Chapter 9 – Differentiation of polynomials,

power functions and rational functions

Solutions to Exercise 9A
1 f (x) = −x2 + 2x + 1 = lim(4x2 h + x + 1)
h→0
f (−1) = −(−1)2 + 2(−1) + 1 = −2 = x+1
f (4) = −(4)2 + 2 × 4 + 1 = −7 2x3 h − 2xh2 + h
f (4) − f (−1) b lim
Average rate of change = h→0 h
4 − (−1) = lim(2x3 − 2xh + 1)
h→0
−7 − (−2) = 2x3 + 1
=
5
= −1 c lim(40 − 50h)
h→0
= 40
2 f (x) = 6 − x3
d lim 5h
f (−1) = 6 + 1 = 7 h→0
=0
f (1) = 6 − 1 = 5
f (1) − f (−1) e lim 5
Average rate of change = h→0
1 − (−1) =5
−2
= 30h2 x2 + 20h2 x + h
2 f lim
h→0 h
= −1 = lim(30hx2 + 20hx + 1)
h→0
=1
3 f (x) = x2 + 5x
3h2 x3 + 2hx + h
g lim
a Gradient
h→0 h
= lim(3hx3 + 2x + 1)
h→0
(2 + h)2 + 5(2 + h) − 14 = 2x + 1
=
2+h−2
4 + 4h + h2 + 10 + 5h − 14 h lim 3x
= h→0
h = 3x
9h + h 2
= 3x3 h − 5x2 h2 + hx
h i lim
h→0 h
=9+h = lim(3x3 + 5x2 h + x)
h→0
b lim 9 + h = 9 = 3x3 + x
h→0

j lim(6x − 7h)
h→0
4x2 h2 + xh + h = 6x
4 a lim
h→0 h

350
5 y = x3 − x 7
y = x2 + 2x + 5
rise
a grad = rise
run grad(PQ) =
(1 + h)3 − (1 + h) − 0 run
= ((2 + h) + 2(a + h) + 5) − ((2)2 + 2(2) + 5)
2
(1 + h) − 1 =
(2 + h) − (2)
1 + 3h + 3h2 + h3 − 1 − h
= 4 + 4h + h2 + 4 + 2h + 5 − 4 − 4 − 5
h =
h + 3h + 2h
3 2 h
= h + 6h
2
h =
= h + 3h + 2
2 h
=h+6
b grad = lim grad(PQ)
h→0 grad(P) = lim(grad(PQ))
h→0
= lim(h2 + 3h + 2)
h→0 = lim(h + 6)
h→0
=2
=6

6 f (x) = x2 − 2
f (x + h) − f (x) ((x + h)2 − 2) − (x2 − 2)
=
8 a f (x) = 5x2
h h
f (x + h) − f (x)
x + 2xh + h2 − x2
2
f 0 (x) = lim
= h→0 h
h
= 2x + h 5(x + h)2 − 5x2 )
= lim
f (x + h) − f (x) h→0 h
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h 5x + 10xh + 5h2 − 5x2
2

= lim(2x + h)
= lim
h→0
h→0 h
f 0 (x) = 2x = lim 10x + 5h
h→0

= 10x

b f (x) = 3x + 2
f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
3(x + h) + 2 − 3x − 2
= lim
h→0 h
3h
= lim
h→0 h

= lim 3
h→0

=3

351
c f (x) = 5 f (x) = 5x2 − 6x
f (x + h) − f (x) f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
5−5 5(x + h)2 + 6(x + h) − 5x2 + 6x
= lim
= lim h→0 h
h→0 h
5x2 + 10xh + 5h2 − 6x − 6h − 5x2 + 6x
= lim 0 = lim
h→0
h→0 h
= lim(10x + 5h − 6)
=0 h→0

= 10x − 6
d
f (x) = 3x2 + 4x + 3
f (x + h) − f (x) f (a + h) − f (a) 12h
f 0 (x) = lim 9 a i =
h→0 h h 2h
(x + h)2 + 4(x + h) + 3 − 3x2 − 4x − 3 =6
= lim
h→0 h
= lim f (a + h) − f (a − h) h2 + 6h
h→0 ii =
3x2 − 3x2 + 6xh + 3h2 + 4x − 4x + 4h + 3 − 3
2h h
h =h+6
6xh + 3h + 4h
2
= lim f (a + h) − f (a) 12h
h→0 h iii =
= lim(6x + 3h + 4) h 2h
=6
h→0

= 6x + 4
f (a + h) − f (a) h2 + 10h
e b i =
f (x) = 5x3 − 5 h h
f (x + h) − f (x) = h + 10
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
5(x + h)3 − 5 − 5(x)3 + 5 f (a + h) − f (a − h) 20h
= lim ii =
h→0 h 2h 2h
5x3 + 15x2 h + 15xh2 + 5h3 − 5x3 = 10
= lim
h→0 h
= lim(15x2 + 15xh + 5h2 ) f (a + h) − f (a) h3 + 9h2 + 24h
h→0 c i =
h h
= 15x2
= h + 9h + 24
2

f
f (a + h) − f (a − h) 2h3 + 48h
ii =
2h 2h
= h + 24
2

f (a + h) − f (a) h3 + 6h2 + 14h

d i =
h h
= h + 6h + 14
2

352
 f (a + h) − f (a − h) 2h3 + 28h
ii =
2h 2h
= h + 14
2

353
Solutions to Exercise 9B
1 a f (x) = x5 b f (x) = −2x3 − x2 − 1
f 0 (x) = 5x4 f 0 (x) = −6x2 − 2x
f 0 (1) = −8
b f (x) = 4x7
f 0 (x) = 7 × 4x6 c f (x) = x4 − 2x3 + 1
= 28x6 f 0 (x) = 4x3 − 6x2
f 0 (1) = −2
c f (x) = 6x
f 0 (x) = 6 d f (x) = x5 − 3x3 + 2
f 0 (x) = 5x4 − 9x2
d f (x) = 5x2 − 4x + 3
f 0 (1) = −4
f 0 (x) = 2 × 5x − 4
= 10x − 4
3 a f (x) = 2x3 − 5x2 + 2
e f (x) = 4x3 + 6x2 + 2x − 4 f 0 (x) = 6x2 − 10x
f 0 (x) = 3 × 4x2 + 2 × 6x + 2 f 0 (1) = −4
= 12x2 + 12x + 2
b f (x) = −2x3 − 3x2 + 2
f f (x) = 5x4 + 3x3 f 0 (x) = −6x2 − 6x
f 0 (x) = 4 × 5x3 + 3 × 3x2 f 0 (2) = −36
= 20x3 + 9x2
dy
g f (x) = −2x2 + 4x + 6 4 a = 3t2
dt
f 0 (x) = −4x + 4
dx
b = 3t2 − 2t
h f (x) = 6x3 − 2x2 + 4x − 6 dt

f 0 (x) = 18x2 − 4x + 4 dz
c = x3 + 9x2
dx

2 a f (x) = 2x3 − 5x2 + 1

5 a y = −2x
f 0 (x) = 6x2 − 10x dy
= −2
f (1) = −4
0
dx

b y=7
dy
=0
dx

354
 c y = 5x3 − 3x2 + 2x + 1 d
e (−2z2 − 6z + 7) = −4z − 6
dz
dy
= 15x2 − 6x + 2
dx d
f (−z3 − 4z2 + 3) = −3z2 − 8z
2 3 8 12 dz
d y= x − x+
5 5 5
dy 6 2 8 dy
= x − 7 a y = 2x2 − 4x + 1, = −6
dx 5 5 dx
dy
e y = (2x + 1)(x − 3) = 4x − 4
dx
= 2x2 − 5x − 3 −6 = 4x − 4
dy
= 4x − 5 4x = −2
dx −1
x=
f y = 3x(2x − 4) 2
1 7
= 6x2 − 12x y= +2+1=
2  2
dy −1 7 
= 12x − 12 co-ords = ,
dx 2 2

10x7 + 2x2 dy
g y= b y = 4x3 , = 48
x2 dx
dy
= 10x5 + 2 = 12x2
dx
dy
= 50x4 48 = 12x2
dx
x2 = 4
9x + 3x
4 2
h y= x = ±2
x
= 9x + 3x
3 y = ±32
co-ords = (−2, −32) and (2, 32)
dy
= 27x2 + 3
dx dy
c y = x(5 − x), =1
dx
d y = 5x − x2
6 a (2x2 − 5x3 ) = 4x − 15x2
dx dy
= 5 − 2x
d dx
b (−2z2 − 6z) = −4z − 6
dz 1 = 5 − 2x
d −2x = −4
c (6z3 − 4z2 + 3) = 18z2 − 8z
dz x=2
d y = 2(3) = 6
d (−2x − 5x3 ) = −2 − 15x2
dx co-ords = (2, 6)

355
 dy a 2x − 1 = 1
d y = x3 − 3x2 , =0
dx
dy x=1
= 3x2 − 6x
dx
b 2x − 1 = −1
0 = 3x2 − 6x
x=0
0 = 3x(x − 2)
√
x = 0, 2 c 2x − 1 = 3
1 √ 
y = 0 − 0 = 0, y = 8 − 12 = −4 x= 1+ 3
co-ords = (0, 0) and (2, −4) 2
√
1+ 3
=
2
8 a tan 45◦ = 1
∴ gradient = 1
dy 10 a y = x2 + 3x, (1, 4)
= 4x − 3 Therefore
dx Let θ be the angle between the
When gradient = 1 tangent line and the x-axis.
dy
4x − 3 = 1 = 2x + 3
dx
∴x=1 dy
When x = 1, =5
dx
f (1) = 7
the tangent line at the point (1, 7) ∴ tan θ = 5
makes an angle of tan 45◦ with the ∴ θ ≈ 78.69◦
positive direction of the x-axis.
b y = −x2 + 2x, (1, 1) Let θ be the
b Gradient = 2 angle between the tangent line and
dy
= 4x − 3 the x-axis.
dy
= −2x + 2
dx dx
When gradient = 2 dy
When x = 1, =0
4x − 3 = 2 dx
5 ∴ tan θ = 0
∴x=
4 ∴ θ = 0◦
5 59
f( ) = c y = x3 + x, (0, 0)
4 8
Therefore the
 5 59  tangent line at the Let θ be the angle between the
point , is parallel to the line tangent line and the x-axis.
4 8 dy
y = 2x + 8 = 3x2 + 1
dx
dy
dy When x = 0, =1
9 = 2x − 1 dx
dx
∴ tan θ = 1
∴ θ = 45◦

