OOSE IMP

Q1. Answer the following questions.

1. List the types of inheritance.

Ans:-
o Single Inheritance
o Multiple Inheritance
o Multilevel Inheritance
o Hierarchical Inheritance
o Hybrid Inheritance
2. What is an active class?
Ans:-An active class is a class whose objects are active, meaning they have their own
thread of control. These objects initiate control activity rather than waiting for a
message from other objects.
3. Define term object orientation.
Ans:-Object orientation is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects,
which contain both data (fields or attributes) and methods (functions or procedures) to
manipulate that data. The goal is to encapsulate functionality within objects to model
real-world entities.
4. Explain polymorphism.
Ans:-Polymorphism refers to the ability of a function or method to behave differently
based on the object or data it is acting upon. In object-oriented programming,
polymorphism allows objects of different types to be treated as objects of a common
super type.
5. List any four characteristics of a system.
Ans:-
o Structure: The system has a definite structure, defined by its components
and their arrangement.
o Behavior: Systems exhibit dynamic behavior, interacting with the
environment.
o Boundary: A system has boundaries that separate it from other systems.
o Purpose: Every system has a specific purpose or goal it is designed to
accomplish.
6. Define role names.
Ans:-Role names in object-oriented design represent the specific role or function that
an object plays within a relationship or interaction. In a class diagram, role names are
used to clarify the role of objects in associations.
 7. What is Action?
Ans:-An action in a system refers to a specific operation or task executed as part of a
sequence in a workflow, often in response to an event or condition.
8. What is interface?
Ans:- An interface in object-oriented design is a blueprint that defines a set of methods
(operations) without providing the implementation. It allows different classes to implement
the same set of methods in their own way, promoting loose coupling and flexibility.
9. What is the use of section 4 in SRS format?
Ans:- Section 4 in the Software Requirements Specification (SRS) typically outlines the
functional requirements of the system. It describes the specific behaviors, inputs, outputs,
and conditions under which the system is expected to operate.
10. Define forking.
Ans:- In UML, forking refers to splitting a single flow of control into multiple concurrent
paths. It is represented by a fork node, and it is used in activity diagrams to show parallel
execution.
11. List any two advantages and disadvantages of prototyping model.
Ans:- Advantages:
1. Early user feedback helps improve design and requirements.
2. It reduces the risk of failure by refining the system iteratively.
Disadvantages:
1. Frequent changes can increase complexity and development time.
2. It may lead to inadequate system documentation.
12. Define Generalization.
Ans:- Generalization is an object-oriented concept that represents the "is-a" relationship
between a superclass and its subclasses. It allows a subclass to inherit properties and
behaviors from the superclass, promoting code reuse and flexibility.
13. Write down the purpose of the object diagram.
Ans:- An object diagram captures a snapshot of the system at a particular point in time,
showing specific instances (objects) of classes and their relationships. Its purpose is to
visualize real-world examples of class diagrams, providing an instance-level representation
of the system's structure.
14. List any two advantages and disadvantages of waterfall model.
Ans:- Advantages:
1. Simple and easy to manage due to its sequential phases.
2. Suitable for projects with well-defined requirements.
Disadvantages:
1. Inflexible to changes once the project is in the later stages.
 2. Customer feedback is received late in the process, leading to potential
misalignment with actual needs.
15. What is the use of section 9 in SRS format.
Ans:- Section 9 in the SRS typically addresses appendices or additional supporting
information, such as glossary, references, or documentation that is supplementary to the
main content.
16. What is meant by Inception.
Ans:- Inception is the initial phase of the software development life cycle (especially in the
Unified Process) where the project scope, objectives, and feasibility are defined. It helps
clarify the project's goals and high-level requirements.
17. What is realization.
Ans:- Realization is a relationship between interfaces and the classes or components that
implement them. It shows that the implementing class provides concrete functionality for
the abstract methods defined in the interface.
18. Define Tagged value.
Ans:- A tagged value is an attribute added to a UML element (like a class or relationship) to
provide extra information. It serves as a way to attach non-functional or additional
properties to the element.
19. What is meant by Elaboration?
Ans:- Elaboration is the second phase of the Unified Process (UP) where the project's
architecture is refined and core functionality is developed. The system's riskier elements
are designed, and the major components are identified.
20. Define Joining
Ans:- In UML, joining refers to the merging of multiple concurrent flows of control into a
single flow. It is represented by a join node in activity diagrams, indicating that all parallel
paths must complete before continuing.
21. Consider a single object “Book” and draw object diagram with possible attributes.
Ans:-
22. What is meant by object orient design.
Ans:- Object-oriented design is the process of planning a system of interacting objects for
solving a software problem. It involves defining classes, their attributes, behaviors
(methods), and relationships (inheritance, association, etc.) in a way that models the real-
world entities.

