DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

Secunderabad
NACHARAM | MAHENDRA HILLS | NADERGUL

CLASS: X PHYSICS CH : ELECTRICITY

ELECTRIC CURRENT(I): Rate of flow of charge

I=Q/t S.I. unit is --- ampere

 It is named after the scientist Sir Andre Marie Ampere.

 Itcan be measured by using a device called ammeter.
 It is always connected in series with the circuit.
 I milli ampere(mA)=10-3A
Imicro ampere(µA)=10-6A

One Ampere:

When 1 coulomb of charge flows in a circuit per second, then the current is said to be 1 ampere.

1ampere=1coulomb /1 second

1A=1 C/1 S

HOME WORK(Pg 200, 202) Blue box questions on white page of the cw

Potential difference(v):

Potential difference between two points in a circuit is defined as the work done to move
a unit charge from one point to the other.
V=W/Q (or) P.d=W/Q
S.I. unit: Volt
 It is named after the scientist Alessandro Volta.
 It can be measured by using a device called voltmeter.
 It is always connected in parallel to the circuit.

One volt:

1 volt is a potential difference maintained in a circuit when 1 joule of work is done in moving a
charge of 1 coulomb.

1 V=1 J /1 C

Note: Electric current was considered to be the flow of positive charge and the direction of flow of
positive charge was taken to be the direction of electric current.

Page : 1
Conventional flow of current:

Flow of charges from positive to negative i.e , Conventionally in an electric circuit the

direction of electric current is taken as opposite to the direction of flow of

electrons

Electric circuit:A continuous and closed path of electric current.

Open circuit:Broken path of electric current.

Closed circuit:Closed path of electric current.

Cell:A device which creates potential difference in the circuit.

Battery:Groups of cells constitute a battery.

HOMEWORK (Pg203 TABLE 12.1) TO BE WRITTEN ON THE WHITE SIDE PAGE

1. How much work is done to move a charge of 2C from a point at 118V to a point at 128V?
V=128-118=10v
Q=2C
W=?
V=W/Q
W= V.Q = 10x2 = 20J
2. A current of 4 A flows through a 12V car headlight bulb for 10 minutes. How much energy transfer
occurs during this time? How much energy is transferred by a 12V power supply to each coulomb of
charge.
Given : I = 4 A, V = 12 V, t = 10 min = 600 s
Energy transferred = VIt = 12 × 4 × 600 = 28800 J.

3. An electric heater is connected to 230V mains supply. A current of 8A flows through the heater.

a) How much charge flows around the circuit each second?

B)How much energy is transferred to the heater each second?
Sol: a)t=1sec v=230v I=8A Q=? ; I=Q/t Q =I.t 8x1= 8C
b) W=? V=W/Q W= V.Q = 230 x 8 =1840J

4. In 10 sec, a charge of 25 C leaves the battery and 200 J of energy are delivered to an outside
circuit as a result.

a) what is the potential difference across the battery?

b) what current flows from the battery?

Given, t =10s ; q = 25c ; w = 200J

a)V = w/q = 200/25 = 8v

b )I = Q / T = 25/10 = 2.5A

5. A radio set draws a current of 0.36 A for 15min. Calculate the amount ofelectric charge that
flows through the circuit.

I = Q/t Q = It
Q = 0.36 x 900 =324C

Ohm’s law:

 At a constant temperature, the current in the circuit is directly proportional

I ∝V (at constant temperature)

to voltage(potential difference) across the ends of the circuit.

I=V/R(R is resistance, constant of

proportionality) R=V/I
 This law was given by a German physicist Georg Simon Ohm.
 S.I. unit is ohm ( )

Resistance:It is the property of a conductor by which it opposes the flow of charge through it.

S.I. unit is ohm ( )

R=V/I

One Ohm:

If the potential difference across the ends of a conductor is one volt and current through is one
ampere, then the resistance ‘R’ of the conductor is one ohm.

One Ohm = 1 volt / 1 Ampere

Page: 3
Factors affecting resistance:

R ∝ l (Length of the given conductor)

R ∝ 1/A (inversely proportional to area of cross-section of wire)
1.

R∝N (nature of the conductor)

2.

R∝T (temperature of the conductor)

3.
4.
[L 1/A N T]

HW Pg203 ACITIVITY 12.1 AND Pg205 ACTIVITY 12.2 TO BE WRITTEN ON THE WHITE SIDE PAGE

Good conductors:

Substances which have very low electrical resistance are good conductors.

E.g. silver, gold, copper, etc.

Resistors:

Substances which have comparatively high electrical resistance are called as resistors.

e.g. alloys like nichrome, manganin, constantan

Insulators:

Substances which have infinitely high electrical resistance are called insulators.

E.g. rubber, wood, plastic, etc.