356
 d y = −x3 − x, (0, 0) c y = 2x3 − 6x2 + 18x
Let θ be the angle between the dy
tangent line and the x-axis. = 6x2 − 12x + 18
dx
dy
= −3x2 − 1 = 6(x2 − 2x + 3)
dx
dy b2 − 4ac = 6(4 − 12) < 0
When x = 0, = −1 dy
dx ∴ does not intersect the x-axis
∴ tan θ = −1 dx
dy dy
and since x = 0 gives = 3, >0
∴ θ = 135◦ dx dx
dy
for all x (as opposed to < 0 for
e y = x4 − x2 , (1, 0) dx
all x)
Let θ be the angle between the
tangent line and the x-axis. x3
dy d y= − x2 + x
= 4x3 − 2x 3
dx dy
dy = x2 − 2x + 1
When x = 1, =2 dx
dx
= (x − 1)2
∴ tan θ = 2
dy
∴ θ ≈ 63.43◦ ∴ ≥ 0,
dx
since any number squared is
f y = x4 − x2 , (−1, 0) non-negative
Let θ be the angle between the
tangent line and the x-axis.
dy 12 a y = x2 + 2x + 1, x = 3
= 4x3 − 2x
dx y = 32 + 2(3) + 1
dy
When x = −1, = −2 =9+6+1
dx
∴ tan θ = −2 y = 16
dy
∴ θ ≈ 116.57◦ = 2x + 2
dx
dy
= 2(3) + 2
11 a y = (2x − 1)2 dx
= 4x2 − 4x + 1 =8
dy
= 8x − 4 b y = x2 − x − 1, x = 0
dx
y = −1
x3 + 2x2
b y= dy
x = 2x − 1
dx
= x + 2x
2
dy
= −1
dy dx
= 2x + 2
dx

357
c y = 2x2 − 4x, x = −1 1
f y = (2x − 5)2 , x = 2
2
y = 2(−1)2 − 4(−1) 1
x = 2 , y = (5 − 5)2
=2+4 2
y=6 y=0
dy y = 4x2 − 20x + 25
= 4x − 4
dx dy
dy = 8x − 20
= 4(−1) − 4 dx
dx 1 dy
x=2 , = 4 × 5 − 20
= −8 2 dx
=0
d y = (2x + 1)(3x − 1)(x + 2), x = 4
y = 6x3 + 13x2 + x − 2
13 f (x) = 3(x − 1)2
= 6(4)3 + 13(4)2 + (4) − 2
a 0 = 3(x − 1)2
y = 6 × 64 + 13 × 16 + 4 − 2
x=1
y = 384 + 208 + 2
y = 594 b f 0 (x) = 3(x2 − 2x + 1)

y = 6x3 + 13x2 + x − 2 f 0 (x) = 3(2x − 2)

dy = 6(x − 1)
= 18x2 + 26x + 1
dx 0 = 6(x − 1)
dy
x = 4, = 18 × 16 + 26 × 4 + 1 x=1
dx
= 393 c 0 < 6(x − 1)

e y = (2x + 5)(3 − 5x)(x + 1), x = +1 x−1>0

y = −10x3 − 25x2 + 6x2 − 10x + 6x x > 1; i.e.(1, ∞)

− 25x + 15x + 15 d 0 > 6(x − 1)

y = −10x − 29x − 4x + 15
3 2
x−1<0
x = +1, y = −10 − 29 − 4 + 15 x < 1; i.e.(−∞, 1)
y = −28
e 10 = 6(x − 1)
dy
= −30x2 − 58x − 4 5
dx x−1=
dy 3
x = +1, = −30 − 58 − 4 8
dx x=
3
= −92

358
 f 27 = 3(x − 1)2 dy
a = 2x − 4
dx
9 = (x − 1)2 dy
= 0,
x − 1 = ±3 dx
x = −2, 4 0 = 2x − 4
2x = 4
14 a x < −1, x > 1 x=2
i.e. x ∈ R\[−1, 1]
y = 4 − 8 − 8 = −12
co-ords = (2, −12)
b −1 < x < 1
i.e. x ∈ (−1, 1) dy
b =2
dx
c x = −1, 1 2 = 2x − 4
2x = 6
15 a −1 < x < 0.5,1 x > 2 x=3
i.e. x ∈ −1, ∪ (2, ∞)
2 y = −11
1 co-ords= (3, −11)
b x < −1, <x<2
2 1  c 3x + 2y = 8
i.e. x ∈ (−∞, −1) ∪ , 2
2 8 3
⇒y= − x
2 2
1
c x = −1, ,2 3
2 =4− x
2
dy −3
16 a x > −1,  x , 2  =
−1 dx 2
i.e. x ∈ , 2 ∪ (2, ∞) −3
4 = 2x − 4
2
−1 5
b x< x=
4  4
−1 
i.e. x ∈ −∞, 183
4 y=−
16
 5 183 
−1
c x= ,2 co-ords = , −
4 4 16
17 y = x2 − 4x − 8
18 a f 0 (x) = x2 > 0 for all x , 0.
Therefore strictly increasing for
R\{0}.
Also f (0) = 0 and f (b) > 0 for all
b > 0 and f (b) < 0 for all b < 0.
Therefore strictly increasing for all

359
 x ∈ R. x>y
⇔ x−y>0
b f 0 (x) = −x2 < 0 for all x , 0.
Therefore strictly decreasing for ⇔ (x − y)(x + y) < 0
R\{0}. ⇔ x2 − y2 < 0
Also f (0) = 0 and f (b) < 0 for all
⇔ x2 < y2
b > 0 and f (b) > 0 for all b < 0.
Therefore strictly decreasing for all
x ∈ R. 20 f 0 (x) = 2x − 1
1
2x − 1 > 0 ⇔ x >
2
19 a Assume x > y and x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0. 1
∴ strictly increasing for x > We also
Then 2
1 1
x>y know that f (x) > f ( ) for all x ∈ R\
2  2
⇔ x−y>0 1 
∴ strictly increasing for , ∞
2
⇔ (x − y)(x + y) > 0 1 1
If x < then f (x) >
⇔ x2 − y2 > 0 2 2
1 
Hence , ∞ is the largest interval for
⇔ x2 > y2 2
which f is strictly increasing.
b Assume x > y and x ≤ 0 and y ≤ 0.
Then
21 a (∞, −1]

b [2, ∞)

c [−∞, 0]

d [ 32 , ∞)

360
Solutions to Exercise 9C
f (x + h) − f (x)
1 a f(x) 2 a
h
 1 1  1
= − ×
x+h−3 x−3 h
f(x) = 22  x − 3 − (x + h − 3  1
x = ×
(x + h − 3)(x − 3) h
x  −h  1
0 = ×
(x + h − 3)(x − 3) h
 −1 
b grad(PQ) =
rise =
run (x + h − 3)(x − 3)
f (1 + h) − f (1) Hence
=
(1 + h) − 1 f (x + h) − f (x)
lim
2 2 h→0 h
(1 + h)2 12 −1
= = lim
h h→0 (x + h − 3)(x − 3)
1  2 (1 + h)2  1
= −2 =−
h (1 + h)2 (1 + h)2 (x − 3)2
1  2 − 2(1 + 2h + h2 ) 
= f (x + h) − f (x)
h 1 + 2h + h2 b
h
1  −4h − 2h2  1 1  1
=

h 1 + 2h + h2 = − ×
x+h+2 x+2 h
−4 − 2h  x + 2 − (x + h + 2  1
grad(PQ) = = ×
1 + 2h + h2 (x + h + 2)(x + 2) h
c grad(P) = lim grad(PQ)
 −h  1
= ×
h→0 (x + h + 2)(x + 2) h
−4 − 2h −1
= lim
 
h→0 1 + 2h + h2 =
(x + h + 2)(x + 2)
−4
= Hence
1
grad(P) = −4 f (x + h) − f (x)
lim
h→0 h
−1
= lim
h→0 (x + h + 2)(x + 2)

−1
=−
(x + 2)2

361
3 e y = 4 + 2x−1
f (x + h) − f (x)
dy
h = −2x−2
dx
(x + h)−4 − x−4
=
h
 1 1 1 5 a y = 2 − 4z−1
= − ×
(x + h)4 x4 h dy
 x4 − (x + h)4  1 = 4z−2
dz
= ×
x4 (x + h)4 h
 x4 − (x4 + 4x3 h + 6x2 h2 + 4xh3 + h4 )  1 b y = 6z−3 + z−2
= × dy
x4 (x + h)4 h = −18z−4 − 2z−3
 −(4x3 h + 6x2 h2 + 4xh3 + h4 )  1 dz
= ×
x4 (x + h)4 h c y = 16 − z−3
−(4x3 + 6x2 h + 4xh2 + h3 ) dy
= = 3z−4
x4 (x + h)4 dz
Hence
d f (z) = 4z−1 + z − z2
f (x + h) − f (x)
lim f 0 (z) = −4z−2 + 1 − 2z
h→0 h
 −(4x3 + 6x2 h + 4xh2 + h3 ) 
= lim e f (z) = 6z−2 − 2z−3
h→0 x4 (x + h)4
3
f 0 (z) = −12z−3 + 6z−4
4x
=−
x8 f f (x) = 6x−1 − 3x2
4
=− 5 f 0 (x) = −6x−2 − 6x
x

4 a y = 3x−2 + 5x−1 + 6 6 a y = x−2 + x3

dy dy
= −6x−3 − 5x−2 = −2x−3 + 3x2
dx dx
x = 2,
b y = 5x−3 + 6x2
dy −2
dy = +3×4
= −15x−4 + 12x dx 8
dx −1
= + 12
c f (x) = −5x−3 + 4x−2 + 1 4
dy 47 3
f 0 (x) = 15x−4 − 8x−3 = = 11
dx 4 4
d f (x) = 6x−3 + 3x−2
f 0 (x) = −18x−4 − 6x−3

362
 b y = x−2 − x−1 x2 − 1 1
8 y= = x − = x − x−1
dy x x
= −2x−3 + x−2 dy
dx = 1 + x−2
dx
x = 4,
dy
dy −2 1 =5
= + dx
dx 64 16 1
−1 1 5=1+ 2
= + x
32 16 1
dy 1 =4
= x2
dx 32 1
x2 =
4
c y = x−2 − x−1
1
dy x=±
= −2x−3 + x−2 2
dx
x = 1,
9 y = ax2 + bx−1
dy
= −2 + 1 x = 2, y = −2
dx
dy b
= −1 1 − 2 = 4a +
dx 2
dy
d y = 1 + x3 − x−2 = 2ax − bx−2
dx
dy dy
= 3x2 + 2x−3 x = 2, = −5
dx dx
x = 1, b
2 − 5 = 4a −
4
dy
=3+2 3b
dx 1−2⇒3=
4
dy
=5 b=4
dx
Sub in 1 ⇒ −2 = 4a + 2
7 f 0 (x) = 10x−4 > 0 for all x , 0 4a = −4
a = −1
4
y = −x2 +
x

