†mkb- 6

kvKmewRi evjvB e¨e¯’vcbv

73
 kvKmewRi evjvB e¨e¯’vcbv
†mkb cwiPvjbv MvBW
f‚wgKv
emZevwo‡Z kvKmewR Drcv`‡bi evjvB e¨e¯’vcbv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~b©| mwVK Ávb I `ÿZv _vK‡j mn‡RB mwVK
Dcvq AbymiY K‡i evjvB mnbxq gvÎvq ivLv hvq|

D‡Ïk¨
AskMÖnYKvix mewRi evjvB `g‡b mgwš^Z evjvB e¨e¯’vcbvi †KŠkj Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb
wewfbœ cÖKvi ˆRe evjvBbvkK ˆZix wkL‡Z cvi‡eb
evjvB `g‡b AvBwmwUi e¨envi wkL‡Z cvi‡eb|

DcKiY
emZevwo‡Z kvKmewR Drcv`b gwWDj Gi Kwc, nvZRvj, nvwi‡Kb, KxUbvkK †¯úªqvi, Le‡ii KvMR, is, DcKvix
†cvKv (gvKomv), Mv‡Qi Wvj, cwje¨vM, †cvKv, Zzjv, ivevi/myZv, QvB, wbg cvZvi im, b‡MvR, wgwóKzgovi †có,
Pzb (50 MÖvg), ZuzZ (50 MÖvg), wPwb I cøvwó‡Ki †QvU evwU, †ivMvμvšÍ cvZv ev KvÛ I dj BZ¨vw`|

c×wZ
AskMÖnYg~jK Av‡jvPbv I nv‡Z Kj‡g Abykxjb

mnvqZvKvixi c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ

mnvqZvKvix mKj DcKiY mv‡_ wb‡q †mkb ïiæ Ki‡eb| w`e‡mi Kg©m~Px †cv÷v‡i wj‡L wb‡q Avm‡eb| AvBwmwUi
wewfbœ Z_¨ mv‡_ wb‡q Avm‡eb| GKRb K…wl Kg©KZ©v‡K †mk‡b Dcw¯’Z ivL‡eb|

†mkb Kvh©μ‡gi mswÿßiƒc

†gvU mgq : 3.10 wgwbU
μwgK bs †mkb Kvh©μg mgq
1 f~wgKv Ges †mk‡bi D‡Ïk¨ 10 wgwbU
2 K…lK‡`i AwfÁZv hvPvB, `jxq MwZgqZv 10 wgwbU
3 g~j welqe¯‘i (kvKmewRi evjvB e¨e¯’vcbv) Dci Av‡jvPbv 40 wgwbU
4 e¨envwiK (nv‡Z-Kj‡g KiYxq) 120 wgwbU
5 †mk‡bi mvi-ms‡ÿc 10 wgwbU

74
avc-1 : f~wgKv I †mk‡bi D‡Ïk¨
mnvqZvKvix cÖ_‡g mKj AskMÖnYKvix‡K †mk‡b ¯^vMZ Rvbv‡eb| AskMÖnYg~jK Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ GKwU my›`i I
mnR cwi‡ek ˆZwi Ki‡eb| cÖ‡Z¨K AskMÖnYKvix hv‡Z mv”Q›`¨ †eva K‡ib †m Rb¨ Aa©-e„ËvKvi A_ev BD-AvK…wZi
emvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡eb| Zvici mnvqZvKvix w`‡bi A‡jvP¨m~wP Ges Gi D‡Ïk¨ AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Kv‡Q we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv
Ki‡eb|
       ! "#$$  %&' 'wkL‡Z
Ges ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
* +  6 78 *9;+ '8
mgwš^Z evjvB e¨e¯’vcbv Abymib K‡i (AvBwcGg Gi Av‡jv‡K) †ivM I †cvKv `g‡bi †KŠkj wkL‡Z cvi‡eb
KxUbvk‡Ki ÿwZKi cÖfve Ges Gi e¨envi c×wZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb
< *=#>'? %&'8 @

avc-2 : K…l‡Ki AwfÁZv hvPvB

mnvqZvKvix mewRi evjvB wbqš¿‡bi wewfbœ c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ NUv‡eb Ges cÖvmw½K wel‡q cÖkœ K‡i
G wel‡q Zviv Kx Kx Rv‡bb Zv Rvbvi †Póv Ki‡eb| mnvqZvKvix wewfbœ cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g Zv Rvbvi †Póv Ki‡eb Ges
jÿ¨ ivL‡eb mevi AskMÖnY †hb wbwðZ nq| D`vniY ¯^iƒc wKQz cÖkœ †`Iqv n‡jv hv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i;
kvKmewRi †cvKv `g‡b wK e¨e¯’v wb‡q _v‡Kb ?
kvKmewRi †ivM n‡j wK K‡i _v‡Kb ?
KxUbvkK e¨envi K‡ib wKbv ?
=   6 8F'*9;   H J
*OS'  6 78 *9;   H J

avc-3 : kvKmewRi evjvB e¨e¯’vcbvi (g~j welqe¯‘) Dci Av‡jvPbv

mnvqZvKvix †ivM I †cvKvgvKo Ges `gb e¨e¯’vcbv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ïiæ Ki‡eb| Av‡jvPbv n‡e AskMÖnYg~jK|
wewfbœ cÖkœ Ges D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g mK‡ji AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡eb|

 
kvKmewR‡Z mvaviYZ: †Kvb ai‡bi †cvKvi AvμgY †ewk nq ?
†cvKv mvaviYZ: mewRi †Kvb †Kvb As‡k AvμgY K‡i _v‡K ?
me mewR‡Z wK GKB ai‡Yi †cvKvi AvμgY nq ?
mewR‡Z wK ai‡Yi †iv‡Mi AvμgY n‡q _v‡K ?
†ivM I †cvKv Avμg‡Yi jÿY¸‡jv Kx Kx ?
†ivM I †cvKv gvKo `g‡b Avgiv wK ai‡Yi e¨e¯’v wb‡q _v‡Kb ?

75
 Kx Kx KxUbvkK e¨envi K‡ib ?
KxUbvkK e¨envi mwVK c×wZ wK ?
KxUbvkK e¨env‡i kix‡ii wK wK ÿwZ nq ?
KxUbvkK Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb c×wZ e¨envi K‡ib wKbv ?
†ivM I †cvKv `g‡bi mgwš^Z evjvB e¨e¯’vcbv ¸‡jv Kx Kx ?

avc-4 : e¨envwiK
mnvqZvKvix c~‡e© msM„wnZ †ivM I †cvKvi bgybv¸wj cÖ`k©b Ki‡eb Ges wK ai‡Yi e¨e¯’v wb‡j †ivM I †cvKv wbqš¿Y
Kiv hvq Zv K‡i †`Lv‡eb| mnvqZKvix mKj AskMÖnYKvix‡`i wb‡q cvk¦©eZ©x †Kvb gv‡V hv‡eb Ges mgwš^Z evjvB
e¨e¯’vcbvi wewfbœ Kvh©μg cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb| K…wl Kg©KZ©v‡K Av‡jvPbvq Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡eb|
AvaywbK Pvlvev` c×wZi wewfbœ ch©vq¸‡jv wKfv‡e †ivM †cvKv wbqš¿‡b cÖwZ‡ivag~jK e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i Zv K‡i †`Lv‡eb
evjvB e¨e¯’vcbvi ˆRweK c×wZ ‡hgb DcKvix †cvKvi msiÿ‡Y Kibxq wb‡q A‡jvPbv Ki‡eb
hvwš¿K c×wZi wewfbœ †KŠkj- nvZ Rvj w`‡q †cvKv aiv, wel‡Uvc duv` e¨envi, Wvj †cvZv, †d‡ivgb duv`
e¨envi, wWg Mv`v msMÖn K‡i bó Kiv, AvμvšÍ WMv, dj msMÖn K‡i cy‡Z †djv, †ewMs Kiv, ïK‡bv QvB
†`Iqv, gkvix w`‡q †X‡K †`Iqv, cwi®‹vi cvwb †¯cÖ Kiv, mvev‡bi ¸ov †¯cÖ Kiv , Av‡jvi duv` e¨envi
BZ¨vw` K‡i †`Lv‡eb
¯’vbxq DcKiY †hgb- wbg cvZv, AvZv cvZv Ges gwi‡Pi ¸ov w`‡q evjvBbvkK ˆZwi I e¨envi K‡i †`Lv‡eb|
me©‡kl e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e KxUbvk‡Ki wbivc` e¨envi Kiv †`Lv‡eb| KxUbvkK μq Kiv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Gi cÖ‡qvM
Ges msiÿY c×wZ Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g cÖ`k©b Ki‡eb|
†gvevBj ‡dvb e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wKfv‡e K…wl †mev cvIqv hvq Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| K…l‡Ki ‡gvevBj †dvb
e¨envi K‡i wKfv‡e K…wl Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq Zv mivmwi K‡i †`Lv‡eb|

avc-5 : mvims‡ÿc
e¨envwiK K¬v‡mi ci mnvqZvKvix Avevi mevB‡K Aa©-e„ËvKv‡i em‡Z ej‡eb| mevi Kv‡Q cÖkœ AvneŸvb Ki‡eb|
Zvici AskMÖnYKvix‡`i‡K w`‡bi Av‡jvwPZ/wkÿYxq/Rvbvi welq¸wj wb‡q wRÁvmv Ki‡eb| mwVK DËi¸wj
†cv÷v‡i mevi mvg‡b wjwce× Ki‡eb| mnvqZvKvix mvivw`‡bi Av‡jvPbvi mvi-ms‡ÿc Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb|
me‡k‡l mnvqZvKvix cieZ©x w`‡bi Av‡jvPbvi g~j welq¸wj Zz‡j ai‡eb, †mk‡bi ZvwiL Ges mgq wba©viY
Ki‡eb| mevB‡K ab¨ev` w`‡q †mk‡bi mgvwß †NvlYv Ki‡eb|

76
 KvwiMwi mnvqK †bvU
f~wgKv
emZevwoi mewR Avev‡`i mgm¨v mg~‡ni g‡a¨ †cvKv I †iv‡Mi Avμgb cÖavb| †h †Kvb dm‡ji †ivM I †cvKv
wbqš¿b Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g H †ivM I †cvKv mbv³ Ki‡Z n‡e| mewRi †cvKv e¨e¯’vcbvi cÖ_g we‡eP¨ n‡”Q †cvKv
†Pbv, †cvKvi ¶wZKi ch©vq Rvbv, ¶wZi j¶Y Rvbv I ¶wZKi †cvKvi Rxe‡bi wewfbœ avc mg~‡ni Ae¯’vb Rvbv|
GQvov †cvKvi Dcw¯’wZ, e¨vcKZv I ¶wZ Kivi ¶gZv hw` Kg nq ZLb e¨e¯’vcbv bv wb‡jI nq| Ab¨ w`‡K †cvKv
I †iv‡Mi Rb¨ AbyKzj Ae¯’v¸‡jv hv‡Z bv nq †m w`‡K hZœevb n‡jB mgwš^Z km¨ e¨e¯’vcbv (AvB wm Gg) Gi
Av‡jv‡K †ivM I †cvKv `gb A‡bK mnR n‡q hvq| GQvov mgwš^Z c×wZ‡Z †cvKv I †ivM `g‡bi mnRcÖvc¨ c×wZ
mg~‡ni mgš^q Kiv nq Ges Mv‡Qi e„w×i †Kvb ch©v‡q †Kvb †cvKv I †Kvb As‡k †Kvb †cvKv ev †ivM Avμgb K‡i
Zv wPwýZ K‡i e¨e¯’v wb‡j evjvB‡qi Avμgb nvi me©wbgœ _v‡K Ges dm‡ji Drcv`b Avw_©Kfv‡e ¶wZKi nq bv|

†cvKv-gvKo I †ivMevjvB‡qi AvμgY Kgv‡bvi cÖv_wgK e¨e¯’v

†cvKv-gvKo I †ivMevjvB mewR dm‡ji cÖavb kÎæ| exR ecb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i exR msi¶Y ch©šÍ Giv dm‡ji
h‡_ó ¶wZ mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i| Rwg‡Z †ivMevjvB ev †cvKv-gvK‡oi AvμgY nIqvi c‡i bq eis AvμgY hv‡Z bv
n‡Z cv‡i ev Kg nq Zvi Rb¨ hv hv KiYxq;
Rwgi gvwU IjU-cvjU K‡i Mfxifv‡e Pvl Ki‡Z n‡e
†ivM-RxevYy I †cvKv-gvKo AvμgY gy³ my¯’ mej exR/Pviv jvMv‡Z n‡e
  + [' \*] =   ' 
mgq gZ AvMvQv `gb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Rwg cwi®‹vi cwi”Qbœ ivL‡Z n‡e
ch©vqμ‡g kvKmewR Pvl Kiv A_©vr †Kvb Rwg‡Z cici GKB dmj bv Pvl K‡i wewfbœ dm‡ji Pvl Ki‡Z n‡e
* ++&&8p"+ *% [' @ * +Ht 6 6{**}
†cvKv weZviK MvQ jvMv‡bv|

†ivMevjvB dm‡ji wK ¶wZ K‡i ?

dm‡ji djb Kwg‡q †`q
mRxeZv I ¸YMZ gvb n«vm K‡i Ges dm‡ji evRvi `i Kwg‡q †`q
†ivMevjvB AvμvšÍ dmj †L‡j kix‡ii ¶wZ nq
†ivMevjvB AvμvšÍ Mv‡Qi exRI †ivMvμvšÍ nq
GQvov Rwg‡Z K…l‡Ki AwZwi³ kÖg w`‡Z nq Ges mgq e¨q Ki‡Z nq|

mewRi evjvB `gb †KŠkj

mvavibfv‡e †ivM-evjvB `g‡bi Rb¨ wel ev KxUbvkK †hb‡Zb fv‡e e¨envi K‡i K…lKMY hw`I Zvr¶wbK dj
wKQyUv cvb Z_vwc Gme we‡li AccÖ‡qv‡Mi Kvi‡Y AwbóKvix KxUcZ‡½i Gme we‡li weiƒ‡× cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv R‡b¥|
d‡j, Gme †cvKvgvKo Avi Hme wel w`‡q `gb Kiv hvq bv| ZLb bZzb I gvivZ¥K wel AviI †ekx e¨envi Ki‡Z
nq| d‡j, AvenvIqv I dm‡ji g‡a¨ wel †_‡K hvq hv gvbyl I M„ncvwjZ cïi ¶wZ K‡i| ZvQvovI XvjvI fv‡e
77
 wel cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j A‡bK DcKvix †cvKv gvKo aŸsm n‡”Q, hvi `iæb A‡bK dm‡jiB civMvqY `viæbfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯’
n‡”Q Ges dm‡ji ¯^vfvweK djb K‡g hv‡”Q| Ab¨w`‡K †hb‡Zb fv‡e wel e¨env‡ii d‡j cÖvK…wZK `~lb GZ †ekx
n‡”Q †h, gvbyl ev Ab¨vb¨ RxeKz‡ji †eu‡P _vKv `~iƒn n‡q c‡o‡Q| ZvB dm‡ji †ivMevjvB, †cvKvgvKo `g‡bi
Rb¨ mgwš^Z evjvBbvkK e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
G e¨e¯’vcbvq †ivMevjvB, †cvKvgvKo I Ab¨vb¨ evjvB `gb Kivi Rb¨ ïaygvÎ ivmvqwbK Jla e¨envi bv K‡i
Ab¨vb¨ evjvB `gb e¨e¯’vi m‡½ mgš^q K‡i GKwU mvwe©K evjvB `gb e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

mgwš^Z evjvB e¨e¯’vcbv (AvB.wc.Gg) wK ?