Q2. Answer the following questions.

1. Explain what is requirement elicitation.
Ans:- Requirement elicitation is the process of collecting and identifying the needs and
expectations of stakeholders for a software project. It involves understanding the goals,
constraints, and functionality required by the system from various stakeholders such as
customers, users, and other relevant parties. Techniques used for requirement elicitation
include:
• Interviews: Direct conversations with stakeholders to gather their needs.
• Surveys and Questionnaires: Distributing forms to collect opinions from a wide
audience.
• Workshops: Collaborative sessions with stakeholders to define system
requirements.
• Prototyping: Developing preliminary versions of the system to clarify requirements.
• Observation: Watching users interact with a current system to identify implicit
needs.
The goal is to create a comprehensive understanding of what the system should do to
satisfy the stakeholders.

2. Explain UML architecture.

Ans:- UML (Unified Modeling Language) architecture provides a standardized way to
visualize the design of a system. UML is used to model the static and dynamic aspects of
software, allowing developers and stakeholders to understand the structure and behavior
of the system. UML consists of multiple types of diagrams that serve specific purposes:
• Structural Diagrams: These include class diagrams, component diagrams, and
deployment diagrams, focusing on the static structure of the system.
• Behavioral Diagrams: These include use case diagrams, activity diagrams, and
sequence diagrams, which model the dynamic behavior of the system.
UML's architecture can be divided into different views to give a complete picture of the
system:
1. User View: Represented by use case diagrams, showing the system’s functionality
as seen by external actors.
2. Logical View: Represented by class diagrams and state diagrams, showing the
system’s object-oriented structure.
3. Component View: Represented by component diagrams, depicting the physical
components (modules) of the system.
4. Deployment View: Represented by deployment diagrams, showing the physical
deployment of software on hardware nodes.

3. Explain activity diagram with Notation

Ans:- An activity diagram in UML is used to represent the flow of activities (tasks, functions,
or operations) in a system. It helps to model workflows and business processes by showing
the sequence of actions and decisions that lead from one activity to another.
Notations in an activity diagram:

4. Draw the collaboration diagram for hospital management system.

Ans:-

5. Describe UP phases with the help of diagram.

Ans:- The Unified Process (UP) is an iterative and incremental software development
framework. It divides the software development life cycle into four phases:
1. Inception Phase:
 o Focus: Define the project scope, business case, and feasibility.
o Deliverables: Vision document, preliminary use case model, project scope,
and cost estimate.
2. Elaboration Phase:
o Focus: Refine the project architecture and design, address the high-risk
areas.
o Deliverables: Detailed use case model, updated risk analysis, software
architecture description, and an executable architecture baseline.
3. Construction Phase:
o Focus: Build the system incrementally with a focus on developing features
and completing system functionality.
o Deliverables: System code, system design, and documentation.
4. Transition Phase:
o Focus: Deploy the system to end users, conduct user training, and ensure
the system meets user expectations.
o Deliverables: Final software product, user manuals, and training
documentation.
UP Diagram:
The diagram representing these phases shows a timeline with iterations in each phase. The
elaboration and construction phases have multiple iterations, ensuring that the system is
developed and refined incrementally.

6. Explain visibility modes along with well labelled diagram.

Ans:-

7. Draw component diagram for online shopping.

Ans:-
8. Describe the coad and yourdon method in detail.
Ans:- The Coad and Yourdon method is an object-oriented analysis and design
methodology that emphasizes capturing the essential aspects of a system in terms of
objects and their interactions. It is structured into two main processes:
1. Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA):
o Subjects: Grouping of objects based on similar functionality.
o Classes and Objects: Identification of objects, their attributes, and their
behaviors.
o Structures: Defines relationships between classes, including inheritance.
o Attributes: Properties or data associated with each object or class.
o Services: Operations or methods that the objects can perform.
2. Object-Oriented Design (OOD):
o Translates the analysis model into a detailed system design.
o Focuses on system architecture, interfaces, and class definitions for
implementation.
o Implements modularity, information hiding, and reusable components.
The Coad and Yourdon method emphasizes the importance of maintaining a clear
distinction between analysis (identifying what the system should do) and design (defining
how the system will be built).