Semi-conductors:

Substances which allow electrons/current to flow partially.

Super conductors:

Substances whose resistivity becomes zero at a very low temperature (critical temperature).

e.g.at -2690C, resistivity of mercury becomes zero

HW Pg 206ACITIVITY 12.3 TO BE WRITTEN ON THE WHITE SIDE PAGE

1. Potential difference between 2 points of a wire carrying a 2A current is 0.1V. Calculate the
resistance between these points.

Sol: Given : V = 0.1V ; I = 2A ;

R=? R= V / I = 0.1 / 2 =1/ 20

=0.05

2. A simple circuit has 24V battery and a resistor of 60 . What will be the current in the circuit?

Sol: V = 24V ; R = 60 ; I=?

R=V/I=

I = V / R = 24 / 60 = 2/5 = 0.4A page:4

 3 .An electric iron draws a current of 3.4A from the 220V supply line. What current will this electric
iron give when connected to 110V supply line?

Sol: R = V/I= 220/3.4 = 2200/34 ; V2 = 110V ;I=?

R = 2200 / 34 ; I2 = V2/R = 110 x 34/2200 = 1.7A

NOTE:Heating elements of electrical appliances such as electric iron, toaster, geyser, etc are made of
alloys rather than pure metal as:-

 The resistivity of an alloy is much higher than a pure metal.

 An alloy does not undergo oxidation (burning) easily even at a high temperature.
e.g. nichrome is an alloy

1. How much current will a lamp draw from 210V line if the resistance of the filament is 3.5 ?
Express the current in A, mA, µA.

2. What is the Resistance of heater which uses 440mA of current when connected to 110V?

3. `Apiece of wire is redrawn by pulling it until its length is doubled. Compare the new resistance
with the original.

Original value New value

L=l l = 2l
A=a a=a/2
= =
R=R R’=?
R= l / a R’ = l / a = Rx2lx2/a = 4 l/a
R’/R = 4 l/a x a / l =4/1
R’=4R
New resistance increases 4 times.

4.Calculate the resistance of a 100m long copper wire if the diameter of the wire is
1mmand resistivity of copperis1.7x10-8 m.

Sol: page:6
5. A copper wire has a diameter of 0.5mm and resistivity of 1.6x10 -8 m. What will be the
length of this wire to make its resistance 10 .How much does the resistance change if the
diameter is doubled?

Sol :

d=2d and

R∝1/A

R1/R2=(2d/d)2=4

R1=4R2; R2=R1/4

The resistance decreases by 4 times if diameter is doubled.

6. Following are the resistivity of

somematerials:- Mercury9.4x10-8 m ;

Aluminium5.50x10-8 m Copper1.62 x10-8

m;Nichrome100x x10-8 m

a)Which show least resistance? Ans:Copper

b) Mention the ascending order of conductivity

Nichrome<mercury<aluminium<copper

Page : 7
Series combination of resistances:
When two or more resistances are joined end-to-end so that the same current flows
through each of them, then they are said to be connected in series.

Derivation:-
Let R1, R2, R3and R4be the resistances connected in series. I be the current flowing
through them and V1,V2,V3, V4 be the voltage across the resistors respectively.

Using ohm’s law,

V=IR, then V1=IR1 ; V2 =IR2 ; V3,=IR3 ; V4 =IR4

If ‘V’ is the total p.d across the

circuit V=V1+V2+V3+V4
IR=IR1 +IR2+IR3+IR4

IR=I(R1

+R2+R3+R4)

R= R1 + R2 +

R3+ R4 NOTE:

 When two or more resistances are connected in series, the total

resistance of the combination is equal to the sum of all individual
resistances
(R1 + R2 + R3+ R4+ --- )
 Same current flows through each resistor.
 The total voltage across the combination is equal to the sum of
the voltage across each individual resistor.( V=V1+V2+V3+V4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- )

Page:8
Parallel combination of resistances:
When two more resistances are connected between two common points so that the
same potential difference is applied across each resistor, then they are said to be
connected in parallel.

Derivation:

Let V be the potential difference across the two common points. Let R1,,R2, R3 be the
resistances connected in parallel with the current I1,I2,I3 flowing across them
respectively.

Using ohm’s law,

I1=V/R1, I2=V/R2, I3=V/R3

If‘I’ isthe total current,

then I=I1+I2+I3

V/R=V/R1+V/R2+V/R3

1/R=1/ R1+1/R2+ 1/R3

Note: When two or more resistances are connected in parallel:-

 The reciprocal of the equivalent resistance of the combination is equal to

the sum of reciprocals of individual resistances (1/R=1/ R1+1/R2+ 1/R3 )
 The current flowing through each resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance.
 The total current flowing through the circuit is equal to the sum of
individual currents flowing through each resistor (I= I1+ I2+ I3)
 Voltage across each resistor remains the same.