AvB.wc.Gg ev mgwš^Z †ivMevjvB I †cvKvgvKo `gb e¨e¯’v n‡”Q Ggb GKwU `gb e¨e¯’v hv‡Z †ivM I †cvKv
gvK‡oi Avμgb byb¨Zg ch©v‡q ivLvi Rb¨ mgwš^Z fv‡e K‡qKwU `gb c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq| †h †Kvb GKwU
Dcv‡q evi evi †cvKv `gb Ki‡j †cvKv ev Ab¨ cÖvbx Zv‡`i cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv evwo‡q †d‡j Ges †mB c×wZ Avi
Kvh©Ki _v‡Kbv| ZvB AwaK Kvh©Ki I wbivc`fv‡e †cvKv I †ivM evjvB `gb Kivi Rb¨ K‡qKwU Dcvq mgš^q
K‡i `gb Kiv `iKvi Ges Kiv n‡”Q| ZvB G‡K mgwš^Z e¨e¯’vcbv ejv n‡”Q|
AvB.wc.Gg Gi D‡Ïk¨ †cvKv wbab K‡i †cvKvwenxb evMvb bq eis †cvKv gvK‡oi Avμgb†K Kwg‡q Avbv, hv‡Z
dmj Drcv`b jvfRbK nq|

AvB.wc.Gg Gi D‡Ïk¨
8  $*6 +"€@};„€<6 ‡€Š{‹ [ 6 7 8€<6\
€<* ‘’]<\8+'6$*6 +"€
*" =  8  $; '“'<”*] " •“'8–8€\8'  
cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶ ¶wZ bv nq| D`vniY ¯^iƒc ejv hvq, hw` ivmvqwbK KxUbvkK wbwe©Pv‡i h‡_ó e¨envi Kiv
nq Zvn‡j A‡bK DcKvix †cvKv g‡i hv‡e Ges Zv‡Z ¶wZKviK †cvKvi Avμgb Av‡iv †e‡o ‡h‡Z cv‡i|
GQvov ¶wZKviK †cvKvi cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv †e‡o hv‡e|
GK K_vq mgwš^Z †cvKv `gb e¨e¯’vcbvi j¶¨ ev D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q †cvKvgvKo wbwe©Pv‡i h‡_ó wbab bv K‡i
†cvKvgvK‡oi Avμgb Gov‡bv ev cÖwZ‡iva Kiv|

mgwš^Z c×wZ‡Z †cvKv-gvKo I †ivMevjvB `gb c×wZmg~n

cÖvK…wZK/†fŠZ Dcv‡q `gb
cÖwZ‡ivax Rv‡Zi e¨envi
hvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z `gb
cwiPh©v c×wZ‡Z `gb
‰RweK Dcv‡q `gb

cÖvK…wZK/†fŠZ c×wZ‡Z `gb

dm‡ji myôz evo-evowZ Ges fvj dj‡bi Rb¨ GB c×wZ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~b©| cÖvK…wZKfv‡e ¯^vfvweK AvenvIqvq
†cvKvgvKo I †ivMRxevYy †eu‡P _v‡K Ges eskwe¯Ívi K‡i| ¯^vfvweK AvenvIqv I ZvcgvÎvi ZviZg¨ n‡j Gm‡ei
 F 6'" š “"@ !€' 6 7    8t "O› *] @

78
 8F''8'$  8t“" “ ž&t• Ÿ•'8 ''68$'  8
gvKo gviv hvq|
fvj dj‡bi Rb¨ mgqg‡Zv dmj †evbv ev ‡ivcb Kiv, cÖPzi Av‡jvevZvm Av‡Q Ggb RvqMvq dm‡ji Pvl
Kiv|
A‡bK mgq Rwg‡Z †mP ev cvwb w`‡q †cvKv gviv hvq| Avevi A‡bK mgq Rjve×Zv wKQy †iv‡Mi m„wó K‡i
†hgb Pvivi †Mvov cuPv, ZvB mgq g‡Zv wb®‹vkb ev cvwb †ei Kiv `iKvi|
nvZ w`‡q a‡i ev `wo w`‡q †U‡b †cvKv gvKo Kgv‡bv hvq|

  !"
†ekx dj‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK dmj †ivM I †cvKvgvKo ev †ivM RxevYyi cÖwZ μgvMZ fv‡e ms‡e`bkxj n‡q c‡o| GB
Ae¯’v †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi Dcvq n‡jv- hLb †Kvb dmj ev RvZ evjvB‡qi Avμgb Avi cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cv‡i bv
'€ '[  ¢@* ' !£ 6 7 6 \ 8t "O› *] @
†hme Rv‡Z †ivM-evjvB †ekx nq A_ev †ivM myß Ae¯’vq _v‡K Zv hZB fvj dmj †nvK bv †Kb †mme
dm‡ji Pvl Kiv G‡Kev‡iB DwPZ bv|
†hme RvZ †ivM-evjvB Ges †cvKvi Avμgb cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvnv Avev` Kiv †hgb- †Xuo‡mi evwi- 1
RvZ †gvRvBK fvBivm mnbkxj Ges Avev‡`i Rb¨ GB RvZ wbe©vPb Kiv|

hvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z `gb

†cvKv gvKo I †ivM-evjvB‡qi Avμg‡bi cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq G c×wZ †ek Kvh©Ki| cÖZ¨n dmj cix¶v K‡i
cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g †ivM ev †cvKv `gb Ki‡Z nq weavq G‡Z mgq †ekx jv‡M|
G c×wZ‡Z nvZ w`‡q, Rvj w`‡q ev Av‡jvi duv` ( G c×wZ‡Z iv‡Zi †ejv Rwgi g‡a¨ n¨vwi‡Kb A_ev
n¨vRvK jvBU R¡vwj‡q Zvi bx‡P GKwU cv‡Î †K‡ivwmb wgwkÖZ cvwb ivL‡Z n‡e) e¨envi K‡i, †cvKv-gvKo
I †cvKvi wWg msMÖn K‡i †g‡i †djv nq| hvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z Zvr¶wYK fv‡e Rve †cvKv I †j`v †cvKv †g‡i
†djv hvq|
AvμvšÍ MvQ Zz‡j †d‡j ev AvμvšÍ WMv ev cvZv wQ‡o gvwU‡Z cy‡Z wKQz wKQz †ivM `gb Kiv hvq
š*] 6¤8t 8}  §<" \ 8 ­ “"@ “ ž‹•
Kygov cÖf„wZ Mv‡Qi dj cvZjv Kvco w`‡q †eu‡a ivL‡j cÖRvcwZ ev gvwQ †cvKvi Avμgb Kg nq|

‰RweK c×wZ‡Z `gb

cÖK…wZ‡Z A‡bK †cvKvgvKo Av‡Q †h¸‡jv dm‡ji AwbóKvix †cvKvgvKo `g‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| Giv n‡jv ci‡fvRx
†cvKvgvKo ev cÖvYx Ges ciRxwe †cvKvi Kxov| ci‡fvRx †cvKvgvKo AwbóKvix †cvKvgvKo‡K †L‡q ev †`n †_‡K
im ï‡l wb‡q `gb K‡i| ci‡fvRx †cvKvgvKo †hme AwbóKvix †cvKv gvK‡oi ms‡M _v‡K Giv Zv‡`i †L‡q †d‡j|
“ ž 6°•8€•t*8$'@Ht\H%H% 8 'H" 8t "O› *] @
†cvKv weZvoK wKQy wKQy MvQ †hgb cyw`bv, ZvgvK, wcuqvR, gwiP, imyb, Mv`vdzj BZ¨vw` emZevoxi evMv‡b
Pvl K‡i AcKvix †cvKv-gvKo `gb Kiv hvq
Rwg‡Z nuvm-gyiMx †Q‡o w`‡q wKQy wKQy †cvKv aŸsm Kiv hvq
†cvKv AvμvšÍ Rwg‡Z Mv‡Qi Wvj ev euv‡ki Kw cyu‡Z ivL‡j Zv‡Z cvLx e‡mI †cvKv a‡i Lvq|
79
 GQvov DbœZ K…wlZvwË¡K e¨e¯’vcbv †hgb- mgqgZ Rwg fvjfv‡e Pvl Kiv, mwVK `yi‡Z¡ Pviv jvMv‡bv ev exR †evbv,
AvMvQv `gb, ˆRe mvi e¨envi, ch©vqμ‡g dm‡ji Pvl, Mv‡Qi AwZwi³ kvLv-cÖkvLv †K‡U †djv I MvQ cvZjv Kiv
BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡gI †cvKv-gvKo `gb Kiv hvq| ZvQvov wKQz mewR Av‡Q hv AvMvg ev †`wi‡Z jvwM‡q †cvKvi
Avμgb mgq Gwo‡q hvIqv hvq|
ivmvqwbK c×wZ : me©‡kl c×wZ wn‡m‡e KxUbvk‡Ki mwVK cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g †ivM I †cvKv `gb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

‰Re c×wZ‡Z evjvBbvkK ˆZwi I cÖ‡qvM

†ev‡`©v wg·vi
GwU GK ai‡bi wgkÖb hv evox‡Z Pzb I Zz‡Z w`‡q ‰Zix Kiv hvq Ges QÎvKRvZxq †ivM `g‡b evsjv‡`‡k eûj e¨eüZ
nq| Bnv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e wbivc` Ges mnRjf¨| QÎvKRvZxq †ivM †hgb- †Mvov cuPv, W¨vgwcs Ad, Kzgovi Pzbv cov
(cvDWvix wgjwWD), U‡g‡Uv, Avjyi evBW †ivM †ev‡`©vwg·vi Øviv `gb Kiv hvq|

†ev‡`©vwg·vi ˆZwii avc

cÖ_‡g `yBwU Lvwj gvwUi cvÎ wb‡Z n‡e
GKwU gvwUi cv‡Î 2.5 wjUvi cvwb‡Z 50 MÖvg Zz‡Z wgwkÖZ Kiæb
Aci Av‡iKwU cv‡Î 2.5 wjUvi cvwb‡Z 50 MÖvg Pzb wgwkÖZ Kiæb
Z…Zxq GKwU cv‡Î A_ev Dc‡ii †h †Kvb GKwU cv‡Îi mv‡_ Aci `ªebwU‡K wgwkÖZ Kiæb
†ev‡`©vwg·vi ‰Zixi ciciB Zv Mv‡Q cÖ‡qvM Kiæb
5 wjUvi `ªe‡bi mv‡_ 5 MÖvg wPwb wgwk‡q †ev‡`©vwg·vi K‡qKw`b msi¶b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

†ev‡`©vwg·vi e¨env‡i mZK©Zv

GwU `vZe cv‡Îi Rb¨ ÿwZKi
‰Zwii ci 12 N›Uvi †ewk ivLv hv‡e bv
U‡gvwU‡Z GwU e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv
Bnv GKwU wel| wkï‡`i KvQ †_‡K `~‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| ‰Zixi ci nvZ fvjfv‡e ay‡Z n‡e|

†ev‡`©vwg·vi Gi myweav
†ev‡`©vwg·vi K‡qKw`b ch©šÍ Mv‡Q †j‡M _vK‡Z cv‡i
†ev‡`©vwg·vi ‰Zixi DcKiY mn‡R cvIqv hvq Ges `v‡g m¯Ív
Bnv QÎvK RvZxq †iv‡Mi †ejvq †ek Kvh©Ki
†ev‡`©vwg·v‡i Kcvi _vKvq Bnv Mv‡Q †K¬v‡ivwdj ms‡kl‡b mnvqZv K‡i|

wbg KxUbvkK
wb‡gi exR †_‡K ‰Zix wel / KxUbvkK wewfbœ ai‡Yi gvwQ, weUjRvZxq †cvKv, Kxov Ges weQv †cvKv `gb K‡i|
GB KxUbvkK me †cvKv‡K †g‡i †d‡j bv| wKš‘ cÖvqktB †cvKvi Lvevi eÜ K‡i †`q|

80
wbg exR Øviv `ªeY (Jla) ‰Zix Kiv
wbg dj hLb meyR †_‡K nvjKv njy` is avib K‡i ZLb msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e
wbg ex‡Ri Dc‡ii AvVv‡jv njy` Ask KPwj‡q ay‡q †iŠ‡`ª ïKv‡Z n‡e
nvZj hš¿ A_ev cv_i w`‡q exR¸‡jv ¸ov K‡i cvwb‡Z wgkv‡Z n‡e| mviv ivwÎ (10-12 N›Uv) cvwb‡Z
wfwR‡q †X‡K ivL‡Z n‡e
1 kZvsk (4 dzU x 10 dzU AvqZ‡bi 8wU wfwU) Rwgi Rb¨ 10 †mi `ªeb †¯úÖ Kiv `iKvi| cÖwZ †mi `ªe‡Yi
Rb¨ `yB gy‡Vv (AvbygvwbK 5 †Zvjv) ex‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb nq
8< <´ 8t<" H&t} &&¹H‘8H="8"'
‰Zix Kivi ci h_vkxNª Rwg‡Z e¨envi Kiv hvq ZZ fvj dj cvIqv hvq| †`ix n‡j Gi Kvh©KvwiZv K‡g
hvq|

wbg cvZvi `ªeY (Jla)

wb‡gi cvZvi wbh©vm (im) KxUbvkK wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i †cvKv `gb Kiv hvq|
1 fvM cvZv Ges 6 fvM cvwb GKwU cv‡Î wb‡q 15-20 wgwbU dzUv‡Z n‡e
8 »¼8 &t¾ &&¹šO­H<'
wbg cvZv †e‡U cvwb‡Z wgwk‡q `ªeb ‰Zix Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Z‡e G‡¶‡Î UvUKv cvZv e¨envi Kiv fvj|
GQvov mewR exR msi¶‡Y ïK‡bv wbg cvZvi ¸ov e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i hv wewfbœ †cvKvi AvμgY n‡Z exR‡K
i¶v K‡i|

AvZv cvZv Øviv `ªeY (Jla) ‰Zix Kiv

AvZv cvZv I exR w`‡q ‰Zix `ªeY cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Rve †cvKv, jvjKzgov †cvKv, weQv I †j`v †cvKvi AvμgY Kgv‡bv
hvq|
1 fvM IR‡bi AvZv cvZv wc‡l wb‡q 5 fvM cvwbi mv‡_ wgwk‡q wKQy¶Y (30-40 wgwbU) ivL‡Z n‡e|
Zvici GKwU Kvco w`‡q †Q‡K AvμvšÍ Mv‡Q cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
AvZv d‡ji ex‡RI †cvKv `gb Kiv hvq| GK‡mi `ªeY ‰Zix Kivi Rb¨ AvbygvwbK `yÕgy‡Vv ev 50 MÖvg ex‡Ri
cÖ‡qvRb nq| wbgexR w`‡q ‰Zix `ªe‡Yi gZ GKB c×wZ‡Z AvZv d‡ji KxUbvkK ‰Zix Ki‡Z n‡e|

gwiP Øviv †cvKv `gb

gwi‡Pi ¸ov w`‡qI †cvKv `gb Kiv hvq| Bnv †cvKv-gvK‡oi cvK¯’jx‡Z wel wμqv NUvq| Bnv wcucov, Rve †cvKv,
wewfbœ iKg Kxov `g‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|

`ªeY ˆZwi
10 MÖvg gwi‡Pi ¸ov 1 wjUvi cvwbi g‡a¨ GKivZ †i‡L w`‡Z n‡e
fvj Kvco w`‡q †Q‡K H `ªe‡Y AviI 5 wjUvi mvev‡bi †dbvhy³ cvwb‡Z wgwk‡q dm‡ji / Mv‡Qi Dci
wQwU‡q cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

81
 Bwcj Bwcj cvZv I Rev dz‡ji cvZvi `ªeY
<´ &*“\"•8%t“\"•8'"<•H<\ {=“\" “;

`ªeY ˆZwi
1 †KwR ZvRv Bwcj Bwcj cvZv msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e
cvZv PyY© Kivi hš¿ w`‡q †clY Ki‡Z n‡e
mvgvb¨ cvwb †gkv‡Z n‡e hv‡Z im mn‡R †ei nq
cvZv-PyY© GKwU Kvc‡o wb‡q wPc‡o im msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e
GB i‡mi m‡½ 3 wjUvi cvwb wgkv‡Z n‡e
Zvici GB cvwb wgwkÖZ im GK Kvc Rev cvZvi i‡mi m‡½ †gkv‡Z n‡e (Rev cvZvi im GKBfv‡e cÖ¯‘Z
Ki‡Z n‡e)
 =&t¾}  9´  <"šO­H8"' @

ZvgvK cvZvi `ªeY

`ªeY ˆZwi
GKwU eo †`wk ﮋ ZvgvK cvZv msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e
GB cvZv 1 wjUvi cvwb‡Z 24 N›Uv wfwR‡q ivL‡Z n‡e
Zvici cvwb Ges cvZv Avjv`v Ki‡Z n‡e
GB cvwbB n‡e wel GB cvwb dm‡ji †ÿ‡Z hš¿ w`‡q †¯úª Ki‡Z n‡e|