363
 y = 2x−1 − 4x−2 −a
10 Sub in 2 ⇒ 7 = +6
9
y = 0, −a
=1
0 = 2x−1 − 4x−2 9
a = −9
0 = 2x − 4
−9
x=2 y= + x2
x
dy
= −2x−2 + 8x−3
dx 5 8
x = 2, 12 y = x + kx2 − x3
3 9
dy −2 8 dy 5 8
= + = + 2kx − x2
dx 4 8 dx 3 3
−1 −1
= +1 at x =
2 2
1 dy 5 2
= = −k−
2 dx 3 3
dy
=1−k
9 dx
11 y= + bx2
x at x = 1,
= ax−1 + bx2 dy 5 8
= + 2k −
x = 3, y = 6 dx 3 3
dy
9 = 2k − 1
16= + 9b dx
3 −1
dy 2k − 1 = (perpendicular)
= ax−2 + 2bx 1−k
dx
dy (2k − 1)(k − 1) = 1
x = 3, =7
dx 2k2 − 3k + 1 = 1
−a
27= + 6b 2k2 − 3k = 0
9
31 ⇒ 18 = a + 27b b = 1 3
k(2k − 3) = 0 ⇒ k = 0,
2
92 ⇒ 63 = −a + 54b
31 + 92 ⇒ 81 = 81b

364
Solutions to Exercise 9D
1 a dy f dy
dx dx
(0, 2)
x
x −10 2
0

b g
dy
dy
dx
dx
x
0 x
0 2
(0, −3)

h dy
c
dy dx
dx
x
0 2 x
0 1 3
i dy
dx
d
dy
dx
x
x 0
−1 0

2 a dy
dx 1
e dy
dx
x
x 0 1
0 −1

365
b dy e dy
dx dx
−3, 2
3 2
3

x x
0 −1.5 0 1.5

−5 3, −5
3
3

c f dy
dy
dx dx

0 x
x 1 2
0

d dy g dy
(1, 2)
dx dx

x x
−1 0 1 2 −2 0 1
(−3, −0.25) (1, −2.5)
(2, −2.5)
h dy
dx

x
0

i dy
dx

x
0

366
3 a D 5 y

b F
y = f(x)
y = f′ (x)
c B

d C
x
e A 0 1
 4
f E Gradient is 0 at 1,
3
Gradient is positive for R\{1}
4 a y
y = f(x) 6 y
y = f ′(x) y = g′ (x)
y = g(x)

x
0 1 2

x
0
b i 0
Gradient is always positive,minimum
ii 0 gradient where x = 0

iii 0
7 a y
iv 96
h h′
c i 1

ii 0.423
2
1
x
−1 −2 0 1 2
b i x = −1.495 or x = 0.798

ii x = 0.630

367
Solutions to Exercise 9E
1 a y = (x2 + 1)4 e y = (ax2 + b)n
Let u = x2 + 1, y = u4 Let u = ax2 + b, y = un
dy dy du dy dy du
= × = ×
dx du dx dx du dx
= 4u3 × 2x = 2ax × nu(n−1)
= 4(x2 + 1)3 × 2x = 2anx(ax2 + b)n−1
= 8x(x2 + 1)3
f y = (1 − x2 )−3
b y = (2x2 − 3)5 Let u = 1 − x2 , y = u−3
Let u = 2x2 − 3, y = u5 dy dy du
= ×
dy dy du dx du dx
= × = −2x − 3u−4
dx du dx
= 4x × 5u4 = 6x(1 − x2 )−4
= 4x × 5(2x2 − 3)4
g y = (x2 − x−2 )−3
= 20x(2x − 3)
2 4
Let u = x2 − x−2 , y = u−3
c y = (6x + 1)4 dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx
Let u = 6x + 1, y = u4
= (2x + 2x−3 ) × −3u−4
dy dy du
= × = −6(x + x−3 )(x2 − x−2 )−4
dx du dx
= 6 × 4u3
h y = (1 − x)−1
= 24(6x + 1)3
Let u = 1 − x, y = u−1
d y = (ax + b)n dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx
Let u = ax + b, y = un
= −1 × −u−2
dy dy du
= × = (1 − x)−2
dx du dx
= a × nu(n−1)
= an(ax + b)n−1

368
2 a y = (x2 + 2x + 1)3 16
3 Let y = = 16(3x3 + x)−1
3x3 + x
y = ((x + 1)2 )3 Let u = 3x3 + x
y = (x + 1)6 Then y = 16u−1
Let u = x + 1, y = u6 dy dy du
= ×
dy dy du dx du dx
= ×
dx du dx = −16u−2 × (9x2 + 1)
= 1 × 6u5 −16(9x2 + 1)
=
= 6(x + 1)5 (3x3 + x)2
When x = 1
b
y = (x3 + 2x2 + x)4 dy
= −10
dx
Let u = x3 + 2x2 + x, y = u4
dy dy du
= × 4 Let y =
1
= (x2 + 1)−1
dx du dx x +1
2
= (3x2 + 4x + 1) × 4u3 Let u = x2 + 1
= 4(3x + 1)(x + 1)(x3 + 2x2 + x)3 Then y = u−1
= 4(3x + 1)(x + 1)(x(x + 1)2 )3 dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx
= 4x3 (3x + 1)(x + 1)(x + 1)6
= −u−2 × (2x)
= 4x3 (3x + 1)(x + 1)7
−2x
=
c y = (6x3 + 2x−1 )4 (x2+ 1)2

Let u = 6x3 + 2x−1 , y = u4 When x = 1

dy 1
dy dy du
= × =−
dx du dx dx 2
= (18x2 − 2x−2 ) × 4u3 When x = −1
dy 1
= 8(9x2 − x−2 )(6x3 + 2x−1 )3 =
dx 2
d y = (x2 + 2x + 1)−2
5 F(x) = f (g(x))
= ((x + 1)2 )−2
F 0 (x) = g0 (x) f 0 (g(x))
= (x + 1)−4
= 2x 3g(x) + 4
p
Let u = x + 1, y = u−4 √
= 2x 3x2 + 1
dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx
= 1 × −4u−5
= −4(x + 1)−5

369
6 a Let h(x) = [ f (x)]n dy 2x − 3
7 = 2
dx x (x − 3)2
Let g(x) = xn dy 3
=0⇒x=
then h(x) = g( f (x)) dx 2
h0 (x) = g0 ( f (x)) × f 0 (x)
8 h(x) = f (g(x))
= n( f (x))n−1 × f 0 (x) h0 (x) = g0 (x) f 0 (g(x))
Therefore,
b Let h(x) = ( f (x))−1
h0 (3) = g0 (3) f 0 (g(3))
Let g(x) = x−1 = 6 f 0 (4)
then h(x) = g( f (x)) =6×8
= 48
h0 (x) = g0 ( f (x)) × f 0 (x)
= −( f (x))−2 × f 0 (x)

370
Solutions to Exercise 9F
 1 1
1 d x 4 + 4x 2
f (x + h) − f (x) −1 − 5 1
f = x 4 + 2x− 2
h dx 4
√ √ 1
= (2 x + h − 2 x) ×
h 1
√ √ 3 a f (x) = x3
√ √ ( x + h + x) 1
= (2 x + h − 2 x) × √ √ × 1 −2
( x + h + x) h f 0 (x) = x 3
3
2(x + h − x) 1
= √ √ × 1 1
x+h+ x h f 0 (27) = × 1
3
2 (27 3 )2
= √ √ 1 1 1
x+h+ x = × 2 =
3 3 27
Hence
1
f (x + h) − f (x) b f (x) = x 3
lim
h→0 h 1 −2
2 f 0 (x) = x 3
= lim √ 3
√
h→0 x+h+ x 1 2
f 0 (−8) = × (−8)− 3
1 3
=−√ 1
x = (−2)−2
3
1 1 1
 1 = × =
d x5 3 4 12
1 −4
2 a = x 5 2
dx 5 c f (x) = x 3
 5
d x2 2 −1
5 3 f 0 (x) = x 3
b = x2 3
dx 2 2 1
f 0 (27) = × (27)− 3
 5 3 3
d x2 − x2 2 1 2
5 3 3 1
c = x2 − x2 = × =
dx 2 2 3 3 9
 1 5 5
d 3x 2 − 4x 3 d f (x) = x 4
3 −1 5 2
d = x 2 − 4 × x3 = 5 1
dx 2 3 f 0 (x) = x4
3 −1 20 2 4
x 2 − x3
2 3 5 1
f 0 (16) = × (16) 4
 6 4
d x− 7 5 5
e =
−6 − 13
x 7 = ×2=
dx 7 4 2

371
 d √ 5 a Let u = x2 ± a2
4 a ( 2x + 1)
dx
d √ 2 d 1
1 LHS = ( x ± a2 ) = (u 2 )
=2× √ dx dx
2 2x + 1 d 1 du
1 = (u 2 ) ×
= √ dx dx
2x + 1 1
= √ × 2x
d √ 2 u
b ( 4 − 3x) x
ax = √ = RHS QED
1 x2 ± a2
= −3 × √
2 4 − 3x b Let u = a2 − x2
−3
= √ d √ 2 d √
2 4 − 3x LHS = ( a − x2 ) = ( u)
dx dx
d √ 2 d √ du
c ( x + 2) = ( u) ×
dx ax dx
1 1
= 2x × √ = √ × −2x
2 x2 + 2 2 u
x x
= √ = √
x2 + 2 a2 − x2
d 1
d (4 − 3x) 3
dx
1
= −3 × 2
3(4 − 3x) 3
= −(4 − 3x)−2/3

d  x2 + 2 
e √
dx x
d 3 1
= x 2 + 2x− 2
dx
3 1 3
= x 2 − x− 2
2
d √ 2
f (3 x(x + 2x))
dx
d 5 3
= (3x 2 + 6x 2 )
dx
15 3 18 1
= x2 + x2
2 2
15 3 √
= x2 + 9 x
2

372
 √
6 y = (x + x2 + 1)2 7 a Let u = x2 + 2
√ √ √
Let u = x + x2 + 1, y = u2 d( x2 + 2) d( u) du
= ×
dy du dy dx du dx
LHS = = × 1
dx dx du = √ × 2x
 d(x) d( p x2 + 1)  dy 2 u
= + × x
dx dx du = √
x2 + 2
Let w = x2 + 1
√ ! b Let u = x3 − 5x
dy d(x) d( w) dw dy
= + × ×  1  1
dx dx dw dx du
d (x3 − 5x) 3 d u3
du
1 =
 
= 1 + √ × 2x × 2u ×
dx du dx
2 w
1 2
dy  x  √ = u− 3 × (3x2 − 5)
= 1+ √ × 2(x + x2 + 1) 3
dx x2 + 1 1 2 2
√
 x2 + 1 + x  √ = (3x − 5)(x3 − 5x)− 3
3
= √ × 2(x + x2 + 1)
x2 + 1 3x2 − 5
= p3
 √ 2 3 (x3 − 5x)2
2 x + x2 + 1
= √ c Let u = x2 + 2x
x2 + 1  1  1
2y d (x + 2x)
2
= √ = RHS QED 5 d u5
du
x2 + 1 = ×
dx du dx
1 4
= u− 5 × 2x + 2
5
2x + 2
= 4
5(x2 + 2x) 5