9. What is use cases? State include and extend relationship among use cases with
sample.
Ans:- A Use Case is a diagrammatic representation of how a system interacts with external
actors (users or other systems) to achieve a goal. Each use case describes a functional
requirement of the system.
Include Relationship:
• The include relationship in a use case occurs when a use case requires the behavior
of another use case to be included as part of its execution. The included use case is
often a reusable function across multiple use cases.
• Example: In an online shopping system, the Checkout use case may include the
Login use case, as users must log in to proceed to checkout.
Extend Relationship:
• The extend relationship in a use case occurs when a use case conditionally adds
functionality to another use case. The base use case will execute on its own, but in
certain conditions, the extended use case will be triggered.
• Example: In an ATM system, the Withdraw Money use case may extend with an
Insufficient Funds use case if the user’s balance is low.
10. How to identify the element of an object model.
Ans:- The object model consists of several elements that capture the structure and
behavior of the system in terms of objects, classes, and their interactions. Identifying
elements of the object model involves several steps:
1. Identify Objects:
o Objects represent real-world entities in the system. To identify objects,
analyze the system’s requirements and business rules. Common nouns in
the requirements often suggest candidate objects.
o Example: In an e-commerce system, objects could include Customer, Order,
Product, etc.
2. Define Classes:
o Once objects are identified, group them into classes, which define the
common structure (attributes) and behavior (methods) of the objects.
o Example: A Product class might have attributes like name, price, and
methods like addToCart().
3. Identify Relationships:
o Identify how classes and objects relate to one another. Common
relationships include:
▪ Association: When one class is linked to another (e.g., Customer
places Order).
▪ Aggregation/Composition: When one class contains another as part
of its structure (e.g., Order contains Product).
▪ Inheritance: When one class is a specialized form of another (e.g.,
Admin inherits from User).
4. Define Attributes and Methods:
o Attributes represent the properties of a class, while methods define the
operations it can perform.
o Example: The Order class may have attributes like orderID, date and
methods like processOrder().
5. Specify Visibility:
o Use visibility modes to define which class members are accessible by other
classes. (public, private, protected).

11. Draw a collaboration diagram for ATM system.

Ans:-
12. What is object orientation? State various reasons for why object
orientation.
Ans:- Object Orientation (OO) is a programming paradigm that uses "objects" – entities
that encapsulate data (attributes) and behavior (methods) – as the basic building blocks of
software development. It is based on four main principles:
1. Encapsulation: Objects bundle data and methods that operate on the data.
2. Abstraction: Hiding complex implementation details and showing only the essential
features.
3. Inheritance: Creating new classes from existing ones to promote reuse.
4. Polymorphism: The ability to process objects differently depending on their class or
data type.
Reasons for Object Orientation:
1. Modularity: OO promotes dividing a system into manageable, self-contained
modules (objects) that represent real-world entities.
2. Reusability: Through inheritance and composition, object orientation allows code to
be reused across multiple parts of a project or in other projects.
3. Maintainability: The separation of concerns and the modular design make it easier
to maintain and update object-oriented systems.
4. Flexibility: Polymorphism and dynamic binding allow objects of different classes to
be treated uniformly, making the system more adaptable.
5. Data Security: Encapsulation protects data by restricting direct access and
providing controlled methods to manipulate it.

13. What is class diagram. Explain with Notations.

Ans:-A Class Diagram is one of the main UML (Unified Modeling Language) diagrams used
to describe the static structure of a system by showing its classes, attributes, methods,
and the relationships between classes. Class diagrams are useful for visualizing the object-
oriented structure of a system.

14. What is risk management in project management

Ans:- Risk management in project management is the systematic process of identifying,
analyzing, and responding to risks throughout the life cycle of a project to ensure it stays on
track to meet its goals. Risk management aims to minimize the potential negative impacts
of unforeseen events while maximizing opportunities.
Steps in Risk Management:
1. Risk Identification: Identifying potential risks that could affect the project. This
involves brainstorming, expert consultations, and analyzing past projects.
2. Risk Analysis:
o Qualitative Analysis: Assessing the likelihood and impact of each risk to
prioritize them.
o Quantitative Analysis: Using numerical techniques (like decision tree
analysis) to quantify the potential effects of risks.
3. Risk Response Planning:
o Mitigation: Reducing the likelihood or impact of a risk (e.g., by developing
contingency plans).
o Avoidance: Changing the project plan to eliminate the risk entirely.
o Transfer: Shifting the risk to a third party (e.g., through insurance).
o Acceptance: Acknowledging the risk but not taking any specific action unless
the risk occurs (usually for low-impact risks).
4. Risk Monitoring and Control: Continuously tracking identified risks and looking for
new ones throughout the project. Adjustments are made to risk responses as
needed.
Effective risk management helps in reducing project delays, cost overruns, and failures by
being prepared for unexpected events.