 $%& '*++,0, 789;<

KvÛ I dj wQ`ªKvix †cvKv e¨e¯’vcbv

KvÛ I dj wQ`ªKvix †cvKv wK

†e¸b I †Xuo‡mi KvÛ I dj wQ`ªKvix †cvKv GK ai‡bi jvf©v/Kxov hv †e¸b I †Xuom dm‡ji KvÛ, dzj, dj wQ`ª
K‡i wfZ‡ii Ask †L‡q †d‡j Ges Gme AvμvšÍ Ask †kl ch©šÍ cu‡P hvq|

¶wZi aib
GB †cvKv †e¸b I †Xuo‡mi KwP KvÛ, dzj I dj wQ`ª K‡i wfZ‡ii Ask †L‡q †d‡j| AvμvšÍ As‡k wPKb MZ© †`Lv
hvq| †kl ch©šÍ †e¸b I †Xuom cu‡P hvq ev LvIqvi A‡hvM¨ n‡q c‡o| AvμvšÍ KuwP Wvj X‡j c‡o| kxZ †gŠmy‡gi
†k‡li w`‡K A_©vr Mig covi mv‡_ mv‡_ GB †cvKvi Avμgb †ekx nq| GQvov mviv eQiB GB †cvKvi Avμgb †`Lv
hvq|

82
`gb e¨e¯’vcbv
AvμvšÍ WMv, dj †K‡U cywo‡q †dj‡Z n‡e|
&8t8'*8%t" {' @
Av‡jvi duv` e¨envi K‡i ‡cvKvi g_/ c~b©v½ †cvKv `gb Kiv|

Kzgov RvZxq mewRi gvwQ †cvKv e¨e¯’vcbv

Kzgov RvZxq mewRi gvwQ †cvKv GK ai‡bi gvwQ hv Kzgov RvZxq dm‡ji KuwP dj ûj w`‡q dz‡Uv K‡i bó K‡i|
Kzgov RvZxq mKj dm‡ji Rb¨ GB gvwQ LyeB gvivZ¥K| A‡bK mgq †cvKv Ggb ¶wZ K‡i ‡h mewR LvIqvi †Kvb
‘8"} @ 8 $S•‹*S + %"*Ht* *"8+ +["} {*
¶wZ mvab K‡i

`gb e¨e¯’v
hv‡Z wWg cvo‡Z bv cv‡i †m Rb¨ wbg cvZvi im d‡j wQwU‡q w`‡Z n‡e
wel †Uvc e¨envi K‡i c~Y©v½ gvwQ ‡g‡i †djv †h‡Z cv‡i
bó dj Ges dm‡ji cwiZ¨v³ Ask msMÖn K‡i cywo‡q †dj‡Z n‡e
e¨vwMs K‡i dj i¶v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

e¨vwMs/dj †X‡K †`qv

cwÎKvi KvMR I bvwi‡Kj cvZvi kjv e¨envi K‡i †QvU KuwP dj A_v©r dzj †_‡K †Kej †ei n‡”Q G ai‡bi d‡j
e¨vwMs Kiv hv‡e| KvMR w`‡q e¨vwMs Ki‡Z cvi‡j fv‡jv nq Z‡e weKí wnmv‡e †QvU cwjw_b e¨vM e¨envi Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| e¨vwMs Gi mgq Aek¨B j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e †hb KuwP d‡ji †euvUvi †Mvovi w`‡K †Kvb duvKv bv _v‡K|
e¨vMUv wb‡P KZUzKz eo n‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i djUv KZUv eo Zvi Dci| Kzgov RvZxq d‡j e¨vwMs Kiv hvq|

Uª¨vc/ wel dvu`

100 MÖvg wgwóKzgov wc‡l/†e‡U/†có K‡i Zvi g‡a¨ 0.5 MÖvg wWcUv‡i· A_ev 10-12 †dvUv bMR wel fvjfv‡e
wgwk‡q w`‡Z n‡e| cv‡Îi †có 2/3 w`b ci ci cvëv‡Z n‡e| cvÎwU euv‡ki 3wU dvwj Abyhvqx e¨envi K‡i cv‡Î
emv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| Zvi wKQyUv Dc‡i cv‡Îi XvKbv emv‡Z n‡e| bx‡Pi cvÎwUi Zzjbvq Dc‡ii XvKbvwU eo n‡Z
n‡e Ges cvÎ I XvKbvi g‡a¨ wKQyUv duvK (4 Bw †_‡K 5 BwÂ) _vK‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †cvKvgvKo PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wel‡Uvc ˆZwii ci Mi‡gi w`‡b 4 w`b Ges kx‡Zi w`‡b 7w`b ch©šÍ e¨envi K‡i Zv †d‡j w`‡q Avevi bZzb
K‡i ˆZwi wel‡Uvc e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| gvwQ †cvKvi msL¨v we‡ePbv K‡i cÖwZ GK‡i 10-20wU wel‡Uvc e¨envi
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wgwóKzgov bv cvIqv †M‡j wLiv, kmv, evswM e¨envi Kiv hvq|

†m· d¨v‡ivgb/wKDwjIi dvu` e¨envi

duv‡` ïaygvÎ c~Y©eq¯‹ cyiæl gv‡Q AvK…ó nq Ges gviv hvq| G‡Z ivevi †mÞvg Gi wfZ‡i †d‡ivgb wgkÖY
(4-(p-acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone)“'*“6<%< =8ÃÄ "& 
_v‡K| eqv‡gi Zjvq mvevb cvwb e¨envi Kiv nq hv‡Z †cvKv c‡o gviv hvq| `y‡Uv evu‡ki LywU gvwU‡Z Lvov K‡i
cyu‡Z cÖwZ 10wgUvi AšÍi gvwUi †_‡K GK †`o nvZ DuPz‡Z G dvu` emv‡Z nq| 8-10 mßvn cici †d‡ivgb Ges 4-5
w`b cici mvevb cvwb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq|
Rwg‡Z wel‡Uvc dvu` I wKDwjIi duv` cvkvcvwk e¨envi Ki‡j me‡P‡q Kvh©Kifv‡e G †cvKv `gb Kiv hvq|

83
 KuvVvjx †cvKv e¨e¯’vcbv
†cvKv mbv³Kvix ‰ewkó¨
GwcjvKbv weUj/KuvVvjx †cvKvi AcÖvß eq¯‹ ev jvfv© Ae¯’v‡K Mªve Ges c~bv½ Ae¯’v‡K weUj e‡j| MÖve Gi is njy`
Ges wc‡Vi Dc‡i LvU LvU KvUv ev ïqv _v‡K| GB Ae¯’vUv †`L‡Z A‡bKUv KuvVv‡ji wc‡Vi gZ| G Kvi‡b GwcjvKbv
weUj‡K evsjvq KvuVv‡j †cvKv ejv nq| KuvVv‡j †cvKvi 2Uv cÖRvwZ Av‡Q| GB `yB cÖRvwZi weUj Gi isB Mvp
Zvgv‡U| weUj Gi wcV k³ Ges 2Uv cvLv Øviv Ave„Z| GK cÖRvwZi cÖwZ cvLvq 6 Uv K‡i †gvU 12 Uv Kvj †Mvj
†duvUv Ges Ab¨ cÖRvwZi cÖwZ cvLvq 14 Uv K‡i †gvU 28 Uv †Mvj †duvUv _v‡K|

¶wZi aiY
MÖve Ges weUj DfqB cvZvi Dc‡ii Ask †L‡q cvZvq RvwjKv/ Rvj m„wó K‡i| d‡j cvZv ïwK‡q hvq Ges AvμvšÍ
cvZv c‡o wM‡q MvQ cvZvk~b¨ n‡q c‡o, †bwZ‡q c‡o| Avμg‡bi gvÎv †ekx n‡j MvQ gviv hvq| †cvKvi Rxeb
[š  7'* [" Æ'@p 8* 'ž‘ÇH•••&°•t
BZ¨vw`‡Z ¶wZ K‡i| GQvovI †Mvj Avjy, U‡g‡Uv, †e¸b BZ¨vw`‡Z ¶wZ K‡i _v‡K|

`gb e¨e¯’v
cvZvmn wW‡gi Mv`v (GK GKwU Mv`vq 50-400 njy` is Gi wWg _v‡K) ev †cvKvi MÖve Avμg‡bi cÖ_g
Ae¯’vq nvZ w`‡q Zz‡j aŸsm Kiv DËg `gb e¨e¯’v
mewR‡Z mßv‡n wZbevi †Mv-†Pvbv e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i
cwi®‹vi cwi”Qbœ Pvlvev` Ki‡Z n‡e| ïKbv/giv cvZv wQ‡o aŸsm Ki‡Z n‡e (&H ïKbv/ giv cvZv‡Z GB
†cvKvi wcDcv/ cyËjx †j‡M _vK‡Z cv‡i| †m cyËjx †_‡K Avevi c~bv½ †cvKv n‡Z cv‡i)|

Rve †cvKvi e¨e¯’cbv

Rve †cvKv wK
Rve †cvKv GK ai‡bi Wvbv wenxb ev Wvbv mg„× big kix‡ii †QvU †cvKv hviv `je×fv‡e emevm K‡i Ges Mv‡Qi
cvZv I KuwP Wmvi im Pz‡l Lvq|
¶wZi aiY
Mv‡Qi cvZv, KuwP WMv, dzj I KuwP d‡ji im Pz‡l Lvq| Mv‡Qi e„w×, dzj dj K‡g hvq hvi d‡j djb K‡g hvq|
kxZ †gŠmy‡g ZvcgvÎv K‡g †M‡j Ges †gNjv AvenvIqvq Rve †cvKvi Avμgb †ekx nq| wkg, jvD, gyjv, U‡g‡Uv
Ges Kwc RvZxq mewR †hgb- dzjKwc, evuavKwc BZ¨vw`‡Z Rve †cvKv †ekx Avμgb K‡i|
`gb e¨e¯’vcbv
mßv‡n wZbevi AvμvšÍ dm‡j †Mv-‡Pvbv cÖ‡qvM Kiv| (m`¨ †Mv-†Pvbv msMÖn K‡i `yB mßvn †i‡L w`‡Z n‡e|
cv‡Îi gyL cwjw_b w`‡q Ggbfv‡e evua‡Z n‡e hv‡Z evZvm bv †Xv‡K| Gici 1 fvM †Mv-‡Pvbv 2 fvM cvwbi
mv‡_ wgkv‡Z n‡e)
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big Rve †cvKv nvZ Øviv †g‡i †dj‡Z n‡e
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84
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mewRi †iv‡Mi mgwš^Z e¨e¯’vcbv mg~n

km¨ ch©vq Abymib/GKB †Mv‡Îi mewR Avev` ci ci bv Kiv
mnbkxj/ †ivM cÖwZ‡ivax Rv‡Zi Pvl Kiv
exR †kvab
exRZjvi gvwU †kvab Kiv
†ivM gy³ Pviv Drcv`b I ‡ivcY
cwi®‹vi cwi”Qbœ Pvlvev`
‰Re I ivmvqwbK mv‡ii mylg e¨envi
AvμvšÍ MvQ Rwg †_‡K Zz‡j aŸsm Kiv
Rwg me mgq Av`©ª ev wfRv ev m¨vZm¨v‡Z bv ivLv
evnK †cvKv `gb Kiv (hw` _v‡K)
†ivMvμvšÍ MvQ †_‡K exR bv ivLv
AvMvg Pvl Kiv
Aby‡gvw`Z QÎvKbvkK cÖ‡qvM Kiv|

=">;'@CEFF FHLN
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(16123-webv g~‡j¨), MÖvgxb K…wl †mev (27676- webv g~‡j¨) I iwe K…wl evZ©vi (27676-webv g~‡j¨) GB †dvb
S { <" €[  * 8\"“"@*% É * “  *"+  8"+ "
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e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib, †ivM †cvKv `g‡b webvgy‡j¨ †Uwj‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

wPÎ : K…wl‡Z AvBwmwU Gi e¨envi

85
 mgwš^Z evjvB e¨e¯’vcbvi wewfbœ c×wZ

wPÎ : mewRi wgkÖ Pvl wPÎ : ch©vqμ‡g mewR Pvl

wPÎ : wbqwgZ evMvb cwi`k©b wPÎ : nvZ mvnv‡h¨ †cvKv evQvB

wPÎ : dm‡ji eÜz †cvKv wPwýZKiY wPÎ : K…l‡Ki eÜz †Ku‡Pv msiÿb

wPÎ : K…l‡Ki eÜz wds‡M wPÎ : K…l‡Ki eÜz e¨vsO msiÿb

86
 evjvB `g‡bi wewfbœ c×wZ

wPÎ : ‡ev‡`©v wg·vi ˆZix wPÎ : wel‡Uvc e¨envi

wPÎ : wbgcvZvi ‰Zwi ˆRe evjvBbvkK wPÎ : gwi‡Pi ¸ov I imyb w`‡q ˆZwi ‰Re evjvBbvkK

wPÎ : ‡cvKv `g‡b mvev‡bi cvwb e¨envi wPÎ : †cvKv `g‡b d¨v‡ivg¨vb Uªvc I e¨vwMs

87
 mewRi evjvB e¨e¯’vcbvi Uªvqvj ( †h †Kvb GKwU)
Kzgov RvZxq mewR‡K cwje¨vM/Kvco w`‡q †X‡K †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Kzgov RvZxq mewR‡Z wel‡Uvc dvu` e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
wbg/welKvUvjxi im e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
QvB/mvevb cvwb/¸j e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
nvZ evQvB Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
†ivcbK…Z mewR cvIqv bv †M‡j cÖ‡qvR‡b nvZ civMvqb I evjvB e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ mewR ‡ivcY/ecb Ki‡Z n‡e|
wbqwgZ cÖwkÿvYv_©x‡`i wb‡q mKj e¨e¯’vcbvi ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Z_¨vw` †iwRóv‡i wj‡L ivL‡Z n‡e|
mvBb †evW©/U¨vM w`‡Z n‡e|

ch©‡eÿ‡bi welq
evo evowZ, †cvKvi Avμgb, †iv‡Mi Avμgb, dj wUKvi nvi, djb|

mewRi evjvB e¨e¯’vcbv-1

K…l‡Ki bvg :
¯’vc‡bi ZvwiL :
mewRi bvg :
Z_¨ QK :

wUªU‡g›U M„nxZ e¨e¯’vcbvi eY©bv ch©‡e¶‡Yi ZvwiL ch©‡e¶‡Yi eY©bv gšÍe¨

†cvKvi AvμvšÍ d‡ji djb
Avμgb msL¨v
e¨e¯’vcbvmn

e¨e¯’vcbv Qvov

88
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Lv`¨ I cywó, gvV cix¶vmg~‡ni djvdj ch©v‡jvPbv I wm×všÍ MÖnY

89
 Lv`¨ I cywó, gvV cix¶vmg~‡ni djvdj ch©v‡jvPbv, wm×všÍ MÖnY
†mkb cwiPvjbv MvBW
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D‡Ïk¨
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cyywó I Pvwn`vi wfwˇZ kvKmewRi Drcv`b cwiKíbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
mewRi wewfbœ gvV cix¶vmg~‡ni djvdj †_‡K K…lK wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
< *#>'? %&'8 @

DcKiY
emZevwo‡Z kvKmewR Drcv`b gwWDj Gi Kwc, g¨vwbjv †ccvi, gvK©vi †cb, †ccvi †Uc, nvW©‡evW© BZ¨vw`|
wewfbœ cÖKvi djg~j I Lv`¨ Dcv`vb|

c×wZ
AskMÖnYg~jK Av‡jvPbv I nv‡Z Kj‡g Abykxjb

mnvq‡Ki c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ

mnvqZvKvix wewfbœ ai‡bi ¯’vbxq Lv`¨ Dcv`vb, †hgb- kvKmewR, Pvj, Wvj, wWg BZ¨vw` msMÖn K‡i wb‡q
Avm‡eb| AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Drcv`b cwiKíbv, Uªvqv‡ji djvd‡ji Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i wb‡q Avm‡eb| w`e‡mi
Kg©m~Px †cv÷v‡i wj‡L wb‡q Avm‡eb| mnvqZvKvix GB †mkbwU‡Z cvwb e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi wewfbœ m`m¨‡`i‡K
Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡eb|

†mkb Kvh©μ‡gi mswÿßiƒc

†gvU mgq : 3 N›Uv
μwgK bs †mkb Kvh©μg mgq
1 f~wgKv Ges †mk‡bi D‡Ïk¨ 10 wgwbU
2 K…lK‡`i AwfÁZv hvPvB, `jxq MwZgqZv 20 wgwbU
3 g~j welqe¯‘i (Lv`¨, cywó I djvdj we‡kølY) Dci Av‡jvPbv 50 wgwbU
4 e¨envwiK (nv‡Z-Kj‡g KiYxq) 90 wgwbU
5 †mk‡bi mvi-ms‡ÿc 10 wgwbU

90
avc-1 : f~wgKv I †mk‡bi D‡Ïk¨
mnvqZvKvix cÖ_‡g mKj AskMÖnYKvix‡K †mk‡b ¯^vMZ Rvbv‡eb| AskMÖnYg~jK Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ GKwU my›`i I mnR
cwi‡ek ˆZwi Ki‡eb| cÖ‡Z¨K AskMÖnYKvix hv‡Z ¯^v”Q›`¨ †eva K‡ib †m Rb¨ Aa©-e„ËvKvi A_ev BD-AvK…wZi emvi
e¨e¯’v Ki‡eb| Zvici mnvqZvKvix w`‡bi Av‡jvP¨m~wP Ges Gi D‡Ïk¨ AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Kv‡Q we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv
Ki‡eb|
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cvi‡eb|
kvKmewRi wewfbœ gvV cix¶vmg~‡ni djvdj ch©v‡jvPbv (Avq-e¨q wnmvemn) K‡i †`L‡eb
DbœZ e¨e¯’vcbvi Dci K…lK‡`i AvZ¥wek¦vm ‰Zix n‡e Ges cÖhyw³ MÖn‡Y DØy× n‡eb
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gvVw`em Abyôvb msMVb I cwiPvjbvi c×wZ Rvb‡eb|

avc-2 : K…l‡Ki AwfÁZv hvPvB

mnvqZvKvix K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡ji mvwe©K Kvh©μg wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ïiæ Ki‡eb| AskMÖnYKvix†`i KvQ †_‡K Zv‡`i
AwfÁZv Rvbvi †Póv Ki‡eb| Av‡jvPbv n‡e AskMÖnYg~jK hv‡Z mevi AskMÖnY wbwðZ nq| mnvqZvKvix wewfbœ
cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g Zv Rvbvi †Póv Ki‡eb Ges jÿ¨ ivL‡eb mevi AskMÖnY †hb wbwðZ nq| D`vniY ¯^iƒc wKQz cÖkœ
†`Iqv n‡jv hv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i
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mewR Drcv`‡bi Avq-e¨q wnmve ivLvi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q wKbv ?
wnmve ivLvi myweav wK ?
gvV w`e‡m AskMÖnY K‡i‡Qb wKbv ?
gvV w`e‡mi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q wKbv ?

avc-3 : g~j Av‡jvPbv

mnvqZvKvix Lv`¨, cywó Ges djvdj we‡kølY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ïiæ Ki‡eb| K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡ji ïiæi †_‡K GB ch©šÍ
†h KvR¸‡jv n‡q‡Q Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| wewfbœ cÖkœ Ges D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g mK‡ji AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡eb|

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Lv`¨ I cywó Kx ? Lv‡`¨i †kÖbxwefvM Kx ?
†Kvb ai‡bi Lv`¨ kix‡i wK KvR K‡i ?
wewfbœ cixÿv cøU ¯’vcb cÖ‡qvRb wQj wKbv ?
cixÿv cø‡Ui Avq-e¨q we‡kølY cÖ‡qvRb wKbv ?
91
 avc-4 : e¨envwiK
mnvqZvKvix mKj AskMÖnYKvix‡`i mv‡_ wb‡q c~e© †_‡K msM„wnZ wewfbœ cÖKvi djg~j, kvKmewR I Lv`¨ DcKiY
†`wL‡q Lv‡`¨i †kÖwbwefvM Ki‡Z ej‡eb| cywó Dcv`vb I Kv‡Ri wfwˇZ Lv‡`¨i †kÖbxwefvM K‡i `jxqfv‡e
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ej‡eb| Zvici Mf©eZx gv I 2 eQi ch©šÍ wkïi Lv`¨ DcKiY Avjv`v Ki‡Z ej‡eb| Lv`¨
Dcv`vb¸‡jv Avjv`v Kivi ci gvbe Rxe‡bi 1000 w`‡bi cywó e¨e¯’vcbv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|
mnvqZvKvix mwRbv cvZvi cywó¸b wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|
mnvqZvKvix mKj m`m¨‡K wb‡q wewfbœ cixÿv cøU¸‡jv cwi`k©b Ki‡eb| cwi`k©‡bi mgq †`‡L Ges ï‡b wkÿvq
AskMÖnYKvix m`m¨‡`i AšÍ©f~³ Ki‡eb| cixÿv cøU †_‡K wkÿbxq welq¸‡jv wb‡q AskMÖnYg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|
wkÿYxq welq¸‡jv wKfv‡e fwel¨‡Z Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| cwi‡k‡l, K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡ji
AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Ávb I AwfÁZv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ cybivq e¨vjU e· †U÷ Ki‡eb|

92
 KvwiMwi mnvqK †bvU
Lv`¨ Kx ?
Rxebavi‡bi Rb¨ Avgiv hv wKQy LvB †m meB nj Lv`¨| cÖwZw`b Lv`¨ †L‡q gvbyl my¯’, mej Ges Kg©¶g _v‡K|

cywó Kx
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Kiv Lv`¨ cwicvK, wecvK Ges †`‡ni Kv‡R jv‡M| A_©vr Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi ci wewfbœ cÖwμqvi gva¨‡g hLb Zv kixi
MVb, e„w×mvab I ¶qc~iY Ges †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv e„w× K‡i †`n‡K †ivM gy³ iv‡L Zv‡KB cywó e‡j| cÖ‡qvR‡bi
†P‡q AwZwi³ wKsev Kg LvIqv kix‡ii Rb¨ ÿwZKi|
KvR Abymv‡i Lv‡`¨i wefvRb
Lv‡`¨i cÖavb KvR wZbwU, h_v-
†`‡n Zvc I kw³ Drcv`b
†`‡ni ¶qc~iY I e„w× mvab
†ivM cÖwZ‡iva Kiv|
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cÖavb Lvevi : `vbv`vi RvZxq Lv`¨ g~jZ kix‡i Zvc Drcbœ K‡i| `vbv`vi Lvevi kix‡ii ÿq c~iY Ges
e„w× mva‡bI mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|
kvKmewR dj g~j : cÖavbZ: kixi‡K AmyL wemy‡Li nvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i _v‡K|
wmg RvZxq, †Zj DrcvbKvix Ges ev`vg Lvevi : kixi MVb Ges e„wׇZ mnvqZv K‡i| kixi‡K †iv‡Mi
nvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i| ‰ZjexR Ges ev`vg RvZxq Lvevi kix‡i AwZwi³ kw³ mieivn K‡i _v‡K|
cÖvwYR Lvevi (`ya, wWg, gvsm, gvQ) : kixi MVb I ˆZwi‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| GB RvZxq Lvevi kw³ ˆZwi‡Z
Ges †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡a I f~wgKv iv‡L|
Pwe© I †Zj RvZxq Lvevi : kix‡i kw³ mieivn K‡i _v‡K| GwU mewRi cywógvb evov‡Z mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|
wPwb I wPwb RvZxq Lvevi : kix‡i kw³ mieivn K‡i|
gv‡qi `ya : Qq gvm eqm ch©šÍ wkïi kix‡ii me ai‡Yi cywó mieivn K‡i _v‡K|
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Zvc I kw³ Drcv`bKvix Lv`¨ : fvZ, iæwU, wPwb, ¸o, †Zj, wN, Avjy, cvKv Kjv, BZ¨vw`| hviv †ekx
KvwqK cwig K‡i Zv‡`i Zvc I kw³ Drcv`bKvix Lv‡`¨i cÖ‡qvRb ‡ekx nq|
¶qc~iY I e„w× mvabKvix Lv`¨ : wWg, gvQ, gvsm, mqvWvj, ïUwK, `ya, Qvbv, Wvj, wewPhy³ mewR, mx‡gi
wewP, KvVv‡ji wewP BZ¨vw`| 25 eQi eqm ch©šÍ gvbe †`‡ni e„w×mvab n‡q _v‡K| Mf©eZx gv‡q‡`i M‡f©i
mšÍv‡bi e„w×i R‡b¨ cÖPzi cwigv‡b cywó Dcv`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq hv †`‡ni e„w× I ¶qcyiYKvix Lvevi MÖn‡bi
gva¨‡g cvIqv hvq|
‡ivM cÖwZ‡ivaKvix Lv`¨ : KwjRv, wWg, `ya, meyR I njy` kvK mewR, djgyj BZ¨vw`|
93
 wPÎ : kw³`vqK Lvevi wPÎ : ÿqc~iY I e„w×mvabKvix Lvevi wPÎ : †ivM cÖwZ‡ivaKvix Lvevi

L) Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi †kÖbxwefvM

Lv`¨ Dcv`vb KvR Drm
kK©iv kix‡i Zvckw³ mieivn Kiv Pvj, Mg, fyÆv, Avjy, ‰Zj, Pwe©,
wN, wPwb, ¸o, wgwó, gay, BZ¨vw`
Avwgl/†cÖvwUb kixi MVb, e„w× I ¶qc~ib K‡i wWg, `ya, gvQ, gvsk, Wvj,
KvuVv‡ji wewP, wm‡gi wewP, BZ¨vw`
‰Zj/Pwe© kw³ cÖ`vb K‡i, ‡Z‡j `ªebxq wfUvwgb ‰Zj, wN, gvLb, Pwe©, ev`vg,
(G, wW, B, †K) kix‡i Kv‡R jvMv‡Z BZ¨vw`
mnvqZv K‡i, Z¡K gm„b iv‡L
wfUvwgb kix‡ii †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv e„w× K‡i iw½b kvK me&wR, dj, †QvU gvQ
LwbR jeb kix‡ii †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv e„w× K‡i jeb (Av‡qvwWb hy³), kvK mewR,
dj, `ya, wWg, KwjRv,
†QvU gvQ BZ¨vw`
cvwb kix‡ii ZvcgvÎv iÿv K‡i, †`‡ni RbcÖwZ 8 Møvm cvwb
GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b cywó Dcv`vb cvb Ki‡Z n‡e|
†cŠuQvq, kixi †_‡K AcÖ‡qvRbxq c`v_©
†ei K‡i †`q
we: `ª: Mf©eZx gwnjv‡`i Rb¨ K¨vjwmqvg I Avqib ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q A‡bK †ekx jv‡M ZvB Mf©eZx I cÖm~wZ
gv‡q‡`i AwaK cwigv‡b K¨vjwmqvg I Avqib RvZxq Lv`¨ LvIqv DwPZ| †hgb- ‡QvU gvQ, wWg, `ya, kvK-mewR
I dj-g~j BZ¨vw`|

mylg Lvevi
mylg Lvevi n‡”Q wewfbœ ai‡Yi Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi mgš^q|
wZb †kÖYxi Lv`¨ Dcv`vb
fvZ, Mg, Avjy BZ¨vw` kK©iv RvZxq Lvevi| G RvZxq Lvevi kix‡i Zvc I kw³ †hvMvq
kixi MVb I e…wׇZ mnvqZv K‡i Avwgl RvZxq Lvevi, †hgb- gvQ, gvsm, Wvj, wWg Ges `ya I `ya RvZxq Lvevi

94
 kix‡ii †ivM cÖwZ‡ivaKvix wfUvwgb I wgbv‡ij mg…× Lvevi, †hgb- wewfbœ ai‡bi kvKmewR I djg~j
kix‡ii Rb¨ wKQy cwigvY †Zj I Pwe© cÖ‡qvRb| wKš‘ †ewk †Zj LvIqv wVK bq
cÖwZw`‡bi Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq wewfbœ †kÖYxi Lv`¨ Dcv`vb Gi mswgkÖb ivLv cÖ‡qvRb
Lvev‡ii cvkvcvwk cwigvYgZ cvwb LvIqv cÖ‡qvRb| Z‡e AwZwi³ cwigvY wPwb LvIqv wVK bq|

cÖwZw`b Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi AbycvZ

cÖavb Lvevi (`vbv`vi) : †cø‡Ui eo Ask n‡e cÖavb Lvevi
dj I mewR : GK Z…Zxqvsk
gvQ , gvsm, `ya I `y»RvZ Lvevi, †Zj I †ZjRvZxq Lvevi : mvgvb¨ Ask _vK‡e | cÖwZw`b Kgc‡ÿ gvQ A_ev
gvsm A_ev †Zj RvZxq Lvevi
‡Zj I †Zj RvZxq Lvevi : mewR ivbœvq e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| 3-4 †Uwej PvgP/Rb/w`b

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gvbe Rxe‡bi cÖ_g 1000 w`b

GKRb bvixi Mf©aviY †_‡K ïiæ K‡i f~wgó nIqv wkïi wØZxq Rb¥w`b ev wØZxq eQi ch©šÍ mgqKvj n‡PQ
1000w`b| A_©vr Mf©Kvjxb mgq 270w`b (bq gvm) + wkïi cÖ_g eQi, 365 w`b + wkïi 2q eQi, 365 w`b,
GB †gvU 1000 w`b|
GK nvRvi w`‡bi gv I wkïi mwVK cywó e¨e¯’vcbv, GKwU wkïi kvwiwiK e„w×, gw¯Í‡Ki weKvk, †ivM cÖwZ‡ivaK
ÿgZv ‰Zwi Ges `xN©¯’vqx wKQz wKQz †iv‡M AvμvšÍ (†hgb- Wvqv‡ewUKm, nv‡U©i AmyL BZ¨vw`) nIqv †_‡K wkï‡K
iÿv K‡i| `yB eQi eq‡mi g‡a¨ hw` wkïi gw¯Í‡Ki weKvk mwVK bv nq Zvn‡j Rxe‡bi evKx mg‡q GB ÿwZc~iY
Kivi Avi †Kvb my‡hvM †bB| A_©vr GKRb wkïi mviv Rxe‡bi my-¯^v‡¯’¨i (kvixwiK I gvbwmK) wfwË ˆZwi nq GB
1000 w`‡bi cywói Dci| K_vq Av‡Q my¯^v¯’¨B myL I mg„w×i PvweKvwV|

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Mf©vKvjxb Ae¯’vq gv I Zvi Mf©¯’ wkïi kixi i¶vi Rb¨ gv‡qi kixi my¯’ ivLv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| gv‡qi M‡f© wkï ax‡i
ax‡i †e‡o D‡V| GB mgq M‡f© wkï †e‡o DVvi Rb¨ gv‡qi kixi †_‡K cywó MÖnb K‡i| ZvB Mf©eZx gv‡K ¯^vfvwe‡Ki
†P‡q †ekx cywóKi Lv`¨ w`‡Z n‡e KviY GB mgq gvbe wkïi nvo, gvsm †`n I gw¯Í®‹ MVb ïiæ n‡q c~b©v½iƒc cvq|
ev”Pvi mwVK MV‡bi Ges fwel¨‡Z my¯’ mej ev”Pv cvIqvi Rb¨ Aek¨B Mf©eZx bvix‡K Avwgl, K¨vjwmqvg, †jŠn
BZ¨vw` cywó mg„× Lvevi †ewk LvIqv‡Z n‡e| Mf©eZx bvix‡`i Rb¨ K¨vjwmqvg I AvqiY ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q A‡bK †ekx
jv‡M ZvB Mf©eZx I cÖm~wZ gv‡q‡`i AwaK cwigv‡Y K¨vjwmqvg I AvqiY RvZxq Lv`¨ LvIqv DwPZ| †hgb- ‡QvU gvQ,
wWg, `ya, kvKmewR I djg~j BZ¨vw`|

wkïi Ac~Y© weKvk †iva Ki‡Z

Mf©eZx gv‡qi mwVK hZœ wbb
Mf©eZx gv‡K mylg Lvevi LvIqv‡Z n‡e
cÖ‡qvRbxq wPwKrmv †mev cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e