373
Solutions to Exercise 9G
1 a f (x) = e5x 9
a Whenx = 0, y =
2
f 0 x = 5e5x
1 1
b Whenx = 1, e 2 + 4
b f (x) = 7e −3x
2
f 0 (x) = −21e−3x
4 Let y = e x +3x + 2x
2

c f (x) = 3e−4x + e x − x2 Then

dy
= (2x + 3)e x +3x + 2
2

dx
f 0 (x) = −12e−4x + e x − 2x
a Whenx = 0, y = 5
d f (x) = e − 1 + ex −x

b Whenx = 1, 5e4 + 2
f 0 (x) = e x − e−x

4e2x − 2e x + 1 5 a 2 f 0 (x)e2 f (x)

e f (x) =
2e2x
1 b 2e2x f 0 (e2x )
= −e−x + e−2x
2
f (x) = e − e
0 −x −2x
6 a y = (e2x − 1)4
=e −2x x
(e − 1)
Let u = e2x − 1, y = u4
f f (x) = e2x + e4 + e−2x dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx
f 0 (x) = 2e2x − 2e−2x
= (2e2x ) × 4u3
3 = 8e2x (e2x − 1)3
2 a −6x2 e−2x
√
x2 b y=e x
b 2xe + 3 √
Let u = x, y = eu
2
c (2x − 4)e x −4x + 3 dy dy du
= ×
2 dx du dx
d (2x − 2)e x −2x+3 − 1
1
= eu × √
1 1 2 x
e − ex
x2 √ 1
=e x× √
1 −1 x2
1 2 x
f x 2e 1 √
2 = √ e x
2 x
x
3 Let y = e 2 + 4x
dy 1 x
Then = e2 + 4
dx 2

374
 1 2
c y = (e x − 1) 2 d y = ex 3
1
Let u = e x − 1, y = u 2 2
Letu = x 3 , y = eu
dy dy du
= × dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx dx du dx
1 1 2 1
= u− 2 × e x = eu × x− 3
2 3
1 1
= e x (e x − 1)− 2 2
2 −1 x3
2 = x 3e
3
e (2x − 3)e(x−1)(x−2)

f ee +x
x

375
Solutions to Exercise 9H
dy 2 3 a f (x) = loge (x2 + 1)
1 a =
dx x
1
f 0 (x) = 2x ×
dy 4 2 x2 +1
b = =
dx 2x x 2x
=
dy 3 x2 +1
c = 2x +
dx x b f (x) = loge (e x )
dy 3 1 3x − 1 1
d = − 2 = f 0 (x) = e x ×
dx x x x2 ex
dy 3 3+x =1
e = +1=
dx x x
dy 1 4 a y = loge x
f =
dx x + 1 x = e,
dy 2 1 y = ln e = 1
g = =
dx 2x + 4 x + 2
dy 1
dy 3 =
h = dx x
dx 3x − 1 x = e,
dy 6 dy 1
i = = = e−1
dx 6x − 1 dx e

b y = ln(x2 + 1)
dy 3
2 a = x = e,
dx x
2 y = ln(e2 + 1)
dy 3(loge x)
b = dy 1
dx x = 2x × 2
dx x +1
dy 2x + 1 2x
c = 2 = 2
dx x + x − 1 x +1
dy 3x2 + 2x x = e,
d = 3
dx x + x2 dy 2e
= 2
dx e + 1
dy 4
e =
dx 2x + 3
dy 4
f =
dx 2x − 3

376
 √
c y = ln(−x) 5 f (x) = ln( x2 + 1)
x = −e, 1 1
f 0 (x) = 2x × √ × √
y = loge e = 1 2 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
x
dy −1 1 = 2
= = x +1
dx −x x alternatively,
x = −e, 1
 
f (x) = ln (x2 + 1) 2
dy −1
= = −e−1 1
dx e = ln(x2 + 1)
2
d y = x + loge x 1 1
f 0 (x) = × 2x × 2
x = 1, 2 x +1
x
y = 1 + loge 1 = 1 = 2
x +1
dy 1 1 1
=1+ f 0 (1) = =
dx x 1+1 2
x = 1,
d
dy
=1+1=2 6 (ln(x2 + x + 1))
dx dx
1
= (2x + 1) ×
e y = loge (x − 2x + 2)
2
x2 +x+1
x = 1, 2x + 1
=
x2 +x+1
y = loge 1 = 0
dy 1
= (2x − 2) 2 7 f (x) = ln(x2 + 1)
dx x − 2x + 2
1
x = 1, f 0 (x) = 2x ×
x2 +1
dy 2x
=0 =
dx +1
x2
6 3
f y = loge (2x − 1) f 0 (3) = =
9+1 5
3
x= ,
2
d 1
y = loge 2 8 (ln( f (x))) = f 0 (x) ×
dx f (x)
dy 2 f 0 (x)
= =
dx 2x − 1 f (x)
3
x= ,
2
dy 2
= =1
dx 2

377
 x = 0,
d f 0 (0)
(ln( f (x))) =
dx f (0)
4
=
2
=2

378
Solutions to Exercise 9I
1 a 5 cos 5x c y = 1 + sin 3x
dy
b −5 sin 5x = 3 cos 3x
dx
π
c 5 sec2 5x x= ,
6
π
d cos x × 2 sin x = sin 2x y = 1 + sin = 1 + 1 = 2
2
dy π
e 3 sec2 (3x + 1) = 3 cos = 0
dx 2
f −2x sin(x2 + 1)
d y = cos2 2x
 π  π dy
g 2 sin x − cos x − = −2 sin 2x × 2 cos 2x
4 4 dx
 π  π = −4 sin 2x cos 2x
h −2 cos x − sin x −
3 3 = −2 sin 4x
π  π π
x= ,

i 6 sin 2x + cos 2x +
2
4
6 6 π
y = cos2 = 0
 π  2 π 2
j 6 cos 2x + sin 2x + dy
4 4 = −2 sin π = 0
dx

2 a y = sin 2x e y = sin2 2x
dy dy
= 2 cos 2x = −2 cos 2x × 2 sin 2x
dx dx
π = 4 cos 2x sin 2x
x= ,
8
π 1 = 2 sin 4x
y = sin = √ π
4 2 x= ,
dy π 2 √ 4
= 2 cos = √ = 2 π
dx 4 2 y = sin2 = 1
2
dy
b y = sin 3x = 2 sin π = 0
dx
dy
= 3 cos 3x
dx
π
x= ,
6
π
y = sin = 1
2
dy π
= 3 cos = 0
dx 2

379
  πx 
f y = tan 2x b y = 3 sin
180
dy  πx 
= 2 sec2 2x dy 3π
dx = cos
π dx 180 180
x= , π
8 = cos(x◦ )
π 60
y = tan = 1
4  3πx 
dy π c y = tan
= 2 sec2 180
dx 4  πx 
√ 2 y = tan
= 2 × ( 2) 60
dy π 2 πx
 
=4 = sec
dx 60 60
π
= sec2 (3x◦ )
3 a f (x) = 5 cos x − 2 sin 3x 60
f 0 (x) = −5 sin x − 6 cos 3x
5 a y = −ln(cos x)
b f (x) = cos x + sin x dy 1
= − sin x × −1 ×
f (x) = − sin x + cos x
0 dx cos x
sin x
= cos x − sin x =
cos x
c f (x) = sin x + tan x = tan x

f 0 (x) = cos x + sec2 x b y = −loge (tan x)

f (x) = tan2 x dy 1
d = − sec2 x ×
dx tan x
f 0 (x) = sec2 x × 2 tan x 1
=−
= 2 tan x sec2 x cos x sin x

 πx  6 a 2 cos xe2 sin x

4 a y = 2 cos
180
b −2 sin(2x)ecos 2x
dy −2π  πx 
= sin
dx 180 180
−π
= sin(x◦ )
90

380
Solutions to Exercise 9J
1 a y = (2x2 + 6)(2x3 + 1) d
dy d y = 4x2 (2x2 + 1)2
= (2x2 + 6) (2x3 + 1)
dx dx dy d dy
= 4x2 (2x2 + 1)2 + 4(2x2 + 1)2 (x2 )
d dx dx dx
+ (2x3 + 1) (2x2 + 6)
dx
 d
= 4x2 (2x2 + 1) (2x2 + 1)
= (2x + 6)(6x2 ) + (2x3 + 1)(4x)
2 dx
d 
= 12x4 + 36x2 + 8x4 + 4x + (2x + 1) (2x + 1)
2 2
dx
= 20x4 + 36x2 + 4x + 4(2x2 + 1)2 × 2x
1 = 8x2 (2x2 + 1)(4x) + 8x(2x2 + 1)2
b y = 3x 2 (2x + 1)
dy 1 d = 32x3 (2x2 + 1) + 8x(2x2 + 1)2
= 3x 2 (2x + 1)
dx dx = 8x(2x2 + 1)(4x2 + 2x2 + 1)
d 1
+ 3(2x + 1) x 2 = 8x(2x2 + 1)(6x2 + 1)
dx
1 1 e
= 3x 2 × 2 + 3(2x + 1) × 3
1 y = (3x + 1) 2 (2x + 4)
2x 2
1 1 3 1 dy 3 d
= 6x 2 + 3x 2 + x− 2 = (3x + 1) 2 (2x + 4)
2 dx dx
1 3 1 d 3
= 9x 2 + x− 2 + (2x + 4) (3x + 1) 2
2 dx
Let u = 3x + 1
c y = 3x(2x − 1)3  3
dy d u2
= 3x ((2x − 1)3 ) dy 3 du 
d
dx dx = (3x + 1) 2 (2) + (2x + 4) ×
dx dx dx
d
+ 3(2x − 1)3 (x) 3 3 1 
dx = 2(3x + 1) 2 + (2x + 4) u 2 × 3
2
Let u = 2x − 1 3 9 1
= 2(3x + 1) 2 + (2x + 4)(3x + 1) 2
dy du d(u)3 2
= 3x × + 3(2x − 1)3 3 1
dx dx dx = 2(3x + 1) 2 + 9(x + 2)(3x + 1) 2
= 3x(2 × 3u ) + 3(2x − 1)3
2
1
= (2(3x + 1) + 9(x + 2))(3x + 1) 2
= 18x(2x − 1) + 3(2x − 1)
2 3
1
= 3(2x − 1)2 (6x + (2x − 1)) = (6x + 2 + 9x + 18)(3x + 1) 2
1
= 3(2x − 1)2 (8x − 1) = (15x + 20)(3x + 1) 2
1
= 5(3x + 4)(3x + 1) 2