15. Describe the Rambaugh method in detail.

Ans:- The Rumbaugh Method (also known as Object Modeling Technique or OMT) is a
comprehensive methodology for object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD). It was
developed by James Rumbaugh and his colleagues and focuses on modeling the static and
dynamic aspects of systems. The method consists of three main models:
1. Object Model:
o This model focuses on the static structure of the system, describing objects,
classes, their attributes, and relationships.
o Key Elements: Classes, objects, attributes, associations, generalizations
(inheritance).
2. Dynamic Model:
o This model represents the behavioral aspects of the system, particularly how
objects interact over time.
o Key Elements: State diagrams, events, and transitions between states of
objects.
 o It helps in modeling the lifecycle of objects and their responses to events.
3. Functional Model:
o This model describes the data transformations within the system.
o Key Elements: Data flow diagrams (DFD) are used to represent the flow of
data between processes and objects.
Steps in the Rumbaugh Method:
1. Analysis: Involves building the object, dynamic, and functional models based on the
requirements.
2. System Design: High-level design is developed, defining the system architecture
and dividing it into manageable subsystems.
3. Object Design: The object model is refined, and detailed design decisions are made
regarding algorithms, data structures, and interface definitions.
4. Implementation: The system is implemented based on the object design using
object-oriented programming languages.
The Rumbaugh method is known for its focus on combining static (structural) and dynamic
(behavioral) models, making it well-suited for large-scale, complex systems.

16. Define UML. What are the goals of UML.

Ans:- Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standardized modeling language used to
visualize, specify, construct, and document the structure and behavior of complex
software systems. UML provides a set of graphical notation techniques to create abstract
models of software systems, often referred to as blueprints.
Goals of UML:
1. Provide a Standardized Notation: UML offers a common language for developers to
model systems, which makes communication clearer across teams and
stakeholders.
2. Enable Visualization: UML helps developers visualize complex software systems,
making them easier to understand and manage.
3. Facilitate Software Design: It helps in designing both the structure and behavior of
systems, which is critical during both analysis and design phases of software
development.
4. Support High-Level Design and Low-Level Design: UML can be used for both high-
level architectural decisions and detailed object-oriented design.
5. Promote Best Practices: By following UML standards, teams can adhere to industry
best practices and reduce ambiguity in software development.

17. Draw state chart diagram for online Railway Reservation System.
Ans:-
18. What is meant by Object Oriented Analysis?
Ans:- Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA) is a systematic approach to analyzing and modeling
a software system using object-oriented principles. It focuses on identifying the system's
requirements and representing the real-world entities involved in the application as
objects.
Key Aspects of Object-Oriented Analysis:
1. Understanding Requirements: OOA emphasizes gathering and analyzing the
requirements of the system from the user's perspective, ensuring that all functional
and non-functional requirements are captured.
2. Identifying Objects: The primary step in OOA is to identify the objects relevant to the
system. This involves recognizing the key entities, their attributes, behaviors, and
relationships.
3. Modeling: OOA utilizes models (like class diagrams, use case diagrams, and
interaction diagrams) to visually represent the identified objects and their
interactions. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is often used for this purpose.
4. Defining Responsibilities: Each identified object is assigned specific
responsibilities, outlining its role in the overall system and how it interacts with
other objects.
19. Define sequence diagram. Explain sequence diagrams notations.
Ans:- A Sequence Diagram is a type of interaction diagram in UML that shows how objects
interact in a particular sequence. It illustrates the order of messages exchanged between
objects over time, focusing on the dynamic behavior of a system.

20. Write short note on Type and Roles.

Ans:- Types and Roles are important concepts in object-oriented design that help in
defining the behavior and relationships of objects within a system.
Types:
• A Type defines the characteristics of objects, encapsulating data and behavior. It
represents a classification or a category of objects that share common attributes
and methods.
• In object-oriented programming, types can refer to classes, interfaces, or data
structures. Each type has:
o Attributes: Properties or data fields that describe the type.
 o Methods: Functions or operations that define the behavior associated with
the type.
• Types enable polymorphism, allowing objects of different classes to be treated as
objects of a common superclass.
Roles:
• A Role refers to the function or behavior that an object assumes in a particular
context or scenario. Objects can play different roles based on their interactions and
relationships with other objects.
• For instance, in a Library Management System, a Member can play the role of a
Borrower when checking out books and a Returner when returning them.
• Roles help in defining dynamic behavior and the context of interaction, allowing for
greater flexibility in design.
Both types and roles are essential in modeling the behavior and interactions of objects in a
system, enabling effective communication and understanding of the system's functionality.

