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C2 - 2.1 Function of Several Variables

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C2 - 2.1 Function of Several Variables

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AININ IZNI
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CHAPTER 2:

MULTIPLE
INTEGRALS
Prepared by, NUR LIYANA NAZARI

MAT455/UiTM SHAH ALAM


OUTLINE
2.1 : Functions of Several Variables (review on partial
derivatives & geometric function of several variables)

2.2 : Double Integrals

2.3 : Triple Integrals

2.4 : Change of Variables in Double & Triple Integral


2.1 : FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES
- REVIEW ON PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
- GEOMETRIC FUNCTION OF SEVERAL
VARIABLES
INTRODUCTION
So far, we have dealt with the calculus of functions of a single variable. But, in the real world, physical
quantities often depend on two or more variables, so in this chapter we turn our attention to functions
of several variables and extend the basic ideas of differential calculus to such functions.

A) FUNCTION WITH ONE VARIABLE : 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) [x is the independent variable & y is the dependent variable]
4
eg: 𝑉𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 V is a function in r = volume depends on the radius

B) FUNCTION WITH TWO VARIABLES : 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) [x and y are the indep. var. & z is the dep. var.]
eg: 𝑉𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ V is a function in r and h = volume depends on the radius and the height

C) FUNCTION WITH THREE VARIABLES : 𝑉 = 𝑓(𝑤, 𝑙, ℎ) [w, l and h are the indep. var. & V is the dep. var.]]
eg: 𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑥 = 𝑤𝑙ℎ V is a function in w, l and h = volume depends on the width, length and the height
REVIEW ON
PARTIAL
DERIVATIVES
DEFINITION 1
If 𝑓 is a function of two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦, then its partial derivatives are the functions 𝑓𝑥 and 𝑓𝑦
defined by,
𝑓 𝑥+ℎ,𝑦 −𝑓(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑓
𝑓𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑓𝑥 = lim ℎ
= 𝜕𝑥
ℎ→0

𝑓 𝑥,𝑦+ℎ −𝑓(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑓
𝑓𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦 = lim ℎ
= 𝜕𝑦
ℎ→0

The symbol 𝜕 is used for differentiating function with more than one variable.

1. To find 𝑓x , we consider 𝑦 as a constant and differentiate 𝑓 with respect to 𝑥.


2. To find 𝑓𝑦 , we consider 𝑥 as a constant and differentiate 𝑓 with respect to 𝑦.
RULES OF PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
SUM RULE
𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑢 ±𝑣 = ± & 𝑢 ±𝑣 = ±
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
PRODUCT RULE
𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥
𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢
𝜕𝑥
± 𝑣
𝜕𝑥 & 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 ± 𝑣
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
QUOTIENT RULE
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
𝜕 𝑢 𝑣 − 𝑢 & 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑣
=
𝑣2
𝜕𝑥 𝑣 𝑣
HIGHER-ORDER PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
The order of partial derivatives is not only applicable for first order, but it is also possible to have
second order, third order or higher-order partial derivatives. The higher-order partial derivatives are
indicated by the order of the differentiation.
For example, to find the second order partial derivatives of 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦),

1) 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑧 3) 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑧


𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑥 𝑥 = = = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑥 𝑦 = = =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

2) 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑧 4) 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑧


𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦 = = = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = 𝑓𝑦 = = =
𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

#Note1 : For notation 𝑓, differentiate from left to right. For notation 𝜕, differentiate from right to left.
#Note2 : 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 if 𝑓 is continuous.
EXAMPLE 2
If 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 2 , find 𝑓𝑥 2,1 and 𝑓𝑦 2,1 .
EXAMPLE 3
Find the second partial derivatives of,
a) 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 2𝑥 4 𝑦, and b) 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 ln 𝑦.
1. Graphing a point THE GEOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS OF
2. Plot points in 𝑅3 (3D)
3. Graphing a circle in
𝑅2
4. Sketching a surface
5. Sketching a quadric SEVERAL
VARIABLES
surface
EXAMPLE 4 : Graphing a point
Plot a point of 𝑥 = 3 in 𝑅, 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 . (n-dimensional coordinate system denoted by 𝑅𝑛 )
Example 5 : Plot points in 𝑹𝟑 (3D)
Illustrate the points; A (0,2,0), B (3,0,2) and C (-1,2,3).
EXAMPLE 6 : Graphing a Circle
Sketch 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 in 𝑅2 .
EXAMPLE 7 : Sketching a Surface
Sketch 𝑧 = 𝑦 2 in 𝑅3 .
EXAMPLE 8 : Sketching a Quadric Surface
General form of equation : 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 𝑐𝑧 2 + 𝑑𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓𝑥𝑧 + 𝑔𝑥 + ℎ𝑦 + 𝑗𝑧 + 𝑘 = 0

SPHERE ELLIPTIC CONE


𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
𝑥−𝑎 2
+ 𝑦−𝑏 2
+ 𝑧−𝑐 2
= 𝑟2 + =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 2

where (a,b,c) are center The axis of the cone depends to the
coordinates & r is a radius. variable whose coefficient is negative.

CYLINDER ELLIPTIC PARABOLOID

𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑧= 2+ 2
𝑎 𝑏
The axis of the cylinder depends
to the variable with power of zero.
The axis of the paraboloid
*whenever we are missing a var. in depends to the variable with
an equation, we will consider it is a power of one.
cylinder equation.
BASIC GEOMETRIC You need to take note of

FUNCTIONS these solid!


T E T R A H E D R O N : Example, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
SPHERE : Example, 𝑧 = 4 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
HEMISPHERE : Example, 𝑧 = − 4 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
C Y L I N D E R : Example, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = 4 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9
CONE : Example, z = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
PA R A B O LO I D : Example, 𝑧 = 4 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
PLANE : Coordinate planes/ xy-plane/ xz-plane/ yz-plane/
x=0/ y=0/ z=0

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