Q :Why are domestic electric circuits connected in parallel?

 If one device stops working, others continue to work.

 Net resistance is least.
 Voltage is the same due to which each of the appliance will work to their fullest capacity.

HW : Differentiate between series and parallel combination of resistances. Page: 9

 Numerical:

1. If 4 resistors, each of 0.5 are connected in series and in parallel respectively,

what will be the resultant resistance?

2. A resistance of 6 is connected in series with another resistance of 4 , the p.d.

applied is 20V. Calculate the current through the circuit and V across the 6
resistor.
Total current =Total V / Total resistance
= 20 / 6+4
= 20 / 10 = 2A
Vacross6 resistor = IR
= 2 x 6 =12V

3. Two resistors are connected in series as shown. Find

i) the current through 5 resistor
ii) the current through R
iii) value of V and R
i) Ithrough5 resistor = V/R =10/5 = 2A
ii) IR=2A
iii) V=V1+V2=10+6
=16V
R=V/I=6/2=3
4. An electric bulb of resistance 20 and 4 resistance wire are connected in
series with 6V battery. Find:
a) total R
b) I through the current
c) P.d across thebulb
d) P.d across thewire
a) Total R=R1+R2=20+4=2 4
b) Total I=T.V/T.R=6/24=0.25A
c) p.d across bulb(V)=IR=0.25x20=5V
d) p.d across wire=0.25x4=1V Page: 10
5. Two resistors 8 ohm and 12 ohm are connected in parallel to a 6V battery. Find the total
resistance and the current flowing through each of the resistors.

6. In the given circuit, R1= 7.2 ohm R2= 12 ohm, R3= 8 ohm, V=6V. Find:
i) total resistance of the circuit.
ii) total current in the circuit.

7.A wire of 20 is bent in the form of a square. Find the resistance across its diagonal.

Rseries1=10 Rseries 2 =10

1/Rtotal=1/R series1 + 1/ Rseries 2 = 1/10 + 1/10=2/10
Rtotal=10/2=5 Ohm

Page 11
8. There are 2 resistors of 5 ohm and 10 ohm connected to a 3V cell. How are the
resistors connected to obtain a) maximum current b)minimum current c)find the
current flowing in both cases.

9. How can 3 resistors of 2 Ohm,3Ohm,6Ohm be connected to give a total resistance of

a)1 Ohm b) 4 Ohm

Sol: In order to get one Ohm :

page 12
 b) Total resistance 4 ohm

To obtain a total resistance of 4 Ω from three resistors of given resistances, Firstly, connect the two resistors of
3Ω and 6Ω in parallel to get a total resistance of 2Ω which is less than the lowest individual resistance.

When R2 and R3 are connected in parallel with R₁ in series we get

⇒ 1/R = 1/R₂ + 1/R₃

⇒ 1/R = 1/3 + 1/6

⇒ 1/R = ½

⇒ R=2Ω

⇒ Resistance in series = R + R₁=2 + 2 = 4 Ω

Hence, the total resistance of the circuit is 4 Ω.

page :13
 10.A wire of resistance R is cut into five parts. These parts are then connected in
parallel. If the equivalent resistance of this combination is R’, then find the ratio of
R:R’

Heating effect of current:

Some amount of current is wasted when we run electrical appliances, but in few
devices like geysers, toasters, etc. We convert electrical energy to heat energy and
utilise them.
Joule’s law of heating:

When the current is flowing in a circuit,the heat produced in the conductor is directly
proportional to the square of the current, resistance, and the time for which the current
flows.
H ∝ I 2 ; H∝ R ; H ∝ t

H ∝ I 2 R t ; H=K. I 2 R t ; H=I 2 R t

(K=1) H=IR.It

H=V
It
H=V
Q

Work done =energy=Power x time

Note: Filament of electric bulb is made of tungsten (W) due to its high melting
point. It glows on heating. The space inside the gas is filled with nitrogen or inert
gases to avoid burning of filament.
 Copper and aluminium are used for wires as they have low resistance.
 Electric fuse is a safety device made of alloy called solder ( tin and lead ). It has low melting
.point and when excess current flows it melts and the circuit is open
 Chord of electric heater does not glow but the coil does because of its high
resistance and high melting point. Page 14
Power: It is defined as rate of work done . P = W/ t

S.I unit : Watt

One Watt : When one Joule of work is done in one second , the power is said to be
one Watt . 1W = 1J / 1s
 One horsepower=746watt

Various formulae to calculate Power

 P=VI
 P= I 2 R
 P=V2/R

P∝ I

P ∝1/R
 If two bulbs of power P1 and P2 are
connected in series then 1/P=1/ P1 +
1/P2