21. Define the following terms :

i) Link.
Ans:- A Link is a single connection between two or more objects in an object-oriented
model. It represents an instance of an association between the classes involved. Links can
exist at runtime when objects are created and interact with each other, forming
relationships.
ii) State.
Ans:- A State represents a specific condition or situation of an object at a particular time
during its lifecycle. In state diagrams, states are used to depict the various conditions an
object can be in, triggered by events or actions. States help in understanding how an object
behaves over time.
iii) Branching.
Ans:- Branching refers to the decision points in a process or workflow where the flow of
control can diverge based on certain conditions. In sequence diagrams or activity
diagrams, branching indicates different paths that can be taken based on conditional
expressions (e.g., if-then-else statements).
iv) Note.
Ans:- A Note is a mechanism for adding explanatory text or comments in UML diagrams. It
is represented by a rectangle with a dog-eared corner and is connected to the relevant
elements using a dashed line. Notes help provide additional context, clarifications, or
descriptions for specific elements in a diagram.
22. What is package? Explain it with import and export stereotypes.
Ans:- A Package in UML is a namespace that groups related elements (such as classes,
interfaces, and other packages) to organize the model better and manage dependencies.
Packages help in modularizing complex systems by breaking them down into smaller,
manageable units.
Import and Export Stereotypes:
• Import Stereotype: The <<import>> stereotype indicates that a package uses or
accesses the elements of another package. It establishes a relationship that allows
the importing package to utilize the classes or components defined in the imported
package.
• Export Stereotype: The <<export>> stereotype signifies that a package makes
certain elements available for use by other packages. It defines which elements can
be accessed by importing packages.

23. Define Relationship. Explain different kinds of relationship.

Ans:- In object-oriented modeling, a Relationship is a connection or association between
two or more objects, classes, or components. Relationships define how entities interact
with each other, and they help in understanding the structure and behavior of a system.
Different Kinds of Relationships:
1. Association:
o A general relationship between two classes indicating that one class uses or
is linked to another. It is depicted as a solid line between the classes.
o Multiplicity specifies how many instances of one class relate to instances of
another (e.g., 1, 0..*, 1..*).
2. Aggregation:
o A whole-part relationship where one class (the whole) contains another class
(the part), but the part can exist independently of the whole. It is represented
by a hollow diamond at the whole end of the line.
o Example: A Library and Books – a library can have many books, but books can
exist independently of the library.
3. Composition:
o A stronger form of aggregation where the part cannot exist independently of
the whole. It is represented by a filled diamond at the whole end of the line.
o Example: A House and Rooms – rooms are parts of a house and cannot exist
without the house.
4. Inheritance (Generalization):
o A relationship where one class (the subclass or derived class) inherits
attributes and behaviors from another class (the superclass or base class). It
is represented by a solid line with a hollow arrow pointing to the superclass.
 o Example: A Bird class and Sparrow class where Sparrow inherits properties
from Bird.
5. Dependency:
o A weaker relationship where one class depends on another for its
functionality. If the dependent class changes, it may affect the class it
depends on. It is represented by a dashed line with an arrow pointing from
the dependent class to the class it depends on.
o Example: A Car class may depend on a Engine class.
Each type of relationship serves a specific purpose in modeling and helps in capturing the
interactions and dependencies between various components in a system.

24. Explain generic components of the object oriented design model.

Ans:- The Object-Oriented Design Model comprises several generic components that help
structure the design of an object-oriented system. These components encapsulate the
principles of abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Here are the key
components:
1. Classes:
o The blueprint or template for creating objects. A class defines attributes
(data members) and methods (functions) that characterize the objects
instantiated from it.
2. Objects:
o Instances of classes that represent real-world entities or concepts. Objects
contain state (data) and behavior (methods) as defined by their class.
3. Attributes:
o Characteristics or properties of a class that store data. Each object has its
values for these attributes, representing its state.
4. Methods:
o Functions defined in a class that encapsulate behaviors associated with the
objects. Methods can manipulate object attributes and define how objects
interact.
5. Relationships:
o Connections between classes, such as associations, aggregations,
compositions, inheritances, and dependencies. Relationships define how
objects collaborate to achieve functionality.
6. Interfaces:
o Contracts that define a set of methods without implementation. Interfaces
enable polymorphism and allow different classes to implement the same
interface.
 7. Packages:
o Groupings of related classes and interfaces that help organize the system
and manage dependencies. Packages promote modularity and reusability.
8. Design Patterns:
o General reusable solutions to common problems encountered in software
design. They provide best practices and templates for solving specific design
challenges (e.g., Singleton, Observer, Factory).
9. Collaboration Diagrams:
o Visual representations of how objects interact and collaborate to perform a
task. They focus on the relationships and messages exchanged between
objects.
10. State Diagrams:
o Diagrams that depict the states an object can be in and the transitions
between those states, representing dynamic behavior.
These components work together to provide a robust framework for designing and
implementing object-oriented systems, ensuring that they are modular, maintainable, and
adaptable to change.
25. Draw the deployment diagram for railway reservation system.
Ans:-

