No 5 Carried to total Summary 40,045,074.07

BILL PART 6- IRRGATION INLET AND OUTLET

6 Intake Tower and Access Bridge

6.1 Earthwork & excavation

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Common excavation in the foundation to a depth specified in

6.1.1 m3 109.44 65.56 7,174.89
the drawing or as directed by the engineer

6.1.2 Softy Rock Excavation in the Foundation m3 21.888 269.47 5,898.16

Disposal of Surplus Excavated material as directed by the
6.1.3 m3 43.776 26.85 1,175.39
engineer

Drilling of holes, Installation of Foundation anchor rods as

6.1.5 Ls 1 3,000,000.00 3,000,000.00
per details specified in the drawing.

Subtotal 6.1 3,014,248.43

6.2 Backfilling
Backfilling with native excavated material obtained from
6.2.1 m3 19.70 66.76 1,315.12
foundation excavation.
Backfilling with selected material imported from borrow
6.2.2 m3 15.76 99.96 1,575.31
area.
Subtotal 6.2 2,890.42

6.3 Concrete Work

Provide and place 100mm thickness Class C-15 Concrete

6.3.1 bedding below foundations (Maximum Aggregate Size m2 63.50 323.58 20,546.57
40mm).

Supply and Cast Reinforced concrete in Class C30

6.3.2
(Maximum Aggregate size 40mm)

6.3.2.1 Intake Tower

6.3.2.2 Control Room Column and Beams m3 2.754 4,000.77 11,018.12

6.3.2.3 Top Concrete slab m3 1.914 4,000.77 7,657.47

6.3.2.4 Tower Shaft m3 134.2 4,000.77 536,903.33

6.3.2.5 Tower Base Slab m3 20.58 4,000.77 82,335.85

6.3.3 Access Bridge

6.3.3.1 Girder and Deck Slab m3 115.805 4,000.77 463,309.17

6.3.3.2 Pier Cup m3 6.65028 4,000.77 26,606.24

6.3.3.3 Pier m3 12.6144 4,000.77 50,467.31

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6.3.3.4 Footing Pad m3 42.9176471 4,000.77 171,703.63

Subtotal 6.3 1,370,547.70

6.4 Reinforcement Steel

Supply, cut, bend and fix in position High Yield strength

6.4.1 steel reinforcement bars with characteristics tensile strength Kg 16,871.77 114.81 1,937,047.49
not less than 400Mpa.

Subtotal 6.4 1,937,047.49

6.5 Formwork

6.5.1 Intake Tower

-

6.5.1.1 Control Room Column and Beams m2 42.18 1,012.61 42,711.89

6.5.1.2 Top Cocer slab m2 16.74 1,012.61 16,951.09

6.5.1.3 Tower Shaft m2 883.52 1,012.61 894,661.19

6.5.1.4 Tower Base Slab m2 18.80 1,012.61 19,037.07

6.5.2 Access Bridge

6.5.2.1 Girder and Deck Slab m2 204.80 1,012.61 207,382.53

6.5.2.2 Pier Cup m2 29.48 1,012.61 29,850.73

6.5.2.3 Pier m2 39.07 1,012.61 39,564.70

6.5.2.4 Footing Pad m2 40.11 1,012.61 40,612.41

Sub-total 6.5 1,290,771.60

Operation Room Hollow Concrete, plastering and Finishing

6.6
Works

6.6.1 200mm thick Hollow Concrete Block Work m2 23.65 500.00 11,825.00

Two Coats of Plastering for Internal and External Holow

6.6.2 Block face and for Top Cover slab with cement mortar in 1:4 m2 47.30 350.00 16,555.00
mix ratio.
Manufacture and install double leaf Steel frame and 1.00mm
thick steel cover sheet Door 2.8mx3.1m Dimensions
6.6.3 No. 1.00 25,000.00 25,000.00
including all anchoring facility and locking system and anti-
rest paint.

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0.5m height wire mesh ventilation windows all-round the

6.6.4 control room including all framing work, accessories and Lm 15.00 3,000.00 45,000.00
anti-rest paint.
Two Coats of plastic paint for internal and external wall of
6.6.5 m2 95.00 120.00 11,400.00
the control room.

Sub-total 6.6 109,780.00

6.7 Miscellaneous

Provide and install in position Pvc water stop at the

6.7.1 construction joints to prevent water leakage, the detail of the M 41.48 628.00 26,049.44
Pvc water stop cross section is as per shown in the drawing.