Mf©eZx gv‡qi AvqiY mg…× Lvevi

Mf©eZx gv‡K AvqiY mg„× Lvevi †ewk K‡i †L‡Z w`b
wewfbœ ai‡Yi meyR kv‡K AvqiY cvIqv hvq| †hgb- cvUkvK, KPykvK, jvjkvK, cvjskvK, a‡bcvZv BZ¨vw`
wewfbœ ai‡bi mewR †_‡K AvqiY cvIqv hvq, †hgb- KPy, KvuPvKjv
GQvov Avqi‡Yi Rb¨ gv‡K gvs‡mi KwjRv Ges wWg LvIqv‡Z n‡e|

Mf©eZx gv‡qi K¨vjwmqvg mg„× Lvevi

meyR cvZv RvZxq kvK †hgb: cyuBkvK, WvUvkvK, cvjskvK| GQvov `ya, `B Ges `ya †_‡K ‰Zwi Lvevi
Mf©eZx gv‡qi ¶qc~iY I e„w×mvabKvix Lvevi
wewfbœ ai‡bi Wvj, eiewU, wmg, †QvU gvQ, gvsm BZ¨vw`|
Mf©ve¯’vq cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Wv³v‡ii civgk© wb‡Z n‡e| Mf©ve¯’vq gv‡K AwZwi³ cwikÖg I fvix KvR Kiv‡bv hv‡e bv|
Kv‡Ri duv‡K duv‡K wekÖvg wb‡Z n‡e| iv‡Z 8 N›Uv Nygv‡Z n‡e|

wPÎ : Mf©eZx gv‡qi Lv`¨ Dcv`vb

96
wkïi 730 w`‡bi cywó e¨e¯’vcbv (wkïi Lvevi I cywó)
beRvZ wkïi mylg Lv`¨ t evsjv‡`‡k ÎæwUc~b© Lv`¨vfv‡mi Kvi‡Y A‡bK wkï wewfbœ ai‡Yi †iv‡M AvμvšÍ n‡q
_v‡K| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb m‡PZbZv Ges Lv‡`¨i aiY Rvbv| evsjv‡`k 6-59 gvm eqmx 68 kZvsk wkï i³ ¯^íZv
RwbZ †iv‡M ‡fv‡M Ges 64 kZvsk wkï K…wg Øviv AvμvšÍ nq| c„w_exi me gv‡qivB Pvq Zv‡`i mšÍvb hv‡Z †ivMgy³
*%76* $  t‘@ >=8”;€<6$* –*%7'\'6&p% t"@ " &  “  à
ai‡bi Lvevi ‡Kvb& mgq †`qv `iKvi|
wkï f~wgó nIqvi 2 eQi (730 w`b) ch©šÍ gv‡qi `ya GKwU Av`k© Lvevi| ZvB R‡b¥i ci ciB wkï‡K gv‡qi ey‡Ki
kvj `ya LvIqv‡Z n‡e|

 ‡ˆC‰Š 9N; F}Ž‡H’;9HFEp+

gv‡qi `y‡a †ivM cÖwZ‡ivaK G¨vw›UewW ˆZix nq hv wkï‡K wewfbœ msμvgK †ivM †_‡K euvPvq
gv‡qi `ya wkïi gw¯Í¯‹ e„wׇZ mnvqZv K‡i
"<%8 \ –*9;\  t"
kvj `y‡a wfUvwgb G _v‡K ZvB wkïi ivZKvbv †ivM nq bv
wkï‡K ey‡Ki `ya LvIqv‡j gv‡qi Rivqy Lye `ªæZ c~‡e©i Ae¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m
"<%€\" *"*'8” "$; '\"*] }
"<%€\" – šO­\"*] }{ –'%6“"

6-8 gvm eqmx wkïi Lvevi

gv‡qi `y‡ai cvkvcvwk cÖwZw`b AšÍZ: 2 evi N‡i ˆZwi evowZ Lvevi (Wvj, fvZ, kvK/mewR m‡½ gvQ/gvsm/wWg),
Kgc‡ÿ Pvi ai‡Yi Lvevi w`‡Z n‡e| 250 wgwj evwUi Avav evwU K‡i w`‡b 2evi w`‡Z n‡e| 1-2 evi cywóKi
bv¯Ív Avjy †m× ev fvRv, †Z‡j gvLv gywo, ev`vg, cvKv dj, †m× wWg, ‡mgvB, cv‡qm BZ¨vw`) w`‡Z n‡e|

9-11 gvm eqmx wkïi Lvevi

gv‡qi `y‡ai cvkvcvwk cÖwZw`b AšÍZ: 3 evi N‡i ˆZwi evowZ Lvevi (Wvj, fvZ, gyiwMi LwjRv, kvK/mewR m‡½
gvQ/gvsm/wWg), Kgc‡ÿ 4 ai‡Yi Lvevi LvIqv‡Z n‡e| 250wgwj Avav evwU K‡i w`‡b 3 evi| 1-2 evi cywóKi
bv¯Ív (wcVv, †ZjgvLv gywo/wPov, dj, ev`vg, †mgvB, cv‡qm, wdiwb, ÿxi, cywWs, nvjyqv I Qvbv)| wkï‡K wb‡R
wb‡R †L‡Z Drmvn w`b|

12-23 gvm c~Y© eqmx wkïi Lvevi

gv‡qi `y‡ai cvkvcvwk cÖwZw`b AšÍZ: 3evi N‡i ˆZwi evowZ Lvevi LvIqv‡Z n‡e| 250wgwj GK evwU K‡i w`‡b
3evi| 1-2 evi cywóKi bv¯Ív| wkï‡K wb‡R wb‡R †L‡Z Drmvn w`b|
Lvevi ˆZwii Ges LvIqv‡bvi Av‡M gv‡qi I wkïi nvZ mvevb w`‡q fvj K‡i ay‡q wb‡Z n‡e|

12-13 gvm fv‡jvfv‡e KzwP Kiv 250 wgwj wjUv‡ii 3 evi 1-2 evi Wvj, fvZ, gyiwMi
ev PUKv‡bv evwUi GK evwU LwjRv, kvK/mewR
cvwievwiK Lvevi w`b LvIqvb m‡½ gvQ/gvsm/wWg

97
 we; `ª: wkï‡K Kgc‡ÿ `yB eQi ch©šÍ gv‡qi `ya LvIqv‡bv Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z n‡e
evošÍ wkï‡`i kix‡i wKQz AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq Abycywó cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb AvqiY, wRsK, wfUvwgb G, wfUvwgb wm dwjK
GwmW BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jv wkïi kixi MVb, eyw×gËv e„w×, †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv e„w×, kix‡ii bZzb †Kvl ˆZwi‡Z
mnvqZv K‡i|

wPÎ : `yB eQi ch©šÍ wkïi evowZ Lvevi

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LyeB DcKvix| wfUvwgb wm I wfUvwgb B cvIqv hvq wewfbœ kvKmewR †_‡K| wfUvwgb G, wm Ges B-GmeB Gw›U
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98
PvjKzgov †L‡j cwikÖg Kivi kw³ ev‡o Ges kixi cyó nq|
gwiP Gw›Uev‡qvwUK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| gwiP LvIqvi d‡j gyLMnei I cvK¯’jxi GbRvBg wbtmiY e„w× cvq| GB
GbRvBg kK©iv RvZxq Lvevimn Ab¨vb¨ Lvevi cwicv‡K mnvqK|
†Xuom †L‡j LvIqvi iæwP ev‡o, gj cwi¯‹vi nq| kixi VvÛv _v‡K| eûgyÎ (Wvqv‡ewUm) †iv‡M G mewR †L‡j †ek
DcKvi cvIqv hvq|
MvR‡ii mgMÖ MvQ, exR I g~j Ilyav‡_© e¨eüZ nq| MvRi †L‡j eyw× ev‡o| MvRi wkï‡`i wi‡KU I wU‡Ubvm †ivM
cÖwZ‡iva K‡i|
Kijv I D‡”Q AZ¨všÍ cywóKi I †ivM cÖwZ‡iva wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Kijv Wvqv‡ewUm †ivMx‡`i c_¨|
AiæwP‡Z kmv LyeB DcKvix| Mjvi Nv mvi‡Z kmvi cvZvi e¨envi i‡q‡Q|
cÖmywZi ey‡Ki `ya e„wׇZ eiewU †ek Kvh©Ki|
Kjgxkv‡Ki i‡q‡Q Avðh© me Kvh©KvwiZv| loFZzi †ivM cÖwZ‡iva K‡i KjgxkvK| G Kvi‡Y Avengvb evsjvq
Kjgxkv‡Ki Pvl n‡Zv M„n¯’ evwoi Kv‡QB hv‡Z nvZ evov‡j cvIqv hvq|
cywó Dcv`vb mieivn Kivi cvkvcvwk evuavKwc †`‡ni †ivM cÖwZ‡iva I wbivg‡q we‡kl fzwgKv iv‡K|
U‡g‡Uv Ggb GKwU mewR hv Avgv‡`i cvK¯’jx I Aš¿bvjx fv‡jv ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| U‡g‡Uv‡Z i‡q‡Q GK ai‡bi
Gw›U Gw·‡W›U, hvi bvg ÔjvB‡KvwcbÕ| Kv‡RB †`‡n‡i ÿqc~iY, cywómvab I †`n‡K my¯’-mej ivLvi cvkvcvwk
NvZKe¨vwa K¨vÝvi cÖwZ‡iv‡a U‡g‡Uvi weKí †bB|
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RgvU evua‡Z †cÖv‡_ªvgweb, nv‡oi wUmy¨i †cÖvwUb MVb Ges AwZwi³ Møy‡KvR‡K MøvB‡Kv‡R‡b iƒcvšÍi K‡i hK…‡Z Rgv
iv‡L|
cyuBkv‡K wfUvwgb G, we ‡cÖvwUb, K¨vjwmqvg, AvqiY cÖf…wZ we`¨gvb|
jvD‡qi Ab¨Zg e¨envi n‡”Q †k¦Zx †iv‡M| †k¦Zx †iv‡Mi GK`g ïiæ‡Z, hLb †QvU †QvU `vM †`Lv †`q, ZLbB
cÖwZw`b GKevi jvDdzj iM‡o w`‡j †k¦Zx †iv‡Mi we¯Ívi eÜ nq|
‡cu‡c i³ A‡k©, wjfvi †mvwiqvwmm-G, †KvôKvwVb¨ Ges K…wg‡Z Kvh©Ki|

cvwievwiK cywó Pvwn`v cyi‡Y mwRbv cvZv

mwRbv wewfbœ Lv`¨ Dcv`vb, wfUvwgb I LwbR Dcv`vb mg„× mewR|
wewfbœ eqmx bvix cyiæl, wkï, wK‡kvi wK‡kvix, Mf©eZx bvix‡`i ˆ`wbK †h cwigvY K¨vjwmqvg I †jŠ‡ni cÖ‡qvRb
c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
40-45 w`‡bi KvuPv mwRbv cvZv fZ©v K‡i †L‡j Gi mKj cywógvb wVK _v‡K
cyywógvb wVK ivLvi Rb¨ Aí mgq wb‡q ivbœv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb

99
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Kgjvi ‡P‡q 7¸Y †ewk wfUvwgb-wm
Kjvi †P‡q 3 ¸Y †ewk cUvwmqvg
MvR‡ii †P‡q 4¸Y †ewk wfUvwgb G
`y‡ai †P‡q 4 ¸Y †ewk K¨vjwmqvg
`B‡qi †P‡q 3 ¸Y †ewk Avwgl cvIqv hvq

wPÎ : mwRbv cvZv

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†h †Kvb mg‡q LvIqvi Rb¨ msiÿY Kiv hvq| mwRbvi Qvj, dzj, g~j I exwPi i‡q‡Q bvbv Jlwa¸Y|
mnvqZvKvix cÖ_g †mk‡b AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Dc¯’vwcZ cÖZ¨vkvi ZvwjKv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| mewR I dj Pv‡l
Pvlx‡`i ewY©Z mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡ji gva¨‡g Zv‡`i cÖZ¨vkv c~iY n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| wkÿbxq welq¸‡jv w`‡q weivRgvb mgm¨vi mgvavb n‡e wKbv Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|

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emZevwoi mewR evMvb †_‡K ZvRv mewR msMÖn Kiæb
cwi®‹vi K‡i †e‡Q wbb
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KvUvi ci ayqv wVK bq
“'=*]  t =
kvKmewRi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Lvmv cyiæ K‡i KvUv wVK bq
kvKmewR ivbœvi Rb¨ cwigvYgZ †Zj e¨envi Kiæb wPÎ : KvUvi c~‡e© mewR †avqv
Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘‡Zi cÖ‡qvRbxq ‰ZRmcÎ DcKiYvw` weï×
cvwb w`‡q fvjfv‡e ay‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
ivbœvi mgq cv‡Îi gyL †X‡K ivLyb
Kg cvwb‡Z Ges Kg gkjv e¨envi K‡i mewR ivbœv Kiæb
kvKmewRi is bó bv K‡i ivbœv Kiæb
Avjy †K‡U †ewkÿY cvwb‡Z ivLv wVK bq (cvwb‡Z
wfUvwgb-we1, we2 Ges wm `ªexf~Z n‡q bó n‡q hvq)
ivbœvi mgq evievi bvovPvov Kiv DwPZ bq
wPÎ : mewR eo eo K‡i KvUv
GKB †Zj evievi e¨envi Kiv wVK bv

100
 kvKmewR wm× Kiv cvwb †d‡j †`qv DwPZ bq
kvKmewRi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Lvmv cyiæ K‡i KvUv wVK bq
KvUvi ci kvK-mewR A‡bKÿY †Lvjv evZv‡m †d‡j
ivLv wVK bq
Pvj cwigvYgZ cvwb w`‡q ivbœv Ki‡Z n‡e| hv‡Z
fv‡Zi gvo †d‡j w`‡Z bv nq|
je‡bi †KŠUv Pzjv †_‡K `~‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| Zv‡ci
Kvi‡Y je‡bi Av‡qvwWb bó n‡q hvq| je‡bi KvR
†kl nIqvi ci †KŠUvi gyL fvj K‡i eÜ K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| wPÎ : cvwievwiK mylg Lvevi
ivbœvi †k‡li w`‡K ZiKvwi‡Z jeb w`b Zv‡Z je‡bi Av‡qvwWb wVK _v‡K
Lvevi Mig Mig cwi‡ekb Kiæb|

djvdj we‡kølY
mnvqZvKvix mKj K…lK‡`i wb‡q gvV cix¶vi wewfbœ Z_¨vw` (c~‡e©i ch©‡e¶‡Yi Z_¨) GB Awa‡ek‡bi cq©‡e¶b
we‡kø¬lY K‡i Zv K…lK‡`i wbKU Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb| Uªvqv‡ji Avq-e¨‡qi wnmvemn djvdj we‡kølY K‡i Zv g¨vwbjv
†ccv‡i wj‡L Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb| Zv‡`i wbKU Rvb‡Z PvB‡eb, †h D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q GB cix¶v mgyn ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q
Zv AwR©Z n‡q‡Q wKbv| hw` n‡q _v‡K Z‡e Zv‡`i wm×všÍ wK? Dc¯’vcbK…Z djvdj Gi wel‡q mevi gZvgZ wb‡eb
Ges Rvb‡Z PvB‡eb cÖhyw³ jvfRbK wKbv Ges fwel¨‡Z Zviv Zv MÖnY Ki‡eb wKbv| K…wl GKwU e¨emv,
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†mkb-6 G we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Z_¨ msMÖn I msiÿY
K…wlRvZ cb¨ Drcv`b ‡_‡K evRviRvZKiY ch©šÍ mKj ai‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ wj‡L ivLv Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv e¨envi
Kiv| †hgb: DcKib msμvšÍ Z_¨, Drcv`b Kjv‡KŠkj, km¨ ev‡RU, gv‡K©U G±i‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM msμvšÍ
Z_¨, evRvi msμvšÍ Z_¨, cwienb Z_¨, Drcvw`Z cb¨ evRviRvZKiY msμvšÍ Z_¨ , Avq-e¨q Gi wnmve msμvšÍ
Z_¨ BZ¨vw`| Z_¨ msMÖn I msiÿb Ki‡j K…lK cieZ©x‡Z Zv we‡kølb K‡i Zvi Rb¨ jvfRbK I myweavRbK cb¨
Drcv`‡bi wm×všÍ wb‡Z cvi‡eb|
K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡ji gvV w`em
< *ÇH8“%£­O­=8š"•“6*}  & 8“%£*9*
Kiv hvq|

wPÎ : gvV w`e‡mi cÖ¯‘wZ

101
 K…lK gvV ¯‹yj †k‡l †mLvb †_‡K †kLv wewfbœ cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii mydj mg~n cÖwZ‡ekx K…lK‡K Rvbv‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨
GKwU gvV w`em Abyôvb Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡e hv‡Z K‡i cÖwZ‡ekx K…lK-K…lvYxMY gvV ¯‹z‡j Av‡jvwPZ cÖhyw³mg~n
e¨env‡i AvMÖnx n‡q D‡V|
Dcw¯’Z K…lK K…lvYxi msL¨v n‡e : K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡ji AskMÖnYKvix = 25 Rb
: GjvKvi Ab¨vb¨ K…lK - K…lvbx = 125 Rb
: AwZw_ = 10 Rb
†gvU K…lK-K…lvYxi msL¨v n‡e = 160 Rb
¯’vb wbe©vPb : K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡ji Av‡k cv‡k
gvV w`e‡mi mgq wba©viY : weKvj 2.00-5.00