26. What is meant by Iterative development state it's various advantages.

Ans:- Iterative Development is a software development methodology where the project is
built incrementally in small, manageable segments (iterations). Each iteration involves a
cycle of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, leading to a more
refined and enhanced version of the software at each stage.
Advantages of Iterative Development:
 1. Flexibility and Adaptability: Changes can be incorporated based on feedback from
previous iterations, allowing for adjustments to requirements as the project
progresses.
2. Early Detection of Issues: Continuous testing and feedback during each iteration
help identify and address problems early in the development process, reducing the
risk of significant failures.
3. Improved User Engagement: Regular demonstrations and reviews with stakeholders
foster greater collaboration and ensure that the final product meets user
expectations.
4. Risk Management: Breaking the project into smaller iterations allows teams to
manage risks better, focusing on high-priority features first and assessing risks
continuously.

27. What is association. Explain any two terms in association.

Ans:- Association is a relationship between two or more classes that indicates how
instances of these classes interact with each other. It represents a connection that can
exist between objects and may include properties such as multiplicity and role names.
Two Key Terms in Association:
1. Multiplicity:
o Specifies the number of instances of one class that can be associated with a
single instance of another class. It defines the cardinality of the relationship.
o Examples of multiplicity:
▪ 1: Exactly one instance (e.g., a student must have one ID).
▪ 0..*: Zero or more instances (e.g., a teacher can have many students).
▪ 1..*: One or more instances (e.g., a class must have at least one
student).
2. Role Name:
o A role name indicates the role that an object of a particular class plays in the
association. It helps clarify the nature of the relationship between the two
classes.
o For example, in an association between Student and Course, the Student
may have the role name "enrolls" in the association with Course, while
Course may have the role name "includes" in the association with Student.

28. Define the following terms

i) Transition
Ans:- A Transition refers to the movement from one state to another in a state machine. It is
triggered by events or conditions and represents a change in the state of an object or
system. Transitions often include actions or activities that occur as the state changes.
ii) Concurrency
Ans:- Concurrency is the ability of a system to execute multiple processes or threads
simultaneously. In the context of state machines or activity diagrams, concurrency refers to
the occurrence of multiple actions or processes happening at the same time, often
represented by parallel paths.
iii) Actor
Ans:- An Actor represents an external entity that interacts with the system being modeled.
Actors can be users, other systems, or external devices. They are usually depicted as stick
figures in use case diagrams and define roles played by users or external systems in
achieving system functionality.
iv) Navigation.
Ans:- Navigation refers to the ability to move from one part of a model to another, typically
represented in UML class diagrams or use case diagrams. It indicates how objects and
associations can be accessed and traversed. Navigation can be unidirectional (one-way) or
bidirectional (two-way).
29. Explain understanding requirement of object oriented analysis.
Ans:- Key Activities in Understanding Requirements:
1. Requirement Elicitation: Gathering information through interviews, surveys,
workshops, and observations to understand user needs and expectations. Engaging
with stakeholders is crucial for accurate requirement capture.
2. Requirement Analysis: Analyzing the collected requirements to identify conflicts,
ambiguities, or missing information. This process helps in refining requirements and
ensuring they are feasible and clear.
3. Use Case Development: Creating use cases to describe how users will interact with
the system. Use cases outline the functionality required and provide scenarios that
illustrate user interactions.
4. Identifying Objects and Classes: Identifying potential objects and classes based on
the requirements and use cases. This step involves recognizing real-world entities,
their attributes, behaviors, and relationships.

30. Explain which diagrams are called as on interaction diagram. Explain

with example.
Ans:- Interaction Diagrams in UML are used to illustrate how objects interact with one
another over time. They focus on the flow of messages and the sequence of interactions
between objects within a system. The primary types of interaction diagrams are:
 • Sequence Diagrams: Show how processes operate with one another and in what
order. They emphasize the time sequence of messages exchanged between objects.
• Collaboration Diagrams: Focus on the structural organization of the objects that
interact. They illustrate how objects are connected and the messages they
exchange without emphasizing the time sequence as strongly as sequence
diagrams.

