CIVL 3740
Chapter 4: Shallow Foundations
Tutorial 8
Instructor: Dr Ni Junjun
Tutor: DE SILVA Roanga ([email protected])
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Outline
• Background: Shallow foundations
• Failure modes
• Terzaghi Bearing Capacity equation
• Modifications: shape, failure, water table
• Examples
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Foundations Types
Without foundation Shallow foundation Deep foundation
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Shallow Foundations
𝑫𝐟
as large as 3 to 4 (Das, 2016)
𝑩
𝐷f = Depth of embedment
𝐵 = Width
𝐿 = Length
Types of shallow foundations
Isolated Combined
Strip/ Continuous Mat/ Raft 4
Failure modes of shallow foundations
• Significant ground surface heave
• Sudden failure in soil
• Clear peak 𝑞u
• Not obvious surface heave
• Sudden jerks
• Obvious first shear failure 𝑞u1
• No peak value
Failure mode depends on soil properties and dimensions of foundations 5
Bearing Capacity Formulations
Terzaghi’s bearing capacity equation (applicable for strip footing):
Need to know the basic
assumptions!
cohesion surcharge soil weight
Modification for shape
❑ For circular footing:
❑ For square footing:
❑ For rectangular footing:
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❑ If local shear failure, then modification needs to be done:
2 2
𝑐L = 𝑐 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙L = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙
3 3
❑ Modification of bearing capacity equations for water table (for effective
stress analysis)
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Modification of bearing capacity equations
for water table
❑ Modification of bearing capacity equations for water table (for effective
stress analysis)
case 𝒅 𝒒 for 𝑵𝒒 term 𝜸 for 𝑵𝜸 term
I 𝑑=0 𝛾′𝐷f 𝛾′
II 0 < 𝑑 < 𝐷f 𝛾𝑑 + (𝐷f − 𝑑)𝛾′ 𝛾′
III 𝐷f < 𝑑 ≤ (𝐷f + 𝐵) 𝛾𝐷f 𝑑 − 𝐷f
𝛾′ + (𝛾 − 𝛾′)
𝐵
IV 𝑑 > (𝐷f + 𝐵) 𝛾𝐷f 𝛾
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Example 1
A strip footing with 2 m width is placed at depth of 1.0 m and the water
table is at depth of 2.0 m below ground surface level. By considering
the properties of soil with c’ = 12kN/m2, ’ = 30°, γsat = 20 kN/m2,γ =18
kN/m2 and general shear failure, calculate the ultimate bearing
capacity of the footing. (Nc=37.2,Nq=22.5,Nγ=19.7)
Solution: Choose equation in case III; the depth of water table is 1 m
below the base of footing and fall in the range of Df (1m)<d≤ B+Df (2m +
1m = 3m)
Effective stress analysis
Using ’ = 30° → Nc=37.2; Nq=22.5; Nγ=19.7 (slide 43)
Consider effects of water table →
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Example 2
By referring to example 1, determine the ultimate bearing capacity of
footing if the current water table depth is at 0.5 m below ground surface.
Solution: Choose equation in case II; the depth of water depth is less
than depth of footing but below ground surface
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Example 3
By referring to example 1, determine the ultimate bearing capacity of
footing if the current water table depth is at ground surface and there is
seepage acting vertically upwards at hydraulic gradient of 0.2.
Solution: Due to upward seepage, modification in the second and
third term of bearing capacity equation is needed from equation in
case I
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To think about…
i. What are the types of shallow foundation failure? Which factors
failure modes depend on? Which failure mode is common?
ii. What needs to be done if punching failure is predicted?
iii. What are the factors which affect bearing capacity of soil?
iv. Terzaghi’s general bearing capacity factors Nc, Nq and Nγ are
functions of "what"?
v. What are the effects of rising ground water depth to the ground
surface on ultimate bearing capacity?
vi. How to consider effects of layered soil underneath the footing for
the bearing capacity?
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Thank You
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