DcKiY
eªvDb †ccvi, gvK©vi, 4 dzU AvKv‡ii LuywU - 20wU, myZjx, mvej, †Kv`vj, wgUvi †¯‹j, emvi cwjw_b, KvU~©b 04wU,
AvU© †ccvi, †ccvi †Uc, m~Zv, wewfbœ i‡Oi cøvwó‡Ki iwk - 250 MR (ey_ †Nivi Rb¨) BZ¨vw`|

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cÖwZwU ey‡_i D‡Ïk¨ I Kx Kx cÖhyw³ cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi ZvwjKv ˆZix K‡i ey‡_ wKfv‡e mvRv‡Z n‡e
Zvi wPÎ ‰Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e
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cÖ‡qvR‡b gv‡V GKwU gvV w`em Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb I cwiPvjbvi gnov Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i
GKwU ey_ †_‡K Av‡iKwU ey_ Ggb `~i‡Z¡ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z GK ey‡_i K_v Av‡iK ey_ †_‡K bv †kvbv
hvq| ey_ ¸wj PμvKv‡i mvRv‡Z n‡e|

ey‡_i eY©bv
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12 x 12 eM©dzU n‡Z cv‡i cÖ‡qvR‡b myweav _vK‡j ey‡_i AvKvi eo Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

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emZevwo evMvb ey_
AvBwcGg ey_
cvwb e¨e¯’vcbv msMVb, `jxq Kh©μg I †bUIqvw©Ks

ey‡_i weeiY
1bs ey_- emZevwoi evMvb ey_
D‡Ïk¨
emZevwo‡Z dj I mewR Avev‡`i ¸iæZ¡ Zz‡j aiv wPÎ : gvV w`e‡m emZevwo evMvb ey_

102
 emZevwoi RvqMvi mwVK I m‡e©vËg e¨envi cÖ`k©Y Kiv
wewfbœ cix¶vi djvdj Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨|

ey‡_i weeiY
GKwU Av`k© K…l‡Ki evwoi g‡Wj cÖ`k©Y Ki‡Z n‡e †hLv‡b evwoi wewfbœ ¯’vb mg~‡ni mwVK e¨envi
cÖZxqgvb nq
evwoi ¯’vb cwiKíbvi wPÎ cÖ`k©Y Ki‡Z n‡e
evwo‡Z gv`vq I †e‡W Ges cyKzi cv‡o mewR Pvl, e¨e¯’vcbv BZ¨vw` †`Lv‡Z n‡e
wewfbœ mewRi †ivM I †cvKvi bgybv cÖ`k©Y Ges # "O›  "*S' 8Ä 888< ;'
n‡e
wewfbœ cix¶vi djvdj cÖ`k©Y Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i emZevwo evMv‡b mewRi Avqkvi wPÎ jvMv‡bv|

2bs ey_- evjvB bvk‡Ki ey_

D‡Ïk¨
mevB‡K evjvBbvkK e¨env‡i m‡PZb Kiv
evjvBbvkK e¨envi n«vm Kiv|

ey‡_i weeiY
6wU iwOb LywU, iwOb iwk w`‡q †Niv
2wU emZevoxi g‡Wj (Ni, cyKzi, avb‡¶Z, mewR †¶Z BZ¨vw` _vK‡e)
GK cv‡k mwVK c×wZ‡Z evjvBbvkK e¨envi, Ab¨ cv‡k fyj c×wZ‡Z evjvB bvkK e¨envi †`Lv‡Z n‡e
kix‡i evjvB bvkK wKfv‡e cÖ‡ek K‡i Zvi †iLv wPÎ _vK‡e
cwi‡e‡ki Dci evjvBbvk‡Ki weiƒc cÖwZwμqv¸‡jv
AvU© †ccv‡i †jLv _vK‡e
evjvBbvkK e¨envi, cwienb, msi¶Y wel‡q wK wK
*';' S ' $ & 
hvq Zv Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z n‡e (mwVK
e¨envi Ges fyj e¨envi Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡Z n‡e)
KxUbvkK e¨env‡ii c~‡e©, e¨enviKvjxb Ges e¨env‡ii
ci KiYxq welq¸‡jv AvU© †ccv‡i wjLv _vK‡e ey‡_i
bs †jLv †evW©| wPÎ : gvV w`e‡m evjvB e¨e¯’vcbvi ey_

103
 3bs ey_- cvwb e¨e¯’vcbv msMVb, `jxq Kh©μg I †bUIqvw©Ks
D‡Ïk¨
mevB‡K cvwb e¨e¯’vcbv `‡ji Kvh©μ‡gi e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb Kiv
<"“;šž#>'? %& 
  6 *" =\";ž#>'? %& 
ey‡_i weeiY
6wU iwOb LywU, iwOb iwk w`‡q †Niv
1wU †cvìvi g‡Wj (†ewoevua, Lvj, ¯øyBP‡MBU, iv¯Ív, avb‡¶Z, mewR †¶Z, cvwb e¨e¯’vcbv `‡ji Awdm,
evRvi, K„wl Awdm BZ¨vw` _vK‡e)
†bUIqvw©Ks I wewfbœ G±i‡`i Z‡_¨i †cvóvi|

gvV w`e‡mi mgvwß †NvlYv

ey_ cwi`k©b †k‡l msw¶ß Abyôvb Ki‡Z n‡e †hLv‡b K…lK, K…lvbx I Avgwš¿Z K…lK K…lvYxiv Zv‡`i gZvgZ
ivL‡eb
Ae‡k‡l cvwb e¨e¯’vcbv `‡ji cieZx© KiYxq welq Av‡jvPbv K‡i Ges Gme Kv‡R `vwqZ¡ e›Ub K‡i gvV
w`em Abyôv‡bi mgvwß NUv‡Z n‡e
K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡ji m`m¨‡`i ga¨ †_‡K Zzjbvg~jK fv‡e fv‡jv Drcv`bKvix 03 Rb m`m¨‡K ch©vμ‡g 1g,
2q I 3q cyi®‹v‡i cyi®‹…Z Kiv n‡e|

wPÎ : gvV w`e‡m K…l‡Ki AwfÁZv wewbgq wPÎ : K…lK‡`i g‡a¨ cyi®‹vi weZiY

104
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105
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K…lK gvV ¯‹zj
K…lK gvV ¯‹zj GKwU AbvbyôvwbK K…lK wkLb cÖwμqv hv eq¯‹ wk¶vi bxwZgvjv AbymiY K‡i _v‡K| dmj/emZevwoi
Drcv`b e„w×i D‡Ï‡k¨ wbqwgZ wkLb cÖwμqvq AskMÖnY K‡i GK`j K…lK-K…lvbx Zv‡`i Ávb I `¶Zv e„w× Ki‡e|
cÖv_wgKfv‡e GKRb mnvqK GB cÖwμqvq AskMÖnY K‡i cÖwμqvwU ïiæ I Pjgvb Kivi Rb¨ mnvqZv Ki‡e Ges mevi
AskMÖnY ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| djZ GwU mevi †kLvi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i| mvgwMÖKfv‡e wkLb cÖwμqvi P~ovšÍ j¶¨ n‡jv Lvgv‡ii
Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvq wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î K…lK-K…lvbx‡`i ¶gZvqY Kiv|
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cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e| GK GjvKvi †fŠZ Ae¯’v, AvenvIqv I Rjevqy Ab¨ GjvKv †_‡K Avjv`v GgbwK GKRb
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Dc‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e hv n‡e H ¯’v‡bi gvwUi De©iZv, cvwbi cÖvc¨Zv Ges K…wl cwiev‡ii A_©‰bwZK ev¯ÍeZv I Zv‡`i
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my‡hvM cÖ‡qvRb †hLv‡b Zviv bZzb †Kvb cÖhyw³/Kjv-†KŠkj wb‡Riv cix¶v-bxwi¶v K‡i cÖhyw³i fvj-g›` we‡kølY K‡i
Zv MÖnY ev eR©b Kivi wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡ib| wb‡R K‡i †kLvi GB my‡hvMB K…lK‡`i Ávb Ges wm×všÍ †bIqvi ¶gZv
F'*"''8 @*%'   ' 8“%£ž 
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AbymiY K‡i, K…lK‡`i m‡½ wb‡q cix¶v-wbix¶vi gva‡g H cÖhyw³ †Kgb Ges wKfv‡e KvR K‡i Zvi my‡hvM m„wó KivB
DËg| K…lK gvV ¯‹zj Ggb GKwU wkLb cÖwμqv hv eq¯‹ wk¶vi bxwZgvjv †g‡b †kLvi my‡hvM Db¥y³ K‡i †`q|

K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡ji D‡Ïk¨

dmj, †¶Z, cyKzi Gi cÖwZ‡ek c×wZ (ecosystem)*9; <Ì  F
{*H8'= F8“;" 6 78 *9; <Ì \<Æ' F
dmj/gv‡Qi e¨e¯’vcbvi †¶‡Î K…lK‡`i ch©‡e¶Y, mgm¨v wPwýZKiY, we‡kølY I wm×všÍ †bIqvi ¶gZv
Dbœqb Kiv
106
 dmj e¨e¯’vcbvi †¶‡Î bZzb/m„Rbkxj wPšÍv Kiv I Zv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î K…lK‡`i ¶gZvi Dbœqb Kiv
  } *8* 
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K…lK‡`i wb‡R‡`i †fZi `jxq g‡bvfve m„wó Kiv hv‡Z Zviv fwel¨‡Z wb‡R‡`i Ges mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨
K…lK‡`i dmj e¨e¯’vcbvi mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z cv‡i
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K…lK gvV ¯‹zj GKwU wkÿY cÖwμqv †hLv‡b

K…lK‡Ki AwR©Z Ávb‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`qv n‡q _v‡K
GwU A-cÖvwZóvwbK wkÿv e¨e¯’v †hLv‡b Ggb cwi‡ek ˆZwi Kiv nq hv‡Z K…l‡Kiv wb‡Ri gv‡V K‡i ev¯Íe
Ávb AR©‡bi gva¨‡g wkL‡Z cv‡i
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K…lK gvV ¯‹zj K…lK‡`i‡K wb‡R K‡i †kLv‡bvi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i mÿgZv e„w×i gva¨‡g wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mnvqZv Kiv|
GB wkÿY cÖwμqvi gva¨‡g GKwU cwi‡ek ˆZwi Kiv nq hv‡Z K…l‡Kiv wb‡R‡`i AwfÁZv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_
wewbgq Ki‡Z cv‡i, G‡K Ac‡ii KvQ †_‡K wkL‡Z cv‡i Ges Gi gva¨‡g eZ©gvb Drcv`b †KŠk‡j cwieZ©b
G‡b GKwU ¯’vwqZ¡kxj K…wl Drcv`b w`‡K †h‡Z cv‡i
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K…lK gvV ¯‹zj GK`j K…lK wb‡q cwiPvwjZ nq, GwU GKwU ¯‹zj hvi Rb¨ †Kvb †`qvj _vK‡e bv
¯‹zjwU †gŠmygwfwËK n‡q _v‡K| †hLv‡b K…l‡Kiv bZzb †KŠkj gv‡V Abykxjb Ki‡e|

wPÎ : K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡ji †mkb Kvh©μg

ms‡ÿ‡c K…lK gvV ¯‹zj Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q

K…lK‡`i‡K Zv‡`i Ávb I `ÿZv e„w× Ki‡Z mnvqZv Kiv hv‡Z K…lK Zv wbR gv‡V Abykxjb K‡i Drcv`b
e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i
K…lK‡`i‡K bZzb wPšÍv Ki‡Z †kLv‡bv, mgm¨v we‡kølY Kiv, mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvq †ei Kiv Ges wm×všÍ
MÖnY Ki‡Z †kLv‡bv|

107
 K…lK gvV ¯‹zj Gi Dcv`vb
AskMÖnbKvix K…lK
e¨envwiK gvV
mnvqZvKvix
cvV¨μg

Lv`¨ wbivcËv
Lv‡`¨i mnRjf¨Zv, Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y mvg_©, Lv‡`¨i mwVK e›Ub I e¨envi wbwðZ nIqv‡KB Lv`¨ wbivcËv ejv n‡q
_v‡K| GB wZbwU welq‡K Lv`¨ wbivcËvi †gŠwjK welq ejv n‡q _v‡K|

Lv‡`¨i mnRjf¨Zv
cwiev‡ii Pvwn`v gZ cywóKi Lvev‡ii mieivn _vKv‡K Lv‡`¨i mnRjf¨Zv e‡j| GRb¨ GKRb K…lK avb Pv‡li
cvkvcvwk evwoi Avw½bvq kvKmewRi evMvb, nuvm-gyiwM I gvQ Pvl K‡i cwiev‡ii Rb¨ cywóKi Lvev‡ii †hvMvb
evov‡Z cv‡i|

Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y mvg_©

†Kvb cwiev‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq cywóKi Lv`¨ †Kbv ev †RvMvo Kivi ¶gZv‡K Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y mvg_© e‡j| †Kvb K…l‡Ki c‡¶
Pvl Kivi my‡hvM bv _vK‡j wK‡b Zv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ K„lK‡`i wewfbœ Avq ea©bg~jK Kvh©μg nv‡Z wb‡Z
n‡e| G ai‡Yi Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ K…wl ev AK…wl KvRI n‡Z cv‡i|

Lv‡`¨i mwVK e›Ub I e¨envi

cÖ‡qvRb †gvZv‡eK Zvc I kw³`vqK, ¶qc~iY I e„w×KviK Ges †ivM cÖwZ‡ivax Lv`¨ wbe©vPb K‡i wbqwgZ MÖnY Kiv‡K
Lv‡`¨i mwVK e¨envi ejv n‡q _v‡K| cÖwZwU K…lK cwievi‡K mva¨gZ Gme Lv`¨ msMÖn K‡i wbqwgZ †L‡Z n‡e|
cwiev‡ii mKj m`m¨ we‡kl K‡i bvix I wkï m`m¨ivI †hb Lv‡`¨i mwVK Ask cvq †mw`‡K bRi w`‡Z n‡e|