32. Explain the concept of Aggregation with example.

Ans:- Aggregation is a special type of association that represents a "whole-part"
relationship between two classes. In this relationship, the part can exist independently of
the whole. It is a weaker relationship compared to composition, indicating that the lifecycle
of the part is not strictly tied to the lifecycle of the whole.
Example:
Consider a Library and Book classes:
• Library can be seen as the whole.
• Book is a part that can exist independently of the library.

33. What is classifier? Explain different classifiers.

Ans:- A Classifier in UML is a general term that refers to any element that can classify
instances. It is used to represent a concept that can have attributes and operations.
Classifiers can include:
1. Class: Represents a blueprint for creating objects. It defines attributes and methods
that characterize the objects.
2. Interface: Specifies a contract of operations without implementing them. Classes
can implement interfaces to provide specific functionalities.
3. Data Type: Represents a type of data that can be used within the system (e.g.,
Integer, String). Data types can have values but do not have operations.
4. Component: Represents a modular part of a system that encapsulates its contents
and exposes interfaces to interact with other components.
5. Node: Represents a physical element that can host components (e.g., server,
device) in deployment diagrams.
6. Use Case: Describes a specific functionality provided by the system from the user's
perspective.

34. Define the following terms :

i) Composition
Ans:- Composition is a strong form of aggregation where the part cannot exist
independently of the whole. It implies a whole-part relationship where the lifecycle of the
part is tightly bound to the lifecycle of the whole. If the whole is destroyed, the parts are
also destroyed.
ii) System boundary
Ans:- System Boundary defines the scope of the system being modeled. It separates the
system from its environment and indicates what is included within the system and what is
external to it. It is typically represented as a rectangle surrounding the system components
in UML diagrams.
iii) Swim lane
Ans:- Swim Lane is a visual representation used in activity diagrams to organize activities
into different lanes, where each lane represents a specific actor, role, or entity responsible
for carrying out those activities. It helps clarify responsibilities and interactions in a
process.
iv) Note
Ans:- Note is a UML element used to provide additional information or comments within
diagrams. Notes can be attached to any diagram element to clarify details, provide context,
or add explanations.
35. Explain Deployment diagram. State any four notation of deployment diagram.
Ans:- A Deployment Diagram is a type of UML diagram that shows the physical deployment
of artifacts (software components) on hardware nodes. It visualizes the architecture of the
system in terms of hardware and software components and how they interact.
Notations Used in Deployment Diagrams:
1. Node:
o Represents a physical device or hardware (e.g., a server, computer). It is
depicted as a cube.
2. Artifact:
o Represents a physical piece of information that is used or produced by a
system, such as a software application or a database. It is shown as a
rectangle with a folded corner.
3. Association:
o Indicates communication paths between nodes. It is represented as a solid
line connecting nodes, often with an arrow to show direction.
4. Communication Path:
o Shows the communication link between nodes. It can be represented as a
dashed line indicating the connection.

36. What is SRS? Explain types of SRS specification.

Ans:- SRS stands for Software Requirements Specification, which is a comprehensive
description of the intended purpose and environment for software under development. It
serves as a contract between the stakeholders and the development team, outlining
functional and non-functional requirements.
Types of SRS Specification:
1. Functional Requirements Specification:
o Details the specific functions, features, and behavior that the system must
provide. It includes use cases, user stories, and specific inputs/outputs.
2. Non-Functional Requirements Specification:
o Specifies the criteria that can be used to judge the operation of a system,
rather than specific behaviors. This includes performance, security, usability,
reliability, and maintainability.
3. System Requirements Specification:
o Combines both functional and non-functional requirements and describes
the entire system's requirements. It may also include constraints and
assumptions.
4. User Requirements Specification:
o Focuses on the needs of the end users. It describes what the user expects
the system to do and outlines the usability and interaction aspects.
5. Interface Requirements Specification:
o Describes how the software will interact with other software, hardware, or
users. This includes APIs, protocols, and user interfaces.