381
  −1
f dy 3 d(u ) du 
1 =x × + (3x2 + 2x + 1)−1 + 3x2
y = (x2 + 1)(2x − 4) 2 dx dx dx
dy d 1 = x3 (−u−2 × (6x + 2)) + 3x2 (3x2 + 2x + 1)−1
= (x2 + 1) (2x − 4) 2
dx dx = −x3 (6x + 2)(3x2 + 2x + 1)−2
1 d
+ (2x − 4) 2 (x2 + 1) + 3x2 (3x2 + 2x + 1)−1
dx
Let u = 2x − 4 −x3 (6x + 2) + 3x2 (3x2 + 2x + 1)
=
 1 (3x2 + 2x + 1)2
dy d u 2 du  −6x4 − 2x3 + 9x4 + 6x3 + 3x2
= (x2 + 1) × =
dx dx dx (3x2 + 2x + 1)2
1 3x4 + 4x3 + 3x2
+ (2x − 4) 2 + 2x =
(3x2 + 2x + 1)2
1 1
= (x2 + 1)( × 2) + 2x(2x − 4) 2 x2 (3x2 + 4x + 3)
1 =
2u 2 (3x2 + 2x + 1)2
1 1
= (x2 + 1)(2x − 4)− 2 + 2x(2x − 4) 2 h 1
(x + 1) + 2x(2x − 4)
2 y = x4 (2x2 − 1) 2
= √
2x − 4 dy d 1 1 d
= x4 (2x2 − 1) 2 + (2x2 − 1) 2 x4
(x2 + 1) + 4x2 − 8x dx dx dx
= √
2x − 4 Let u = 2x − 1
2

5x2 − 8x + 1
 1
= √ dy d u2
du  1
2x − 4 =x 4
× + (2x2 − 1) 2 + 4x3
dx dx dx
y = x3 (3x2 + 2x + 1)−1
1 1 1
g

= x u × 4x + 4x3 (2x2 − 1) 2
4 −2

dy d 2
= x3 (3x2 + 2x + 1)−1 1 1
dx dx = 2x5 (2x2 − 1)− 2 + 4x3 (2x2 − 1) 2
d
+ (3x2 + 2x + 1)−1 x3 1
dx = (2x5 + 4x3 (2x2 − 1))(2x2 − 1)− 2
Let u = 3x + 2x + 1
2 1
= (2x5 + 8x5 − 4x3 )(2x2 − 1)− 2
1
= (10x5 − 4x3 )(2x2 − 1)− 2
1
= 2x3 (5x2 − 2)(2x2 − 1)− 2

382
 i 1
y = x2 (x2 + 2x) 3
dy d 1 1 d
= x2 (x2 + 2x) 3 + (x2 + 2x) 3 (x2 )
dx dx dx
Let u = x + 2x
2

 1
u3
dy d du  1
=x 2
× + (x2 + 2x) 3 × 2x
dx dx dx
1 2  1
= x u × (2x + 2) + 2x(x2 + 2x) 3
2 −3
3
2 2 2 1
= x (x + 1)(x2 + 2x)− 3 + 2x(x2 + 2x) 3
3
2 2  2
= x3 + x2 + 2x(x2 + 2x) (x2 − 2x)− 3
3 3
2 2  2
= x3 + x2 + 2x3 + 4x2 (x2 − 2x)− 3
3 3
8 14  2 2
=x 2
x+ (x + 2x)− 3
3 3
2 2
= x2 (4x + 7)(x2 + 2x)− 3
3
4(5x2 − 4)2 (5x2 + 2)
j
x3
3(x6 − 16)
k
x4
2x3 (9x2 − 8)
l
5(x(x2 − 1))4/5

2 a f (x) = e x (x2 + 1)
f 0 (x) = e x + 2x + (x2 + 1) × e x
= e x (x2 + 2x + 1)
= ex(x + 1)2

b
f (x) = e2x (x3 + 3x + 1)
f 0 (x) = e2x (3x2 + 3) + (x3 + 3x + 1) × 2e2x
= e2x (3x2 + 3 + 2x3 + 6x + 2)
= e2x (2x3 + 3x2 + 6x + 5)

383
 c 4 a f 0 (x) = 4x3 e−2x − 2x4 e−2x
f (x) = e4x+1 (x + 1)2 = 2x3 e−2x (2 − x)
f 0 (x) = e4x+1 × 2(x + 1) + (x + 1)2 × 4e4x+1
b f 0 (x) = 2e2x+3
=e 4x+1
(4(x + 1) + 2(x + 1))
2
3
= e4x+1 (4x2 + 8x + 4 + 2x + 2) c Let y = (e2x + x) 2
= e4x+1 (4x2 + 10x + 6) Let u = e2x + x
3
= e4x+1 (2x + 2)(2x + 3) Then y = u 2
d dy dy du
1 = ×
f (x) = e −4x
(x + 1) 2 dx du dx
1 −1 1 3 1
f 0 (x) = e−4x × (x + 1) 2 + (x + 1) 2 × −4e−4x = u 2 × (2e2x + 1)
2 2
1 −1 −1  3 1
= e−4x (x + 1) 2 − 4(x + 1) 2 = (e2x + x) 2 × (2e2x + 1)
2 2
−1  1 
1
= e (x + 1) 2
−4x
− 4(x + 1) d Let y = e x
2 x
−1  7 dy 1 1
= − 2 × ex + × ex

= e−4x (x + 1) 2 −4x − dx x x
2
x
−8x − 7 e (x − 1)
= √ =
x2
2e4x x + 1
1 2
e Let y = e 2 x
1
3 a f 0 (x) = ln x × 1 + x + dy 1 2
= xe 2 x
x dx
= ln x + 1
f Let y = (x2 + 2x + 2)e−x
1 dy
b f 0 (x) = ln x × 4x + 2x2 × = (2x + 2)e−x − (x2 + 2x + 2)e−x
x dx
= 2x(1 + 2 ln x) = e−x (2x + 2 − x2 − 2x − 2)
= −x2 e−x
1
c f 0 (x) = e x × + ln x × e x
x
1  d x 
=e x
+ ln x 5 a e f (x) = e x f (x) + e x f 0 (x)
x dx
−1 = e x ( f (x) + f 0 (x))
d f (x) = ln(−x) × 1 + x +
0
−x d  e x  e x f (x) − e x f 0 (x)
= ln(−x) + 1 b =
dx f (x) ( f (x))2

384
 d  f (x)  d x
c e = f 0 (x)e f (x) j (e tan x)
dx dx
d = e x tan x + e x sec2 x
d x 
e ( f (x))2 = e x ( f (x))2 + 2e x f (x) f 0 (x) = e x (tan x + sec2 x)
dx

d 3 7 a f (x) = e x sin x
6 a (x cos x) = 3x2 + (− sin x)x3
dx f 0 (x) = e x sin x + e x cos x
= x2 (3 cos x − x sin x)
= e x (sin x + cos x)
b 2x cos x − (1 + x2 ) sin x f 0 (π) = eπ (sin π + cos π)
d −x = −eπ
c (e sin x)
dx
b f (x) = cos2 2x
= e−x sin x + e−x cos x
f 0 (x) = −2 sin 2x × 2 cos 2x
= e−x (cos x − sin x)
= −4(sin 2x cos 2x)
d 6 cos x − 6x sin x
= −2 sin 4x
e 3 cos(3x) cos(4x) − 4 sin(4x) sin(3x) f 0 (π) = −2 sin 4π

f 2 sin(2x) + 2 tan(2x) sec(2x) = −2 sin 0

=0
g 12 sin x + 12x cos x
d 2 sin x d
h
dx
(x e ) 8 Let y = ( f (x) loge x)
dx
= 2xesin x + x2 cos xesin x 1
= f 0 (x) loge x + f (x)
x
= xesin x (2 + x cos x) When x = 1
y = 4 loge 1 + 2 = 2
d 2
i (x cos2 x)
dx
= 2x cos2 x − 2 sin x cos x × x2
= 2x cos2 x − x2 sin 2x

385
Solutions to Exercise 9K
x
1 a y= d
x+4 (x + 2)3
dx d(x + 4) y=
(x + 4) − x x2 + 1
dy dx dx d(x + 2)3 d(x2 + 1)
= (x2 + 1) − (x + 2)3
dx (x + 4) 2
dy dx dx
(x + 4) − x =
= dx (x + 1)
2 2
(x + 4)2 (x2 + 1) × 3(x + 2)2 − (x + 2)3 × 2x
4 =
= (x2 + 1)2
(x + 4)2
(3(x2 + 1) − 2x(x + 2))(x + 2)2
=
b (x2 + 1)2
x2 − 1
y= (3x2 + 3 − 2x2 − 4x)(x + 2)2
x2 + 1 =
(x2 + 1)2
d(x2 − 1) 2 d(x2 + 1)
dy (x2 + 1) (x − 1) (x2 − 4x + 3)(x + 2)2
= dx dx =
dx (x + 1)
2 2 (x2 + 1)2
(x2 + 1) × 2x + (1 − x2 ) × 2x (x − 3)(x − 1)(x + 2)2
= =
(x2 + 1)2 (x2 + 1)2
4x e
= 2 x−1
(x + 1)2 y=
x2 + 2
1
d(x − 1) d(x2 + 2)
c y=
x2
dy (x2 + 2) − (x − 1)
1+x = dx dx
 1 dx (x2 + 2)2
d x 2
(x2 + 2) − (x − 1) × 2x
1 d(1 + x)
(1 + x) x2 =
dy dx dx (x2 + 2)2
=
dx (1 + x)2 x2 + 2 − 2x2 + 2x
=
1 1 1
(1 + x) x− 2 − x 2 (x2 + 2)2
= 2 −x2 + 2x + 2
(1 + x)2 =
(x2 + 2)2
1
(1 + x) − x
f
= 21 x2 + 1
x 2 (1 + x)2 y=
x2 − 1
1 1 d(x2 + 1) 2 d(x2 − 1)
− x (x2 − 1) (x + 1)
= 2 2 1
dy
= dx dx
x 2 (1 + x)2 dx 2
(x − 1) 2

1 1 (x2 − 1) × 2x − (x2 + 1) × 2x
x− 2 − x 2 =
= (x2 − 1)2
2(1 + x)2
−4x
= 2
(x − 1)2