MÖvg cwiågY
f~wgKv
†Kvb MÖv‡gi GK cÖvšÍ n‡Z Ab¨ cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ †nu‡U ågY Kivi mgq ch©‡e¶Y Kiv Ges ¯’vbxq †jvK‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv
K‡i Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi c×wZB nj MÖvg cwiågY ev Transect Walk| GB c×wZi gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ MÖv‡gi ev †Kvb
= ;<;Ÿ $
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†mB MÖvg ev GjvKvi f~wg I Zvi e¨envi, Lvj-wej, Avevw` Rwgi aiY, Mevw`cÖvwY I Zvi cvjb c×wZ, kvKmewRi
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DcKiY : eªvDb †ccvi, gvK©vi, eo †¯‹j, LvZv, Kjg BZ¨vw`|

c×wZ
8} *<*}*9;t'%
MÖvgevmx‡`i cwiåg‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ fvjfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
Gevi `yÕRb mnvqZvKvix ¯’vbxq MÖvgevmx‡`i wb‡q †QvU `ywU `‡j c„_K n‡q MÖv‡gi `yÕw`K †_‡K AvovAvwo
fv‡e (ev wba©vwiZ GjvKv hvi mxgvbv c~‡e©B wba©viY K‡i wb‡Z n‡e) nuvUv ïiæ Kiæb hv‡Z K‡i MÖv‡gi †ewki
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Rwgi aiY I Ae¯’vb, Mevw`cÖvwY I Zvi cvjb c×wZ, kvKmewRi djb, dj-g~j, km¨ Drcv`b c×wZ,
8%ž ‹ *€6\H[ 8F'•­žÉ=• +*9<•=8'• % [{• 
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GjvKvevmxi Áv‡bi mv‡_ wb‡Ri Áv‡bi Awgj †`L‡j †Kvb cÖKvi Z‡K© hv‡eb bv eis ‰ah©¨ a‡i K_v ïbyb|
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gva¨‡g c~bivq hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiæb|
Dc¯’vc‡bi mgq bZzb Z_¨ cvIqv †M‡j Zv ZvwjKvq hy³ Kiæb|
*    +Ä*9<'8 F> @

wPÎ : MÖvg cwiåg‡bi gva¨‡g cÖvß Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb

109
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cwievi cÖwZ M‡o †jvK msL¨v KZRb ?
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GK dmjx, †`vÕdmjx I wZb dmwj Rwgi cwigvY KZ ?
f~wgi †kÖYx wefvM I De©iZvi aiY ?
GjvKvi †mP e¨e¯’v †Kgb ? KZ fvM Rwg †m‡Pi AvIZvq ?
Mfxi bjK~c, AMfxi bjK~c Gi msL¨v KZ ?

avb, mewR, iwe km¨

†Kvb †Kvb †gŠmy‡g Pvlvev` K‡ib ?
cÖavb cÖavb km¨ web¨vm¸wj wK wK ? wK wK km¨ (avb, mewR, iwe km¨) I †Kvb †Kvb RvZ Pvl K‡ib ?
Pvlvev‡`i aiY wK iKg ?
dm‡ji Aewkóvsk (av‡bi Lo, wPUv, Kzuov, fv‡Zi gvo, mewR, iwe km¨, MvQ, †Lvmv) wK Kv‡R e¨envi
K‡ib ?
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evRviRvZKiY e¨e¯’v)
G mgm¨v mgvav‡b eZ©gv‡b Avcbviv wK wK K‡ib/ e¨e¯’v †bb ?
G mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Avcbv‡`i mycvwik/ civgk© wK wK ?

gvQ Pvl
cyKzi wK wK Kv‡R e¨envi K‡ib ?
gvQ Pvl Ki‡j, wK wK Rv‡Zi gv‡Qi Pvl K‡ib Ges bv Ki‡j †Kb K‡ib bv ?
†cvbvi Drm wK ?
cyKz‡i wK wK e¨e¯’vcbv K‡ib ?
gv‡Qi e„w× I Drcv`b †Kgb nq ?
gvQ Pv‡l Avcbviv wK wK mgm¨vq c‡ob ?
G mgm¨v mgvav‡b eZ©gv‡b Avcbviv wK wK K‡ib/e¨e¯’v †bb ?
G mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Avcbv‡`i mycvwik/civgk© wK wK ?
Mevw`cÖvwY (Miæ, QvMj, †fov, nuvm, gyiwM, KeyZi)
Mevw`cÖvwY †Kb cvjb K‡ib A_ev wK wK D‡Ï‡k¨ cvjb K‡ib ?
Miæ, QvMj, †fov, nuvm, gyiwM, KeyZi cvj‡b wK wK e¨e¯’vcbv MÖnY K‡ib ?

110
 Mevw`cÖvwY cvj‡b Avcbviv wK wK mgm¨vq c‡ob ?
G mgm¨v mgvav‡b eZ©gv‡b Avcbviv wK wK K‡ib/e¨e¯’v †bb ?
G mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Avcbv‡`i mycvwik/civgk© wK wK ?

emZevwo
emZevwo‡Z Lvwj RvqMvq cÖvc¨Zv †Kgb ?
Avcbviv eZ©gv‡b emZevwo‡Z Kx Kx jvMvb ?
G¸‡jvi Rb¨ Kx Kx e¨e¯’vcbv MÖnY K‡ib ?
Avcbviv Kx Kx mgm¨vq c‡ob ?
G mgm¨v mgvav‡b eZ©gv‡b Avcbviv Kx Kx K‡ib/e¨e¯’v †bb ?
G mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Avcbv‡`i mycvwik/ civgk© wK wK ?
mvgvwRK mfv Av‡qvRb

mvgvwRK mfv
K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡j AskMÖnYKvix wbe©vPb cÖwμqv - 1
f~wgKv
GdGdG‡mi cÖ¯‘wZg~jK †mk‡bi g‡a¨ mvgvwRK mfv Av‡qvRb LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Kg©KvÛ| cÖ_g w`‡bi GB †mkbwUi
Rb¨ mnvqZvKvixMY WvewjI Gg wR Gi mfvcwZ, †m‡μUvwi K¨vwkqvi, Ges mswkøó wm.I Gi mn‡hvwMZvq GjvKvi
AšÍZ c‡¶ 60-90 wU cwievi †K Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡q GKwU mfvi Av‡qvRb Ki‡eb| GB mfvi gva¨‡g GjvKvi
 < Ã%  {{**9;8}8<    ;[   Ÿ6#[  •
hv AbymiY K‡i K…lK-K…lvYxi cÖv_wgK ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

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cÖwμqv Ges K…lK-K…lvwYi cÖv_wgK ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiv |

DcKib : †cv÷vi †ccvi, gvK©vi|

c×wZ : cÖ‡kœvËi I AskMÖnYg~jK Av‡jvPbv

mnvq‡Ki KvR
GjvKvi AšÍZ c‡¶ 60-90 wU cwievi cÖavb‡K Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡q GKwU mfvi Av‡qvRb Ki‡eb
mfvcwZ wbe©vPb K‡i AvbyôvwbKfv‡e mfv ïiæ Ki‡eb
mnvqZvKvix mfvcwZi AbygwZ wb‡q AskMÖnYKvix‡`i ¯^vMZ Rvwb‡q Av‡jvPbvi welq I D‡Ïk¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡eb

111
 wb‡R‡`i I GdGdGm cwiPvjbvi Kg©Kv‡Ûi mv‡_ hy³ wewfbœ ms¯’vi cwiwPwZ eY©bv Kiæb (eøy †Mvì, we.WvewjI
wW.we, wWGjGm, wW I Gd, wWGB)
GB ch©v‡q mnvqZvKvix AskMÖnYg~jK Av‡jvPbv I cÖvmw½K cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g eq¯‹‡`i Rb¨ Dchy³ wk¶Y e¨e¯’v
welqK Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ Ki‡eb| GB †¶‡Î wb‡gœv³ cÖkœ¸wj Ki‡Z cv‡ib-
0 Avcbv†`i Kvi Kvi †Q‡j †g‡q ¯‹z‡j hvq ?
0 ¯‹z‡j Zviv wK K‡i ? wKfv‡e wk‡L ?
0 Avgiv wK GB eq‡m wKQy wkL‡Z cvwi ?
0 Avgiv hw` GB eq‡m avb, iwekm¨, kvKmewR I dj g~j, nuvm-gyiwM, Miæ QvMj,
H•8%Ÿ*9; '%  '  " €'['$  € “'8J
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Gici ch©vqμ‡g eøy ‡Mvì K„lK gvV ¯‹zj Gi D‡Ïk¨ I Kg©‡KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡eb
K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡j AskMÖnY Kiv Ges †kLvi wel‡q mevi AvMÖn KZUzKz Zv Rvb‡eb
mevi aviYv KvQvKvwQ n‡jv wKbv Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ cÖkœ Ki‡eb Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b cyb:Av‡jvPbv K‡i welqMy‡jv
¯úó K‡i Zzj‡eb
m`m¨ wbe©vP‡bi gvcKvwV Abymv‡i ‰Zwi AvMÖnx K…lK‡`i cÖv_wgK ZvwjKvwU ‰Zwi Ki‡eb
mevB‡K ab¨ev` Rvwb‡q Av‡jvPbv mgvß Ki‡eb|

K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡j AskMÖnbKvix wbe©vPb cÖwμqv- 2

AskMÖnYKvix wbe©vPb cÖwμqv
`wi`ª Rb‡Mvwôi ga¨ †_‡K K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡ji Rb¨ m`m¨ Dchy³ m`m¨ wbe©vPb GKwU KwVb KvR|
*‹{{= !8# %**<*6 ;[ 
wmwWGd cÖ_‡g cvwb e¨e¯’vcbv `‡ji Kvh©wbe©vnx KwgwUi wgwUs G K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡ji m`m¨ wbe©vP‡bi D‡Ïk¨
Ges ‰ewkó¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| wmwWGd `wi`ª K…lK wbe©vP‡bi D‡Ïk¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡eb Ges m`m¨ wbe©vPb
Gi ˆewk󨸇jv eY©bv Ki‡eb| Av‡jvP¨ welq †iRy‡jkb AvKv‡i cvwb e¨e¯’vcbv `‡ji †iwRóv‡i wjwce×
Ki‡eb|
wmwWGd cvwb e¨e¯’vcbv `‡ji Kvh©wbe©vnx KwgwU‡K `vwqZ¡ w`‡eb GdGdGm Gi Rb¨ 30-35 Rb m`‡m¨i
='''Š*] *=[ 6
P~ovšÍ ZvwjKv cvwb e¨e¯’vcbv `‡ji †iwRóv‡i †iRy‡jkb AvKv‡i wjwce× _vK‡e
GKwU K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡ji m`m¨ msL¨v n‡e 25 Rb| GKwU cwievi †_‡K gvÎ GKRb m`m¨B wbe©vPb Ki‡Z
n‡e

112
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WvweøDGgwRi m`m¨ Ges †cvìv‡ii ¯’vqx evwm›`v †h mg¯Í cwievi eøy †Mvì wbe©vwPZ †cvìvi GjvKvq emevm
Ki‡Q Ges cvwb e¨e¯’v `‡ji m`m¨ ZvivB K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡ji m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ n‡eb| Z‡e `wi`ª ‡kÖwbf~³
(kZ© c~iY mv‡c‡ÿ) †Kvb cwievi hw` cvwb e¨e¯’v `‡ji m`m¨ Gi evB‡i _v‡Kb Z‡e †mB cwiev‡ii m`m¨I
K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡ji m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ n‡Z cvi‡eb| Zv‡K cieZ©x‡Z cvwb e¨e¯’v `‡ji m`m¨ n‡Z n‡e|
GKwU cwievi †_‡K GKRb m`m¨ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †cvìv‡ii ¯’vqx evwm›`v n‡Z n‡e|
†cvìv‡ii emevmiZ RbM‡bi ga¨ †_‡K `wi`ª cwievi wbe©vPb
AMÖvwaKvi cv‡e f~wgnxb `wi`ª K…lK hv‡`i 50 kZvs‡ki †ewk Rwg‡Z cÖ‡ekvwaKvi †bB (K…wl Rwg
wbR¯^, wjR †bIqv A_ev wbR¯^+wjR)
wØZxq MÖæc †_‡K K…lK wbe©vPb Kiv hv‡e hv‡`i K…wl Rwg †Kvbfv‡eB 150 kZvs‡ki †ewk bq
cwiev‡ii gvwmK Avq 6000 UvKvi g‡a¨ n‡Z n‡e
Ggb cwievi wbe©vPb Kiv hv‡e bv hv‡`i wbqwgZ KvR †_‡K gvwmK Avq Av‡Q| A_ev †cvìv‡ii evB‡i
KvR K‡i wbqwgZ Avq K‡i cwievi Pvjv‡”Qb|
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K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡ji Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ gwWD‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i AskMÖnYKvix wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K…lK
gvV ¯‹z‡j AwR©Z Ávb Zviv gv‡V cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY ¯^iƒc grm¨ Pv‡li Rb¨ †mB m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ
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I ev‡RwUs mgm¨v mgvav‡b gwWDj wKfv‡e mnvqZv Ki‡e
Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| emZevwoi gwWDj
cvi¯úwiK wkÿv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|
*9´*
mnvqZvKvix GdGdGm m`m¨‡`i mv‡_ cÖwkÿ‡Yi
mvivw`‡bi Av‡jvPbvi wbqgbxwZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| Av‡jvP¨ welq
mvims‡ÿc, †mk‡bi n‡e wbqwgZ Ges mgqgZ cÖwkÿ‡Y AskMÖnY,
mgvwß †NvlYv Ges `jxqfv‡e KvR Kiv, cÖwkÿ‡Yi cwi‡ek my›`i
cieZ©x w`‡bi ivLv BZ¨vw`| GdGdGm Gi wbqgbxwZ I ˆ`wbK
Av‡jvP¨m~wPi Dci mgqm~wP wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| mevi gZvg‡Zi
Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv| wfwˇZ ¯‹z‡ji mgq Ges evi wba©viY Ki‡eb|
mnvqZvKvix 25Rb AskMÖnYKvix‡`i wb‡q 4wU
Dc`j ˆZwi Ki‡eb| `j fv‡Mi c~‡e© gvV msMVK
RoZv fv½v‡bvi gva¨‡g KvRwU ïiæ Ki‡eb|
†hgb- PviwU `‡ji Rb¨ 4wU dj Mv‡Qi cvZv
e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| hv‡Z `j wbe©vP‡b †Kvb
cÿcvwZZ¡ bv _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨K `j †_‡K GKRb
K‡i `j‡bZv wbe©vPb Ki‡eb Ges Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡
%&"< @

122
 †mkb mgq I Kvh©μg †bvU
bs mgqKvj
Dc`j MVb Gi ci mnvqZvKvix AviGd wbe©vP‡bi
KviY Ges ˆewkó¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| mevi
gZvg‡Zi wfwˇZ GKRb AviGd wbe©vPb|
e¨vjU e· cixÿvi ¯’vb wbe©vPb K‡i cwiPvjbv
Ki‡eb|
8'6*<*6<+ 6*] 6Ð6 
AskMÖnYKvix‡`i mvg‡b Zz‡j ai‡eb Ges
Drcv`b cwiKíbv cÖbq‡b mnvqZv Ki‡eb|
Drcv`b cwiKíbv ˆZwii cÖwμqv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡eb| ev‡RU ˆZwii cÖwμqv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡eb|
89 Ð*9´* "é+ {{*
m`m¨‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb Ges wKfv‡e Zv
Kiv hvq hv Ab¨vb¨ WvewjDGgwRi m`m¨‡`i‡K
DcK…Z Ki‡e Zvi Dci GKgZ nIqv|

†mkb-2 3 N›Uv emZevwo‡Z kvKmewR emZevwoi Drcv`b‡K GKwU e¨emvwqK BDwb‡U

Drcv`b cwiKíbv I cwibZ Kivi Rb¨ eQie¨vwc mewR Drcv`b
0F>; cwiKíbv/mewR K¨vjÛvi ˆZwi Ki‡eb| wewfbœ
¯’v‡bi m‡e©vËg e¨envi wKfv‡e Kiv hvq Zv wb‡q
kvKmewR Drcv`b A‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| K¨v‡jÛvi ˆZix Ges ¯’vb
cwÄKv, emZevwoi wewfbœ cwiKíbv n‡e e¨envwiK|
¯’vbmg~‡ni e¨envi
cwiKíbv (e¨envwiK) fvj exR Ges Pviv wbe©vPb Ges ˆewkó¨ wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| mnvqZvKvix Drcv`b mswkøó
†N‡i cÖ¯ÍvweZ km¨ cwÄKv wewfbœ Dcv`vb †hgb- fvj Rv‡Zi exR, mvi,
fvj exR I Pviv wbe©vPb, †eov ˆZwii DcKiY BZ¨vw`i mnR cÖvc¨Zv wb‡q
ˆewkó¨, exR I Pviv [  @‘„8< ‘8*9;'
cÖvc¨Zv, fvj mvi Gi †h †Kvb mgm¨v `jxqfv‡e mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Kibxq
e¨envi wb‡q A‡jvvPbv Ki‡eb| WvweøDGgwRi gva¨‡g wK
$ *'$ * “"'‘8
DcKib μ‡q mgwš^Z wZwb Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡eb|
D‡`¨v‡Mi Dci †ivj †cø
Kv‡jKwUf GKkb, GKRb DcKiY we‡μZv‡K GB †mk‡b Avgš¿Y
BbcyU μq Rvbv‡eb|
Kv‡jKwUf GKk‡bi †ivj-‡cøi gva¨‡g †hŠ_ Kvh©μ‡gi DcKvwiZv
myweavmg~n Zz‡j ai‡eb|
K…wl GKwU e¨emv K…wl GKwU e¨emv wK bv Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
(emZevwo‡Z/†N‡i  @‘< 6' %&"< @
Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g emZevwo‡Z mewR Drcv`b‡K e¨emv wn‡m‡e
wKfv‡e Avq evov‡bv hvq,  ' *] 6"ž 6" &*”
% {•&p”*” wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|