Provide, manufacture and erect in position Access Ladder

6.7.2 each of the ladder has average height of 5m, detail of Ladder No. 4.40 25,000.00 110,000.00
is as Shown in the Drawing

Provide, manufacture and erect in position side hand rail

6.7.3 constructed out of 2" diameter GS pipe at the intake plat ml 14.20 8,000.00 113,600.00
form periphery as per shown in the drawing.

Provide, manufacture and erect in position side hand rail

6.7.4 ml 76.00 15,000.00 1,140,000.00
constructed out of 3" diameter GS pipe for bridge side railing

Supply and install 110mm uPVC air vent including joining

6.7.5 ml 22.00 300.00 6,600.00
fitting and water sealing

Supply and install in position of 5mm thick steel sheet

lamination for the inner side of the tower shaft wall for water
6.7.6 m2 224.40 8,000.00 1,795,200.00
proofing of the dry well. The work shall also include welding
of shear stud as shown in the drawings.

Sub-total 6.7 3,191,449.44

6.8 OUTLET PIPE AND TERMINAL STRUCTURE

6.8.1 Outlet Conduit

6.8.1.1 Φ60cm ,6mm thick Steel Pipe m 140.00 29,600.00 4,144,000.00

6.8.1.2 Concrete Casing for the steel Pipe

6.8.1.2.1 Reinforced Concrete Class C-30 m3 244.52 4,000.77 1,061,004.20

6.8.1.2.2 Cut, bend and tie Reinforcement Bar Kg 9,780.64 114.81 1,122,915.01

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6.8.1.2.3 Formwork m2 265.20 1,012.61 268,544.17

6.8.1.2.4 Concrete Fluting of Concrete surface at Clay Core Zone m2 416.91 300.00 125,073.05

6.8.2 Terminal Structure 0.00

6.8.2.1 Reinforced Concrete Class C-30 m3 12.15 4,000.77 48,599.35

6.8.2.2 Cut, bend and tie Reinforcement Bar Kg 485.90 114.81 55,786.18

6.8.2.3 Formwork m2 48.59 1,012.61 49,202.72

Sub-total 6.8 7,023,124.69

6.9 Electro-Mechanical Work

6.9.1 Upstream Control Gates

6.9.1.1 PN 10, DN ---- Butter fly Gate Valve No. 2 235,000.00 470,000.00

6.9.1.2 PN 10, DN ----Dismantling Piece No. 1 30,240.00 30,240.00

Supply and install manual Operated, 2 Ton Capacity Mono

6.9.1.3 No. 1 500,000.00 500,000.00
Crane Chain Block including all Associated accessories

6.9.1.4 Spindle and geer Box system for Gate Valve Operation No. 2 500,000.00 1,000,000.00

Supply and installation of Trash Rack at the Intake inlet as

6.9.1.5 m2 15 5,000.00 75,000.00
per detail given in the drawing

6.9.2 Downstream Control pipes and Gates

6.9.2.1 Flanged peddled PN16 DCI pipe DN 1000 No. 1 50,000.00 50,000.00

6.9.2.2 Flanged peddled PN16 22.50 DCI Bend DN 1000 No. 1 75,000.00 75,000.00
1000X1000 mm flow Control Slide gate including all
6.9.2.3 No. 1 800,000.00 800,000.00
accessories
600X600 mm flow Control Slide gate including all
6.9.2.4 No. 1 500,000.00 500,000.00
accessories

Sub-total 6.9 3,500,240.00

TOTAL BILL No. 6 CARRIED TO SUMMARY 21,440,099.78

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BILL PART 7- Gravel Access Road

7.1 Gravel access road of 6m wide km 3

Clearing and grabbing works in areas including interceptor

7.1.1 m2 37,800.00 14.19 536,489.42
drain & working areas as specified by the engineer

Excavation cut/fill earth works of the road section in normal

7.1.2 m3 11,700.00 65.56 767,028.26
soil including side drains

7.1.3 Spreading & compaction for camber formation m2 18,000.00 20.00 360,000.00

Fill and compaction work of 150 mm thick selected gravel

7.1.4 m3 2,700.00 210.00 567,000.00
wearing material

TOTAL BILL No. 7 CARRIED TO SUMMARY 2,230,517.68

Total Amount of Bill of Quantities (Bill 1 to Bill 7) 209,628,325.20

VAT (15%) 31,444,248.78

GRAND TOTAL 241,072,573.98

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APPENDIX 1: Headwork Design Data & Calculation

Appendix 1.1 Laboratory result of Construction Material

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Appendix 1.2 Dry Density and Optimum Moisture Content of Clay material

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Appendix 1.3 Dry Density and Optimum Moisture Content of Shell material

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