 If two bulbs of power P1 and P2 are

connected in parallel then P = P1 + P2
Commercial unit of energy:

E=P x t

Unit :

kwh

1 kwh=1000 W x 3600 s= 36 x 105 J

1 kwh = 3.6 x 106 J

Cost of energy consumed = no.of units x cost of each unit

Pg:15
Numerical:

1. An electric bulb is rated 220V and 100 W. What would be its power
consumption when it is operated on 110V?
V1=220 V, P1=100 W
V2=110 V, P2=?
P1=V12/R
100=220x220
R
R=220x220
=484
100

P2=110x110
=25W 484
2. An electric motor takes 5A from a 220V line for 2 hrs. Find the power and
energy in joule and kwh.
P=VI
=220 x 5
=1100 w
E=P x t=1100 x 7200=792 x 104 J
E=kwh=1.1W x2h = 2.2 kwh

3. A torch of 100 watt is rated 750 mA. Find a)resistance b)voltage c)energy
consumed in 4 hrs.
a) P= I 2 R
100=(750x10-
3)2 R

R=100x103x103

=1600/9=177.72 750x 750

b) P=VI
V=100x1000

=400/3=133.3V 750
c) Energy E=Pxt
=100 x 4 x3600
=144x104
=0.4 kwh
4. An electric lamp is marked 25 W, is used for 6 hrs a day. Calculate
resistance, energy consumed at 220V.
Resistance:
P=25W t=6hrs v=220v
P= V2/R R=V2/P=220x220=1936
25
E=P x t=25 x 6 x 3600 =48x104 J Page : 16
 Or E = 25 x 6 =
0.15kwh 1000
5. An electric heater rated 800 w operates 6 hrs a day.Find the cost to operate
for September month. If one unit costs Rs.3.
E=kwh=0.8x6=4.8
For 30 days, units=4.8x30=48x3=144
Cost=144x3=Rs.432

6 There are two 100 W bulbs lighted 2 hrs a day and four 40W , 6hrs a day. Find
energy consumed in kwh and SI unit. Find cost for June if each unit cost is Rs. 2.

E= 100 x 2x2 + 40 x 4 x 6 =0.4+0.96=1.36kwh

1000 1000
For 30 days =1.36 x 30 = 40.8kwh
Cost = 40.8 x 2 =Rs.81.60

7.An iron box of 400 W operates 8 hrs a day. What is the energy consumed for
10 days. Cost of one unit isR.4.

E=Pxt

1000

Cost of the bill = 4 x 32 = Rs.1 28

8 An electric iron box is of 840 W when heated at maximum rate and is at 360 W when
heated at minimum rate. Calculate resistance and current in both cases. Voltage is 220V.

page 17
9. Calculate heat energy produced when 96kC charge transfers in1hr.Voltageis 50V
Sol : I = Q/t = 96000/3600 = 26.6A
H = VIt = 50 x 26.6 x 3600 = 48x104 J
Or

H = VQ = 50 x 96000 = 48 x 104 J
10. An electric iron box has 20A current. Find the heat energy

produced in10mins.

Sol: H = VIt = 220 x 20 x 600 = 284 x 104 J

11. A hot plate of electric oven is connected to a 220V having 2 resistance coils
A,B each of 24 . What is the current when a)connected separately b)in series c)in
parallel

Mention the ascending order.

Sol:
a) I=V/R=220/24=9.1A

b) R
series=24+24=48
I=220/48=4.6

c) R
parallel=24/2=12
I=220/12=55/3
=18.3

Ascending order
Series<separately<par
allel

12. Which has more energy, 240W TV set operated for an hour or 1200 W toaster in 10 mins.
 Page 18

TV set has more energy consumption

13. Many electric bulbs are connected in parallel across a 220V electric supply line.
Howmany bulbs are connected if maximum current is 5A and each bulb is of 10W.
• Resistance R1 of the bulb is given by the
expression, Supply voltage, V = 220 V

• Maximum allowable current, I

= 5 A Ratingof anelectric
bulbP=10watts Because P = V2
/R

• According to Ohm’slaw,
V=IR
Let R is the total resistance of the circuit forx number of electric
bulbs R=V/I
=220/5=44 Ω
Resistance of each electric bulb, R1=4840Ω

•
• Therefore 110 bulbs are connected .

14.Comparethepowerofthefollowing

circuits

a) 6V is connected in series to a 1 and 2 in series.

b) 4V battery in series connected to a 12 and 2 in

parallel. Sol:

a) R=3

P=V2/R=6x6/3=12W
b) 12 and 2 inparallel then
Rp=12/7 R=12/7
P= 4x4x7

Ratio is 12 : 9.3 ≃ 4:3

=28/3=9.3 W 12

Page : 19