123
 †mkb mgq I Kvh©μg †bvU
bs mgqKvj
Uªvqvj cwiKíbv I ¯’vcb mnvqZvKvix Uªvqvj ¯’vc‡bi c~‡e© K…lK‡`i evwo
(¯’vb cwiKíbv-emZevwo cwi`k©‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU Dc‡hvwM evwo/K…lK
evMvb, Drcv`b wbe©vPb Ki‡eb Uªvqvj ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨| Uªvqvj
cwiKíbv- †Ni)  '" ' %&"  @

†mkb-3 3 N›Uv emZevwo‡Z kvKmewR mnvqZvKvix AskMÖnbg~jK Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g

Drcv`b †KŠkj DuPz †eW I gv`v ˆZwi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|
(DuPz †eW, gv`v ˆZwi I Gi ¸iæZ¡ Ges djb e„wׇZ DuPz †eW I gv`vi
e¨e¯’vcbv, †eW I gv`vq ¸iæZ¡ Zz‡j ai‡eb|
exR / Pviv ecb / ‡ivcY
†KŠkj I Uªvqvj ¯’vcb) DuPz †eW I gv`vq exR I Pviv †ivcY †KŠkj
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb Ges c‡i e¨envwiK mg‡q
MZ †mk‡bi cyb: †`wL‡q w`‡eb|
Av‡jvPbv-
DuPz †eW I gv`vq exR I Pviv ‡ivcY Gi ci ci
mewR-†eW I DbœZ gv`v wK Kibxq Ges cieZ©x †mk‡bi AvM ch©šÍ wK
ˆZwi (e¨envwiK) ai‡Yi AvšÍ: cwiPh©vi cÖ‡qvRb Zv mnvqZvKvix
Rwg ˆZwi, gvwU †kvab, AskMÖnbg~jK Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Rvwb‡q w`‡eb|
exR †kvab (e¨envwiK) wewfbœ ai‡bi mv‡ii cwiwPwZ I KvR wb‡q
exRZjv I gv`vq exR Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|
ecb, ‡ivcY I Pviv mnvqZvKvix kvKmewRi Dci Uªvqvj ¯’vc‡bi
¯’vbvšÍi (e¨envwiK) ¸iæZ¡ wb‡q c~b:Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb Ges MZ
exRZjv e¨e¯’vcbv I †mk‡bi wm×všÍ Abyhvqx wbw`©ó K…l‡Ki evwo‡Z
exRZjvi AšÍ©eZ©xKvjxb mK‡ji AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Uªvqvj ¯’vcb †`wL‡q
cwiPh©v- †mP I †ivM w`‡eb| ¯’vcbK…Z Uªvqvj-G KLb wK KiYxq Ges
e¨e¯’vcbv (e¨envwiK) wK ai‡bi Z_¨ msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e Rvwb‡q
w`‡eb| GB †mk‡b mvi e¨e¯’vcbvi Dci Uªvqvj
Uªvqvj ¯’vcb (mvi e¨e¯’v- ¯’vcbv Ki‡eb|
cbv: ˆRe+A‰Re, ïay
A‰Re mvi, ïay ˆRe mvi
mvivw`‡bi Av‡jvPbvi
mvi ms‡ÿc, †mk‡bi
mgvwß †NvlYv Ges
cieZ©x w`‡bi
Av‡jvP¨m~wPi Dci
Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv|

124
 †mkb mgq I Kvh©μg †bvU
bs mgqKvj
†mkb-4 3 N›Uv LvgviRvZ mvi Drcv`b mnvqZvKvix Av‡qmv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ïiæ Ki‡eb|
†KŠkj I K…wl cÖwZ‡ek Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| Av‡qmvi
we‡kølY (Av‡qmv) Dci e¨envwiK K¬vm cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb| `j‡K
Pv½v Kivi Rb¨ RoZv fv½v‡bvi Abykxjb
MZ †mk‡bi cyb:Av‡jvPbv Kiv‡eb|
Av‡qmv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv mnvqZvKvix wewfbœ ai‡bi mv‡ii cwiwPwZ Zz‡j
Ges mewRi Dci ai‡eb| ˆRe mvi wK, Gi ¸iæZ¡ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
Av‡qmv Kiv
Ki‡eb| wewfbœ ai‡bi ˆRe mv‡ii cwiwPwZ Zz‡j
‰Re mv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ ai‡eb| LvgviRvZ mvi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|
LvgviRvZ mv‡ii mnvqZvKvix emZevwoi wewfbœ AveR©bvi bgybv
Drcv`b †KŠkj I msMÖn Ki‡eb| GB mg¯Í AveR©bvi e¨envi
Uªvqvj ¯’vcbv *9; <H+ '[ @
mewR Uªvqvj ch©‡eÿY mnvqZvKivix GKRb m`m¨ wbe©vPb K‡i ivL‡eb
RoZv fv½v‡bv hvi evwo‡Z LvgviRvZ mv‡ii e¨envwiK K¬vm
Kiv‡eb Ges Uªvqvj ¯’vcb Ki‡eb|
‡bŠKv-RvnvR-wegvb
8='*"' + **9;'
mvivw`‡bi Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb hv n‡e AskMÖnYg~jK|
mvims‡ÿc, cieZ©x
w`‡bi Av‡jvP¨m~wPi cÖ‡Z¨K AskMÖnYKvix‡K Zvi wbR emZevwo‡Z
Dci Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv LvgviRvZ mvi Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ
Ges †mk‡bi mgvwß Ki‡eb|
†NvlYv

†mkb-5 3 N›Uv kvKmewRi AvšÍ:cwiPh©v AskMÖnYg~jK Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g AvšÍ:cwiPh©v

(kvKmewRi †cvKv I †iv‡Mi wb‡q A‡jvPbv ïiæ Ki‡e|
bgybv msMÖn, evQvB I
mbv³KiY) PviwU Dc`j gv‡V AvšÍ:cwiPh©v nv‡Z Kj‡g
Ki‡eb|
MZ †mk‡bi cyb:Av‡jvPbv
mnvqZvKvix wb‡R wKQz †cvKv msMÖn K‡i wb‡q
AvšÍ:cwiPh©v (gvjwPs Avm‡eb| Zvici PviwU `j‡K wb‡q gvV †_‡K
cÖ`vb, Qvqv †`qv, †eov AviI †ivM †cvKv msMÖn Ki‡eb|
`qv , ‡mP , AvMvQv `gb
Kiv gvwU AvjMvKiY, eÜzz †cvKv I kÎæ †cvKv mbv³ Ki‡eb| kÎæ
Pviv cvZjvKiY, mv‡ii †cvKv msMÖn K‡i wb‡q Avm‡eb|
Dcwi cÖ‡qvM civMvqY I emZevwo‡Z kvKmewR Drcv`‡b wK wK ai‡bi †ivM
nvZ civMvqY, dj †cvKvi Avμgb n‡q _v‡K Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
cvZjvKiY)- e¨envwiK
Ki‡eb|
nvZ civMvqY e¨envwiK I Uªvqvj ¯’vcb

125
 †mkb mgq I Kvh©μg †bvU
bs mgqKvj
†cvKvgvKo e¨e¯’vcbv, †ivM mnvqZvKvix wb‡R Dc`j¸‡jv‡K mv‡_ wb‡q
evjvB e¨e¯’vcbv wewfbœ ai‡Yi †ivMvμvšÍ cvZv I dj msMÖn
eÜz‡cvKv I kÎæ‡cvKv Ki‡eb| G‡`i jÿY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|
mbv³KiY - e¨envwiK
nvZ civMvqb Gi Dci
Uªvqvj ¯’vcbv- e¨envwiK
mvivw`‡bi Av‡jvPbvi
mvims‡ÿc, cieZ©x
w`‡bi Av‡jvP¨m~wPi Dci
Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv Ges
†mk‡bi mgvwß †NvlYv

†mkb-6 3 N›Uv kvKmewRi evjvB mnvqZvKvix ‡ivMevjvB e¨e¯’vcbvi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v

e¨e¯’vcbv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| Zvici mgwš^Z evjvB
MZ †mk‡bi cyb: Av‡jvPbv e¨e¯’vcbv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|

mgwš^Z evjvB e¨e¯’vcbv mgwš^ZevjvB e¨e¯’vcbvi wewfbœ c×wZi Dci

wb‡q Av‡jvPbv e¨envwiK Kiv‡eb|

mgwš^Z evjvB e¨e¯’vcbv K…l‡Ki mv‡_ eZ©gv‡b wK ai‡bi †evUvwbK¨vj

e¨envwiK, †bwUs, Rvj evjvBbvkK, d¨v‡ivg¨vb Uªvc Ges Ab¨vb¨ ev‡qv
w`‡q †cvKv aiv, jvBU G‡R›U cvIqv hvq Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
Uª¨vc BZ¨vw`) ¯’vbxqfv‡e cÖvß mnRjf¨ DcKiY w`‡q
†evUvwbK¨vj evjvBbvkK ˆZwi K‡i †`Lv‡eb|
wewfbœ evjvBbvkK ˆZwi-
e¨envwiK, mvevb cvwbi mnvqZvKvix cixÿv cøU ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ cøU
e¨envi, wbg wbh©vm, cwi`k©b Ki‡eb| evjvB e¨e¯’vcbvi Dci
ZvgvK wbh©vm BZ¨vw`- *] 6* ;Ç[*€68Ð78 @8Ð
evjvB e¨e¯’vcbvi Dci cøU cwi`k©‡bi djvdj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|
wewfbœ Uªvqvj ¯’vcb- gvwQ evjvBbvkK Gi ÿwZKi w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
†cvKv `g‡bi Rb¨ e¨vwMs,  = – 8*9<+ 6
wel †Uvc/ d¨v‡ivg¨vb KZUzKz ÿwZKi Zv wb‡q A‡jvvPbv Kiv|
Uª¨vc/Uªvqvj ¯’vcb - emZevwo‡Z evjvBbvkK e¨envi Ki‡Z
KxUbvk‡Ki ÿwZKi wbiærmvwnZ Kiv|
w`K wb‡q †ivj †cø mnvqZvKvix wewfbœ G±i, I‡qe‡cBR, Gcm
AvBwmwUi wewfbœ gva¨g   *á= S*  
(Kj †m›Uvi, K…lK‡`i mv‡_ †kqvi Ki‡eb|
G¨vcm BZ¨vw`) evjvB e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ DcKiY - Gi cÖvc¨Zv
Ges †mev cÖ`vbKvixM‡bi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e|

126
 †mkb mgq I Kvh©μg †bvU
bs mgqKvj
mvivw`‡bi Av‡jvPbvi mgwš^Zfv‡e ‰Re evjvB bvk‡Ki cÖvc¨Zv wbwðZ
mvims‡ÿc, cieZ©x Kiv hvq wKbv Zvi *]  "[ '
‡mk‡bi Av‡jvP¨m~wPi n‡e| †hgb- ¯’vbxqfv‡e d¨v‡ivg¨vb Uªvc, bxg
Dci Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv wbh©vm BZ¨vw` mieivn Kivi Rb¨ †mev cÖ`vbKvix
Ges †mk‡bi mgvwß ˆZwi Kiv)
†NvlYv|
mnvqZvKvix K…wl welqK wewfbœ G±i,
†bUIqvwK©s, I‡qe‡cBR, Gcm Ges Kj
*á= S<"*“' @

†mkb-7 3 N›Uv Lv`¨ I cywó, gvV cix¶v mnvqZvKvix wewfbœ ai‡bi Lv`¨ Dcv`vb
mg~‡ni djvdj ch©v‡jvPbv, msMÖn K‡i wb‡q Avm‡eb|
wm×všÍ MÖnY I gvV w`em wewfbœ MÖæ‡ci Lv‡`¨i mv‡_ cwiPq K‡i w`‡eb|
cwiKíbv
gvbe Rxe‡bi 1000w`‡bi cywó e¨e¯’vcbv wb‡q
Lv`¨ I cywó Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| gv I wkïi Wv‡qU wb‡q
1000 w`‡bi cywó Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|
e¨e¯’vcbv)
cywógvb eRvq †i‡L wKfv‡e ivbœv Kiv hvq Zv
mewR Ges Uªvqvj cøU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| mKj eq‡mi gvby‡li
ch©‡eÿY Ges Uªvqvj Dc‡hvMx mylg Lvevi wLPzwi ivbœv K‡i †`Lv‡eb|
cø‡Ui djvdj Ges
¯’vwcZ Uªvqvj¸wj cwi`k©b Ki‡eb Ges G †_‡K
Avw_©K w`K wb‡q
wkÿYxq welq¸wj Avv‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|
Av‡jvPbv Ges
mvims‡ÿc K…lK‡`i mv‡_ kvKmewR Drcv`‡bi jÿ¨gvÎv I
mewR Drcv`b, evRvi- AR©b wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb hv ïiæ‡Z wba©viY
RvZKiY Ges Avw_©K Kiv n‡qwQj| 2bs †mk‡bi c~b:Av‡jvPbv|
jvfRbKZv wb‡q e¨jU e· †U÷ cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb|
Av‡jvPbv Ges
mvims‡ÿc gvV w`em wb‡q Av‡jvPbv| gvV w`e‡m m`m¨‡`i
g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡ fvM Kiv|
gvV w`em wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
I cwiKíbv Kiv| cvwb e¨e¯’vcbv `‡ji mfvcwZ/†m‡μUvix‡K
e¨jU e· †U÷ †mk‡b Avgš¿b Rvbv‡eb| Zv‡`i gva¨‡g K…lK
gvV ¯‹z‡ji †mk‡bi mgvwß †Nvlbv Ki‡eb|
mvivw`‡bi Av‡jvPbv,
emZevwo‡Z mewR
Drcv`‡bi cy‡iv †mkb
¸‡jvi mvims‡ÿc I
K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡ji †mkb
mgvwß †NvlYv|

127
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Lyjbv, mvZÿxiv, cUzqvLvjx I ei¸bv †Rjvi wbe©vwPZ †cvìv‡i cvwbi myôz e¨e¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g K…wl Drcv`b e„w× Ges
†UKmB Av_©-mvgvwRK DbœqbB eøy †Mvì †cÖvMÖvg Gi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨|

eøy †Mvì †cÖvMÖv‡gi †gŠwjK Z_¨

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AvqZb 119124 †n±i
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A_©vqb MYcÖRvZwš¿ evsjv‡`k miKvi I
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K…wl n‡”Q †cvìv‡i emevmKvix Rb‡Mvwói cÖavb RxweKv Ges Av‡qi Drm| K…wlR Drcv`b e„w×i Rb¨ eøy †Mvì K…lK gvV
¯‹zj ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q| Lv`¨ wbivcËv I K…wlR Drcv`b e„w×i Rb¨ emZevwo ch©v‡q K…wli PviwU gyj wefv‡M KvR Ki‡Q
KvwiMwi wUg| †ÿθ‡jv n‡jv emZevwo‡Z/†N‡i kvKmewR I djg~j Drcv`b, nvum-gyiwM I Mevw`cÖvwY cÖwZcvjb Ges
gvQ Pvl| K…lK gvV ¯‹z‡j AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g AvaywbK c×wZ AbymiY K‡i K…l‡Ki Drcv`b e„w×, cywói Pvwn`v c~iY Ges
+*“ F8ÇH@   6 **  %&'\+ '8H@ Ã%   ‘„8< \}; '
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fwel¨‡Z KvwiMwi Ávb I `ÿZv Øviv †cvìvievmx‡`i mn‡hvwMZv Ae¨vnZ ivL‡eb|

128