386
g 2 a
3x + 2x + 1
2
y = (2x + 1)4 x2
y=
x2 + x + 1
x = 1, y = (2(1) + 1)4 × (1)2
d
(x2 + x + 1) (3x2 + 2x + 1) y = 34
dx
d 2
dy −(3x 2
+ 2x + 1) (x + x + 1) y = 81
= dx
dx (x2 + x + 1)2 dy d((2x + 1)4 ) d(x2 )
= x2 + (2x + 1)4
(x2 + x + 1)(6x + 2) dx dx dx
−(3x2 + 2x + 1) × (2x + 1) = x2 × 2 × 4(2x + 1)3 + (2x + 1)4 × 2x
=
(x2 + x + 1)2 = 8x2 (2x + 1)3 + 2x(2x + 1)4
6x3 + 8x2 + 8x + 2 − 6x3 − 7x2 − 4x − 1 = (8x2 + 4x2 + 2x)(2x + 1)3
=
(x2 + x + 1)2
= (8x2 + 2x(2x + 1))(2x + 1)3
x + 4x + 1
2
= = 2x(6x + 1)(2x + 1)3
(x2 + x + 1)2
h x = 1,
2x + 1 dy
y= = 2(1)(6(1) + 1)(2(1) + 1)3
2x3 + 2x dx
d
(2x3 + 2x)(2x + 1) = 2(7)(3)3
dx
d = 14 × 27
dy −(2x + 1) dx (2x + 2x)
3

= dy
dx (2x3 + 2x)2 = 378
dx
(2x3 + 2x) × 2 − (2x + 1)(6x2 + 2)
=
(2x3 + 2x)2
4x3 + 4x − 12x3 − 6x2 − 4x − 2
=
(2x3 + 2x)2
−8x3 − 6x2 − 2
=
(2x3 + 2x)2
−(4x3 + 3x2 + 1)
=
2(x3 + x)2

387
 1 x
b y = x2 (x + 1) 2 d y=
x2 +1
x = 0, x = 1,
1
y = (0)2 (0 + 1) 2 1
y=
1+1
y=0 1
 1
y=
2
d (x + 1) 2
dy 1 d(x2 ) dx d(x2 + 1)
= x2 + (x + 1) 2
dy (x + 1) dx − x dx
2
dx dx dx
√ =
= x2 × √
1
+ x + 1 × 2x dx (x2 + 1)2
2 x+1 x2 + 1 − x × 2x
=
x + 2x(x + 1) × 2x
2
(x2 + 1)2
= √
2 x+1 1 − x2
=
x2 + 4x2 + 4x (x2 + 1)2
= √
2 x+1 x = 1,
5x2 + 4x dy 1−1
= √ =
2 x+1 dx (1 + 1)2
x = 0, dy
=0
dx
dy 5(0)2 + 4(0)
= √ e
dx 2 0+1 2x + 1
y=
dy
=0 x2 + 1
dx x = 1,

y = x2 (2x + 1) 2
1
2+1
c y=
1+1
x = 0, 3
y=
y=0 2
1 d(2x + 1) d(x2 + 1)
dy d(2x + 1) 2 dx 2
dy (x2 + 1) − (2x + 1)
= x2 + (2x + 1) = dx dx
dx dx dx dx (x2 + 1)2
1
d(2x + 1) 2 (x2 + 1) × 2 − (2x + 1) × 2x
= x2 + 2x(2x + 1) =
dx (x2 + 1)2
x = 0, 2x2 + 2 − 4x2 − 2x
=
dy (x2 + 1)2
=0+0
dx 2(−x2 − x + 1)
=
dy (x2 + 1)2
=0
dx dy 2(−1 − 1 + 1) 1
x = 1, = 2
=−
dx (2) 2

388
 2x + 1
3 a c f (x) =
1 x+3
f (x) = (x + 1)(x2 + 1) 2
d(2x + 1) d(x + 3)
1 (x + 3) − (2x + 1)
d(x + 2
1) 2 f (x) =
1 dx dx
f 0 (x) = (x + 1) (x + 3)2
dx
1 d(x + 1) (x + 3) × 2 − (2x + 1)
+ (x2 + 1) 2 =
dx (x + 3)2
 d(x2 + 1) 21 d(x2 + 1)  2x + 6 − 2x − 1
=
= (x + 1) × (x + 3)2
d(x2 + 1) dx
5
1 =
+ (x2 + 1) 2 (x + 3)2
1 1  1
= (x + 1) (x2 + 1)− 2 × 2x + (x2 + 1) 2
2
e x (e3x + 3) − 3e3x e x
1 4 a f 0 (x) =
= (x2 + 1)− 2 (x2 + x + x2 + 1) (e3x + 3)2
1
= (x2 + 1)− 2 (2x2 + x + 1) 3e x − 2e4x
=
(e3x + 3)2
b
1
f (x) = (x2 + 1)(x3 + 1) 2 − sin x(x + 1) − cos x
b f 0 (x) =
1 (x + 1)2
d(x3 + 1) 2
f (x) = (x + 1)
0 2
sin x(x + 1) + cos x
dx =−
1 d(x2 + 1) (x + 1)2
+ (x3 + 1) 2
dx
1
 d(x3 + 1) 21 d(x3 + 1)  × (x + 1) − loge x
= (x2 + 1) × c f (x) =
0 x
d(x3 + 1) dx (x + 1)2
1
+ (x3 + 1) 2 × 2x (x + 1) − x loge x
=
1 1  1 x(x + 1)2
= (x2 + 1) (x3 + 1)− 2 × 3x2 +2x(x3 + 1) 2
2
3 2 2 1 1
= x (x + 1)(x3 + 1)− 2 + 2x(x3 + 1) 2 1
2 × x − loge x
1 3 3 5 a f 0 (x) = x

= (x3 + 1)− 2 x4 + x2 + 2x4 + 2x (x2
2 2
1 3  1 − loge x
= (x3 + 1)− 2 7x4 + x2 + 2x
2
=
x2
7 3  1
= x x3 + x + 2 (x3 + 1)− 2 1 2
2 2 (x + 1) − 2x loge x
b f (x) =
0 x
(x2 + 1)2
x2 + 1 − 2x2 loge x
=
x(x2 + 1)2

389
6 a 2x
3x 7 a f (x) =
e cos x
f (x) =
e3x+3 cos x × 2 − 2x(− sin x)
f 0 (x) =
(e + 3) dx
3x d 3x d
e − e3x dx (e3x + 3) cos2 x
f 0 (x) = 2 cos x + 2x sin x
(e3x + 3)2 =
3e3x (e3x + 3) − 3e3x (e3x ) cos2 x
= 2 cos(π) + 2π sin(π)
(e3x + 3)2 f 0 (π) =
9e 3x (cos(π))2
= 3x −2
(e + 3)2 =
1
eχ + 1
b f (x) = χ = −2
e −1
(e x − 1) dx
d
(e x + 1) − (eX + 1) 3x2 + 1
d x b f (x) =
dx (e − 1) cos x
f (x) =
0
(e x − 1)2 cos x(6x) − (3x2 + 1)(− sin x)
f 0 (x) =
(e x − 1)e x + (−e x − 1)(e x ) cos2 x
=
(e x − 1)2 6x cos x + (3x2 + 1) sin x
=
−2e x cos2 x
= x
(e − 1)2 6π cos(π) + (3π2 + 1) sin(π)
f (π) =
0
(cos(π))2
e2x + 2
c f (x) = =
−6π
e2x − 2 1
(e x − 2) dx
d
(e2x + 2) = −6π
− (e2x + 2) dxd
(e2x − 2)
f 0 (x) = ex
(e2x − 2)2 c f (x) =
(e2x − 2)2e2x − (e2x + 2)2e2x cos x
= cos xe x + sin xe x
(e2x − 2)2 f 0 (x) =
cos2 x
−8e2x (cos π + sin π)eπ
= f 0 (π) =
(e2x − 2)2 cos2 π
= −eπ

sin x
d f (x) =
x
x cos x − sin x
f 0 (x) =
x2
π cos π − sin π
f 0 (π) =
π2
−π
=
π2
−1
=
π

390
Solutions to Exercise 9L
 x3 − 8 
1 a lim(17) = 17
x→2 j lim =
x→2 x−2
b lim(x − 3) = 6 − 3 = 3  (x − 2)(x2 + 2x + 4) 
x→6 = lim
x→2 (x − 2)
c lim (2x − 5) = 1 − 5 = −4
1
x→ 2
= lim(x2 + 2x + 4) = 12
x→2

 (t + 2) 
−3 + 2 −1 1  3x2 − x − 10 
d lim = = = k lim =
t→−3 (t − 5) −3 − 5 −8 8 x→2 x2 + 5x − 14
 (3x + 5)(x − 2) 
 t2 + 2t + 1  = lim
e lim = x→2 (x + 7)(x − 2)
t→2 t+1
3x + 5 11
 (t + 1)2  = lim =
= lim = lim(t + 1) = 3 x→2 x + 7 9
t→2 t + 1 t→2
 x2 − 3x + 2 
 (x + 2)2 − 4  l lim = 2
f lim x→1 x − 6x + 5
x→0 x  (x − 1)(x − 2) 
 x2 + 4x + 4 − 4  = lim
x→1 (x − 1)(x − 4)
= lim
x→0 x x−2 1
 x2 + 4x  = lim =
x→1 x − 5 4
= lim = lim(x + 4) = 4
x→0 x x→0

 t2 − 1  2 a x = 3, since f (3) , lim( f (x)), x = 4,

g lim = x→3
t→1 t−1 since lim+ ( f (x)) , lim− ( f (x))
 (t + 1)(t − 1)  x→4 x→4

= lim b x = 7, since lim+ ( f (x)) , lim− ( f (x))

t→1 t−1 x→7 x→7
= lim(t + 1) = 2
t→1
√ √ 3 a value to test: x = 0
h lim( x + 3) = 9 + 3 lim− ( f (x)) = lim( f (−2x + 2)) = 2
x→9 x→0 x→0
√ √ lim+ ( f (x)) = lim(3x) = 0 ,
= 12 = 2 3 x→0 x→0
lim ( f (x))
 x2 − 2x  x→0−
i lim ∴ there is a discontinuity at x = 0
x→0 x
= lim(x − 2) = −2 b value to test: x = 1
x→0
lim ( f (x)) = lim( f (−2x + 1)) =
x→1− x→1
−2(1) + 1 = −1
lim+ ( f (x)) = lim(x2 + 2) = 12 + 2
x→1 x→1
= 3 , lim− ( f (x))
x→1
∴ there is a discontinuity at x = 1

391
c value to test: x = −1, 0 4 a value to test: x = 1, 7
lim− ( f (x)) = lim (−x) = −(−1) = 1 lim− ( f (x)) = lim (2) = 2
x→1 x→−1 x→1 x→−1
lim + ( f (x)) = lim (x2 ) = (−1)2 = 1 lim + ( f (x))
x→−1
x→−1 x→−1
= lim − ( f (x)) = lim ((x − 4)2 − 9)
x→−1 x→−1
f (−1) = −(−1) = 1 = lim ( f (x)) = (1 − 4)2 − 9
x→−1
∴ f (x) is continuous at x = −1 = 0 , lim − ( f (x))
x→−1
lim −( f (x)) = lim(x2 ) = (0)2 = 0 ∴ there is a discontinuity at x = 1
x→0 x→0
lim+ ( f (x)) = lim(−3x + 1) = −3(0) + 1 lim− ( f (x)) = (lim(x − 4)2 − 9)
x→0 x→0 x→7 x→7
= 1 , lim− ( f (x)) = (7 − 4)2 − 9 = 0
x→0
∴ there is one discontinuity at x = 0 lim− ( f (x)) = lim(x − 7) = 7 − 7 =
x→7 x→7
lim− ( f (x))
x→7
f (7) = 7 − 7 = 0 = lim f (x)
x→7
f (x) is continuous at x = 7
∴ f (x) is continuous for all x ∈ R\{1}