37. Define thing. Explain type of things in UML.

Ans:- In UML, a Thing is a general term that encompasses any object or concept that can
be modeled. It is the most abstract category of modeling elements and can represent
various entities within a system.
Types of Things in UML:
1. Structural Things:
o These represent the static aspects of the system. Examples include:
▪ Class: Represents a blueprint for objects.
▪ Interface: Specifies a contract for behavior.
▪ Component: Represents a modular part of the system.
2. Behavioral Things:
o These represent the dynamic aspects of the system, such as interactions
and changes in state. Examples include:
▪ Use Case: Describes a specific functionality from a user's
perspective.
 ▪ Interaction: Defines how objects collaborate to achieve a goal.
3. Grouping Things:
o These organize elements into manageable groups. Examples include:
▪ Package: A container for organizing related elements.
▪ Subsystem: A grouping of related components or classes.
4. Annotational Things:
o These provide additional information about model elements. An example is:
▪ Note: Used to provide explanations or comments.

38. Explain Jacobson method of object oriented design.

Ans:- The Jacobson Method, developed by Ivar Jacobson, is an approach to object-
oriented design that emphasizes use cases as the primary means of capturing
requirements and guiding the design process. It focuses on the concept of "use case driven
development" and incorporates several key principles and practices:
Key Elements of the Jacobson Method:
1. Use Cases:
o Central to the Jacobson Method, use cases describe the interactions
between users (actors) and the system to achieve specific goals. They
capture functional requirements and help identify the necessary classes and
their interactions.
2. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design:
o The method involves analyzing the requirements to identify objects, their
behaviors, and interactions. It promotes the use of UML diagrams (class
diagrams, sequence diagrams) to represent the system.
3. Iterative and Incremental Development:
o The Jacobson Method encourages building systems in iterations, allowing for
refinement and adjustment based on user feedback throughout the
development process.
4. Component-based Development:
o Focuses on developing reusable software components that can be
integrated into different systems, promoting efficiency and consistency.
5. Active Use Case Modeling:
o Emphasizes the continuous evolution of use cases throughout the project,
ensuring that they remain relevant as the system evolves.

39. Define relationship. Explain different kinds of relationship.

Ans:- A Relationship in UML represents a connection between two or more model
elements. Relationships help in understanding how different elements of a system interact
and relate to one another.
Different Kinds of Relationships:
1. Association:
o A basic relationship where one class is connected to another, indicating that
they interact. It can be unidirectional or bidirectional.
o Example: A Student is associated with a Course.
2. Aggregation:
o A special form of association that represents a "whole-part" relationship. The
part can exist independently of the whole.
o Example: A Library has Books.
3. Composition:
o A stronger form of aggregation where the part cannot exist independently of
the whole. If the whole is destroyed, the parts are also destroyed.
o Example: A House is composed of Rooms.
4. Generalization:
o Represents an inheritance relationship where a subclass inherits attributes
and methods from a superclass.
o Example: A Dog is a generalization of Animal.
5. Realization:
o Indicates that a class implements the behavior defined by an interface.
o Example: A Car class realizes the Vehicle interface.
6. Dependency:
o Represents a relationship where one element depends on another. Changes
to one may affect the other.
o Example: A Report depends on Data.

40. What is package? Explain different kinds of packages.

Ans:- A Package in UML is a container used to group related elements (classes, interfaces,
use cases, etc.) to promote organization and manageability within a model. Packages help
to encapsulate and modularize the design, making it easier to understand and maintain.
Different Kinds of Packages:
1. Design Package:
o Contains design-related elements, such as classes, components, and
interfaces that represent the structure of the system.
2. Deployment Package:
 o Represents the physical deployment of software components on hardware
nodes. It shows how the system will be installed and run in a production
environment.
3. Component Package:
o Groups related components that can be reused across different systems or
projects. It promotes modularity and separation of concerns.
4. Use Case Package:
o Contains use cases that describe specific functionalities or interactions
within the system. It helps to organize requirements effectively.
5. Subsystem Package:
o Represents a collection of related classes, interfaces, or components that
together form a coherent part of the system. Subsystems help manage
complexity by breaking down large systems into smaller, manageable units.

41. What do you mean by task management components?

Ans:- Task Management Components refer to the elements within a software system that
facilitate the organization, tracking, and management of tasks and activities. These
components are essential for ensuring that tasks are completed efficiently and effectively,
particularly in collaborative environments.
Key Features of Task Management Components:
1. Task Creation and Assignment:
o Allow users to create new tasks and assign them to specific individuals or
teams.
2. Task Tracking:
o Enable monitoring the status of tasks (e.g., not started, in progress,
completed) to ensure accountability and visibility.
3. Priority and Due Dates:
o Facilitate setting priorities and deadlines for tasks, helping teams to manage
workloads and meet deadlines effectively.
4. Notifications and Reminders:
o Provide alerts to users about upcoming deadlines, task assignments, or
changes in task status, promoting proactive management.