392
Solutions to Exercise 9M
1 a y f y

0 y = f′ (x)
x
1 x
−1 0
−1 1

b y d
2 x > 0, f 0 (x) = (−x2 + 3)
dx
= −2x + 3
d
0 x < 0, f 0 (x) = (3x + 1)
x dx
−3 2 4 =3
test x = 0
c y lim− ( f (x)) = lim(3x + 1) = 1
x→0 x→0
lim+ ( f (x)) = lim(−x2 + 3x + 1) = 1 =
x→0 x→0
lim− ( f (x))
y = f′ (x) x→0
f (0) = −(0)2 + 3(0) + 1 = 1 = lim( f (x))
x→0
x ∴ f (x) is continous at x = 0
0 lim− ( f 0 (x)) = lim(3) = 3
x→0 x→0
lim+ ( f 0 (x)) = lim(−2x + 3) = 3 =
x→0 x→0
d y lim− ( f 0 (x))
x→0
f (x) is differentiable
 at x = 0
y = f′ (x) −2x + 3 i f x ≥ 0

f 0 (x) = 

3 if x < 0


x y
0

e y
x
0

x
−1 0 1

393
 d 2 lim ( f (x)) = lim (−2x + 3) = 2 + 3 = 5
x > 1, f 0 (x) = (x + 2x + 1) x→−1− x→−1
dx
= 2x + 2 lim ( f (x)) = lim (−x2 − 2x + 1) = −1 + 2 + 1
x→−1+ x→−1
d = 2 , lim − ( f (x))
x < 1, f 0 (x) = (−2x + 3) x→−1
dx
= −2 ∴ f (x) is not continuous &
∴ not differentiable atx = −1
test x = 1
∴ f 0 (x) is defined forx ∈ R\{−1}
lim ( f (x)) = lim(−2x + 3) = −2 + 3 = 1
x→1− x→1 
−2x − 2 i f x > −1

f 0 (x) =  .

lim ( f (x)) = lim(x2 + 2x + 1) = 1 + 2 + 1
x→1+ −2 i f x < −1
x→1

= 4 , lim− ( f (x)) y
x→1

∴ f (x)is discontinous &

∴ not differentiable at x = 1
∴ f 0 (x) is defined for x ∈ R\{1} −1
x
 0
2x + 2 i f x > 1

f 0 (x) =  −2

−2 if x < 0


1 2
4 5 a f 0 (x) = (x − 1)− 3
3
f 0 (x) is defined for x ∈ R\{1} ( since
1
x x = 1 gives f 0 (x) = )
0 1 0
–2

d
4 x > −1, f 0 (x) = (−x2 − 2x + 1)
dx
= −2x − 2
1 −4
d b f 0 (x) = x 5
x < −1, f 0 (x) = (−2x + 3) 5
dx f 0 (x) is defined for x ∈ R\{0} (since
1
= −2 x = 0 gives f 0 (x) = )
0
test x = −1

394
 2 1 2 3
c f 0 (x) = x− 3 d f 0 (x) = (x + 2)− 5
3 5
f 0 (x) is defined for x ∈ R\{0} f 0 (x) is defined for x ∈ R\{−2}

395
Solutions to Technology-free questions
26 − 10 e
1 a Average rate of change = √ 1
2 y = (x − 9) x − 3 = (x − 9)(x − 3) 2
=8 dy 1 1 1
= (1)(x − 3) 2 + (x − 9) × (x − 3)− 2
dy dx 2
b = 2x 2(x − 3) + (x − 9)
dx = √
dy 2 x−3
When x = −4, = −8
dx 3x − 15
= √
2 x−3
√ 1
2 a y= x+ 1 − x2 = x + (1 − x2 ) 2 f √ 1
dy 1 1 y = x 1 + x2 = x(1 + x2 ) 2
= 1 + (1 − x2 )− 2 × (−2x)
dx 2 dy 1 1 1
x = (1)(1 + x2 ) 2 + x × (1 + x2 )− 2 (2x)
=1− √ dx 2
1 − x2 1 + 2x 2
= √
4x + 1 1 + x2
b y=
x2 + 3
x2 − 1
dy (x2 + 3)(4) − (4x + 1)(2x) g y=
= x2 + 1
dx (x2 + 3)2
dy (x2 + 1)(2x) − (x2 − 1)(2x)
12 − 2x − 4x2 =
= dx (x2 + 1)2
(x2 + 3)2
4x
= 2
√ 1 (x + 1)2
c y= 1 + 3x = (1 + 3x) 2
x
dy 1 1 h y=
= (1 + 3x)− 2 × 3 +1
x2
dx 2
3 dy (x + 1)(1) − (x)(2x)
2

= √ =
dx (x2 + 1)2
2 1 + 3x
√ 1 − x2
2+ x 1 =
d y= = 2x−1 + x− 2 (x2 + 1)2
x
1
dy 1 3 i y = (2 + 5x2 ) 3
= −2x−2 − x− 2
dx 2
dy 1 2
2 1 = (2 + 5x2 )− 3 × 10x
=− 2 − 3 dx 3
x
2x 2 10x 2
= (2 + 5x2 )− 3
3

396
 2x + 1 2
j y= d y = (2x + 2) 3
x2 + 2
dy (x2 + 2)(2) − (2x + 1)(2x) dy 1 1
= = (2x + 2)− 3 × 2
dx (x2 + 2)2 dx 3
2 2
4 − 2x − 2x2 = (2x + 2)− 3
= 3
(x2 + 2)2 2 2
= (8)− 3 (at x = 3)
2 3
k y = (3x2 + 2) 3 2 2
= (23 )− 3
dy 2 1 3
= (3x + 2)− 3 × 6x
dx 3 2
1
= × 2−2
3
= 4x(3x2 + 2)− 3
1
=
6
3 a y = 3x2 − 4
dy 4 a y = loge (x + 2)
= 6x
dx dy 1
=
= −6( at x = −1) dx x + 2
x−1 b y = sin(3x + 2)
b y=
x2 + 1 dy
dy (x2 + 1)(1) − (x − 1)(2x) = 3 cos(3x + 2)
= dx
dx (x2 + 1)2  x
1 + 2x − x2 c y = cos
= 2
(x2 + 1)2 dy 1  x
= − sin
= 1(at x = 0) dx 2 2
2
c y = (x − 2)5 d y = e x −2x
dy dy 2
= 5(x − 2)4 = (2x − 2)e x −2x
dx dx
= 5 (at x = 1) e y = loge (3 − x)
dy 1 1
=− =
dx 3−x x−3

f y = sin(2πx)
dy
= 2π cos(2πx)
dx

397
 g y = sin2 (3x + 1) d
dy y = sin 2x cos 3x
= 2 sin(3x + 1) × 3 cos(3x + 1)
dx dy
= (2 cos 2x) cos 3x + sin 2x(−3 sin 3x)
= 6 sin(3x + 1) cos(3x + 1) dx
= 3 sin(6x + 2) = 2 cos 2x cos 3x − 3 sin 2x sin 3x

as sin(2a) = 2 sin(a) cos(a) sin 2x

e y= = tan 2x
cos 2x
1
y= loge x = (loge x) 2 dy
p
h = 2 sec2 2x
dy 1 1 1 1 dx
= (loge x) 2 × = p (Alternatively, use the quotient rule.)
dx 2 x 2x loge x
f y = cos3 (3x + 2)
i
2 loge 2x dy
y= = 2x−1 loge 2x = 3 cos2 (3x + 2) × −3 sin(3x + 2)
x dx
dy 2 = −9 cos2 (3x + 2) sin(3x + 2)
= −2x−2 loge 2x + 2x−1 ×
dx 2x
g
2 loge 2x 2 2 − 2 loge 2x
=− 2
+ 2 = y = x2 sin2 (3x)
x x x2
dy
j y = x2 sin(2πx) = 2x sin2 (3x)
dx
dy + x2 (2 sin(3x) × 3 cos(3x))
= 2x sin(2πx) + 2πx2 cos(2πx)
dx
= 2x sin2 (3x) + 6x2 sin(3x) cos(3x)
= 2x sin2 (3x) + 3x2 sin(6x)
5 a y = e x sin 2x as sin(2a) = 2 sin(a) cos(a)
dy
= e x sin 2x + 2e x cos 2x
dx
6 a y = e2x + 1
b y = 2x2 loge x dy
= 2e2x
dy 1 dx
= 4x loge x + 2x2 ×
dx x = 2e2 (at x = 1)
= 4x loge x + 2x
y = e x +1
2
b
loge x
c y= = x−3 loge x dy
= 2xe x +1
2
x3
dx
dy 1
= −3x−4 loge x + x−3 × = 0 (at x = 0)
dx x
1 − 3 loge x
= c y = 5e3x + x2
x4
dy
= 15e3x + 2x
dx
= 15e3 + 2 (at x = 1)

398
 d y = 5 − e−x derivative function will be zero at
dy x = 1.
= e−x
dx
= 1 (at x = 0)

7 a y = eax
dy
= aeax
dx

b y = eax+b
dy
= aeax+b c Graph looks cubic, so derivative
dx
graph will be quadratic. Also, there
c y = ea−bx are turning points where x = 0
dy and x = 1.5, so derivative function
= −bea−bx
dx will be zero at x = 0, 1.5. Finally,
the gradient goes from negative to
d y = beax − aebx
positive to negative, so the gradient
dy graph will be an inverted parabola.
= abeax − abebx
dx
= ab(eax − ebx )

eax
e y= = eax−bx = e(a−b)x
ebx
dy
= (a − b)e(a−b)x
dx

dy
8 a y = 3 − 3x so = −3
dx
 9 2
9 y = 4x +
x
dy  9  9
= 2 4x + 4− 2
dx x x
2(4x2 + 9)(4x2 − 9)
=
x3
dy
Then = 0 provided 4x2 − 9 = 0
dx
(since 4x2 + 9 > 0 for all values of x).
b Graph looks parabolic, so derivative 3
Hence x = ± .
graph will be linear. Also, there is 2
a turning point where x = 1, so the

399
 2x − 3 x2
10 a y= d y=
x2 + 4 [ f (x)]2
dy (x2 + 4)(2) − (2x − 3)(2x) dy [ f (x)]2 (2x) − (x2 )(2 f (x) f 0 (x))
= =
dx (x2 + 4)2 dx [ f (x)]2
2x2 + 8 − 4x2 + 6x [ f (x)](2x f (x) − 2x2 f 0 (x))
= =
(x2 + 4)2 [ f (x)]4
8 + 6x − 2x2 2x f (x) − 2x2 f 0 (x)
= =
(x2 + 4)2 [ f (x)]3
b Note that x2 + 4 > 0 for all values of
x. So only check the numerators. 12 a f ◦ g(x) = 2 cos3 x − 1
3
y > 0 provided 2x − 3 > 0, i.e. x > .
2 b g ◦ f (x) = cos(2x3 − 1)
dy
= 0 provided 8 + 6x − 2x2 > 0,
dx c g0 ◦ f (x) = − sin(2x3 − 1)
which is equivalent to 4 + 3x − x2 > 0.
4 + 3x − x2 = (4 − x)(1 + x) > 0 d (g ◦ f )0 (x) = −(6x2 ) sin(2x3 − 1)
provided −1 < x < 4 (since the
corresponding quadratic graph is 3
e
an inverted parabola with x- axis 2
intercepts of −1 and 4). √
3 3
dy f −
So y and are both positive 4
dx 
3 
provided x ∈ , ∞ ∩ (−1, 4), i.e.
3  2 13 f (x) = 3 + 6x2 − 2x3
,4 . f 0 (x) = 12x − 6x2
2
f 0 (x) > 0 ⇒ 6x(2 − x) > 0
Therefore positive gradient for (0, 2)
11 a y = x f (x)
dy dy
= (x)( f 0 (x)) + (1)( f (x)) 14 For y = x3 , = 3x2
dx dx
= x f 0 (x) + f (x) dy
For y = x3 + x2 + x − 2, = 3x2 + 2x + 1
dx
1 3x2 = 3x2 + 2x + 1
b y= 1
f (x) ⇔x=−
2
dy − f 0 (x)
=
dx [ f (x)]2
15 y = bx2 − cx
x Therefore,
c y=
f (x) 0 = 4b − c . . . (1)
dy f (x) + x f 0 (x) dy
= 2bx − c
= dx
dx [ f (x)]2
dy
= 1 when x = 4 ⇒ 8b − c = 1 . . . (2)
dx

400
 1 Coordinates
∴ b = ,c = 1
4 f (3 loge 2) = e6 loge 2 − 163 loge 2 − 36
= 26 − 16 × 23 − 36
16 a e2x − 16e x − 36 = 0 = 64 − 16 × 8 − 36 = −100
(e x − 18)(e x + 2) = 0 (3 loge 2, −100)

x = loge (18) c 2e x (e x − 8) > 0 ⇔ x > 3 loge (2)

b f 0 (x) = 2e2 x − 16e x f (loge (18)) − f (loge (8)) 50

d =
f 0 (x) = 0 ⇒ 2e x (e x − 8) = 0 loge (18) − loge (8)
loge
3
∴ x = loge 8 = 3 loge 2 2

401
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 A k
e + 1 − (1) 5 B y=
Average rate of change = 2(x3+ 1)
1 −3kx2
=e y0 =
2
2 x3 + 1
5 −3kx2
2 C f : R\{7} → R, f (x) = 5 + ∴ 1=
(7 − x)2 2 x3 + 1

2

f (x) = 5 + 5(7 − x)−2 −3k

1=
f 0 (x) = 10(7 − x)−3 8
−8
10 k=
f 0 (x) = 3
(7 − x)3
6 C The gradient is positive when:
f 0 (x) > 0
x < −3 or x > 2
∴ (7 − x)3 > 0
x<7 7 D f (x) = 4x(2 − 3x)
f (x) = 8x − 12x2
3 A y = f (g(x))
f 0 (x) = 8 − 24x
g(x) = 2x 4
f 0 (x) < 0
∴ y = f 2x 4

8 − 24x < 0
dy
= 8x3 f 0 2x4


8
dx x>
24
1 1
4 A f (x) = x 3 x>
3
1
f 0 (x) = 2 f (4) − f (2) 4 loge (4) − 2 log2
3x 3 8 D =
2 2 2
As 3x 3 , 0, the gradient is = 2 loge 4 − loge 2
undefined at this point.
= 4 loge 2 − loge 2
= 3 loge (2)

402
 9 A y = (x + 3)(x − 2) 4x4 − 12x2
11 E f (x) =
3x − k
y = x2 + x − 6
f (k) = 2 ⇒ 5k2 − 3 = 2
0
dy
= 2x + 1 ⇔ k = 1 or k = −1
dx
dy Test values with calculator. k = 1
When = −7
dx f (x)
12 C h(x) =
− 8 = 2x g(x)
f 0 (x)g(x) − g0 (x) f (x)
x = −4 h0 (x) =
g(x)2
When x = −4 h0 (2) =
−4 × 6 − 8×3
36
y = (−4)2 − 4 − 6 4
=−
y=6 3

Coordinates = (−4, 6) 13 A f (g(x)) = x

g0 (x) f 0 (g(x)) = 1
10 B y = ax2 − bx
dy g0 (6) × f 0 (g(6)) = 1
= 2ax − b
dx g0 (6) × f 0 (8) = 1
dy g0 (6) × 4 = 1
When = 0, x = 2
dx
1
0 = 4a − b g0 (6) =
4
4a = b
Sub into: y = ax2 − bx
y = ax2 − 4ax
y = ax(x − 4)
Using null factor theorem:
x = 0, x = 4

403
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 f (1) = 6, g(1) = −1, g(6) = 7 and f (−1) = 8
f 0 (1) = 6, g0 (1) = −2, f 0 (−1) = 2 and g0 (6) = −1

a i f ◦ g)0 (1) = g0 (1) f 0 (g(1)) = −2 × f 0 (−1) = −2 × 2 = −4

ii (g ◦ f )0 (1) = f 0 (1)g0 ( f (1)) = 6 × g0 (6) = 6 × (−1) = −6

iii ( f g)0 (1) = f 0 (1)g(1) + g0 (1) f (1) = 6 × (−1) + (−2) × 6 = −18

iv (g f )0 (1) = f 0 (1)g(1) + g0 (1) f (1) = 6 × (−1) + (−2) × 6 = −18

 f 0 f 0 (1)g(1) − g0 (1) f (1) 6 × −1 − (−2 × 6)
v (1) = = =6
g [g(1)]2 [−1]2
 g 0 g0 (1) f (1) − f 0 (1)g(1) −2 × 6 − (6 × −1)) 1
vi (1) = 2
= 2
=−
f [ f (1)] [6] 6

b For f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d., f (1) = 6 and f (−1) = 8

Therefore
a+b+c+d =6 1
−a + b − c + d = 8 2
Also f (x) = 3ax + 2bx + c, f 0 (1) = 6 and f 0 (−1) = 2
0 2

Therefore
3a + 2b + c = 6 3
3a − 2b + c = 2 4
Subtract 4 from 3 to give 4b = 4 and b = 1
Add 1 and 2
2b + 2d = 14 and as b = 1, d = 6
From 1
a + c = −1 5
and from 4
3a + c = 4 6
Subtract 5 from 6
5 7
2a = 5 and therefore a = and c = −
2 2
2 f 0 (x) = 0 for x = 1 and x = 5
f 0 (x) > 0 for x > 5 and x < 1
f 0 (x) < 0 for 1 < x < 5
f (1) = 6 and f (5) = 1

404
 a The graph of y = f (x + 2) is obtained from the graph of y = f (x) by a translation of
2 units in the negative direction of the x-axis.
dy
i Therefore = 0 for x = −1 and x = 3
dx
dy
ii > 0 for x > 3 and x < −1
dx
b The graph of y = f (x − 2) is obtained from the graph of y = f (x) by a translation of
2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis.
dy
i Therefore = 0 for x = 3 and x = 7.
dx
ii The coordinates at which the gradient is zero are (3, 6) and (7, 1)

c The graph of y = f (2x) is obtained from the graph of y = f (x) by a dilation of factor
1
from the y-axis.
2
dy 1 5
i Therefore = 0 for x = and
dx 2 2
1  5 
ii The coordinates at which the gradient is zero are , 6 and , 1
2 2
 x
d The graph of y = f is obtained from the graph of y = f (x) by a dilation of factor
2
2 from the y-axis.
dy
i Therefore = 0 for x = 2 and x = 10
dx
ii The coordinates at which the gradient is zero are (2, 6) and (10, 1)
 x
e The graph of y = 3 f is obtained from the graph of y = f (x) by a dilation of factor
2
2 from the y-axis and factor 3 from the x-axis.
dy
i Therefore = 0 for x = 2 and x = 10
dx
ii The coordinates at which the gradient is zero are (2, 18) and (10, 3)

3 f (x) = (x − α)n (x − β)m where m and n are positive integers with m > n and β > α

a f (x) = 0 implies x = α or x = β

b Using the product rule

405
 f 0 (x) = n(x − α)n−1 (x − β)m + m(x − α)n (x − β)m−1
= (x − α)n−1 (x − β)m−1 [n(x − β) + m(x − α)]
= (x − α)n−1 (x − β)m−1 [x(n + m) − (nβ + mα)]

nβ + mα
c f 0 (x) = 0 implies x = α or x = β or x =
n+m
d i If m and n are odd then m − 1 and n − 1 are even.
Therefore (x − α)n−1 (x − β)m−1 ≥ 0 for all x
nβ + mα
and f 0 (x) > 0 for x > and x , β
n+m
ii If m is odd then m − 1 is even and (x − β)m−1 ≥ 0 for all x
Therefore f 0 (x) > 0 if and only if (x − α)n−1 [x(n + m) − (nβ + mα)] > 0
If n is even then (x − α)n−1 > 0 if and only if x − α > 0.
Together gives
(x − α)n−1 [x(n + m) − (nβ + mα)] > 0 is equivalent to both factors positive or both
factors negative.
If both are positive:
nβ + mα
x > α and x >
n+m
nβ + mα nβ + mα
and as β > α, > α+ and thus x >
n+m n+m
If both are negative
nβ + mα
x < α and x < and hence x < α
n+m
xn
4 f (x) = where n is an even integer.
1 + xn
1 xn + 1 − 1 xn
a 1− = =
xn + 1 xn + 1 1 + xn
nxn−1
b f (x) =
(xn + 1)2
1 1 1
c 0< ≤ 1 as n is even. Therefore −1 ≤ − n < 0 and 0 ≤ 1 − n <1
xn +1 x +1 x +1
n xn−1
d f 0 (x) = 0 implies = 0 implies x = 0
(xn + 1)2

nxn−1
e f 0 (x) > 0 for > 0 which implies x > 0
(xn + 1)2

406