16/11/2024 11:40 C - Data Types

C - Data Types
Data types in C refer to an extensive system used for declaring variables or functions of
different types. The type of a variable determines how much space it occupies in storage
and how the bit pattern stored is interpreted. In this chapter, we will learn about data
types in C. A related concept is that of "variables", which refer to the addressable location
in the memory of the processor. The data captured via different input devices is stored in
the computer memory. A symbolic name can be assigned to the storage location called
variable name.

C is a statically typed language. The name of the variable along with the type of data it
intends to store must be explicitly declared before actually using it.

C is also a strongly typed language, which means that the automatic or implicit conversion
of one data type to another is not allowed.

The types in C can be classified as follows −

Sr.No. Types & Description

Basic Types
1 They are arithmetic types and are further classified into: (a) integer types and
(b) floating-point types.

Enumerated types
2 They are again arithmetic types and they are used to define variables that can
only assign certain discrete integer values throughout the program.

The type void

3
The type specifier void indicates that no value is available.

Derived types
4 They include (a) Pointer types, (b) Array types, (c) Structure types, (d) Union
types and (e) Function types.

The array types and structure types are referred collectively as the aggregate types. The
type of a function specifies the type of the function's return value. We will see the basic
types in the following section, where as other types will be covered in the upcoming
chapters.

Integer Data Types in C

The following table provides the details of standard integer types with their storage sizes
and value ranges −

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Type Storage size Value range

char 1 byte -128 to 127 or 0 to 255

unsigned char 1 byte 0 to 255

signed char 1 byte -128 to 127

-32,768 to 32,767 or -2,147,483,648 to

int 2 or 4 bytes
2,147,483,647

unsigned int 2 or 4 bytes 0 to 65,535 or 0 to 4,294,967,295

short 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767

unsigned short 2 bytes 0 to 65,535

-9223372036854775808 to
long 8 bytes
9223372036854775807

unsigned long 8 bytes 0 to 18446744073709551615

To get the exact size of a type or a variable on a particular platform, you can use the
sizeof operator. The expressions sizeof(type) yields the storage size of the object or type
in bytes.

Example of Integer Data Types

Given below is an example to get the size of various type on a machine using different
constant defined in limits.h header file −

Open Compiler

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <float.h>

int main(int argc, char** argv) {

printf("CHAR_BIT : %d\n", CHAR_BIT);

printf("CHAR_MAX : %d\n", CHAR_MAX);
printf("CHAR_MIN : %d\n", CHAR_MIN);
printf("INT_MAX : %d\n", INT_MAX);
printf("INT_MIN : %d\n", INT_MIN);

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printf("LONG_MAX : %ld\n", (long) LONG_MAX);

printf("LONG_MIN : %ld\n", (long) LONG_MIN);
printf("SCHAR_MAX : %d\n", SCHAR_MAX);
printf("SCHAR_MIN : %d\n", SCHAR_MIN);
printf("SHRT_MAX : %d\n", SHRT_MAX);
printf("SHRT_MIN : %d\n", SHRT_MIN);
printf("UCHAR_MAX : %d\n", UCHAR_MAX);
printf("UINT_MAX : %u\n", (unsigned int) UINT_MAX);
printf("ULONG_MAX : %lu\n", (unsigned long) ULONG_MAX);
printf("USHRT_MAX : %d\n", (unsigned short) USHRT_MAX);

return 0;
}

Output

When you compile and execute the above program, it produces the following result on
Linux−

CHAR_BIT : 8
CHAR_MAX : 127
CHAR_MIN : -128
INT_MAX : 2147483647
INT_MIN : -2147483648
LONG_MAX : 9223372036854775807
LONG_MIN : -9223372036854775808
SCHAR_MAX : 127
SCHAR_MIN : -128
SHRT_MAX : 32767
SHRT_MIN : -32768
UCHAR_MAX : 255
UINT_MAX : 4294967295
ULONG_MAX : 18446744073709551615
USHRT_MAX : 65535

Floating-Point Data Types in C

The following table provides the details of standard floating-point types with storage sizes
and value ranges and their precision −

Type Storage size Value range Precision

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float 4 byte 1.2E-38 to 3.4E+38 6 decimal places

double 8 byte 2.3E-308 to 1.7E+308 15 decimal places

long double 10 byte 3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932 19 decimal places

The header file "float.h" defines the macros that allow you to use these values and other
details about the binary representation of real numbers in your programs.

Example Floating-Point Data Types

The following example prints the storage space taken by a float type and its range values
−

Open Compiler

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <float.h>

int main(int argc, char** argv) {

printf("Storage size for float : %zu \n", sizeof(float));

printf("FLT_MAX : %g\n", (float) FLT_MAX);
printf("FLT_MIN : %g\n", (float) FLT_MIN);
printf("-FLT_MAX : %g\n", (float) -FLT_MAX);
printf("-FLT_MIN : %g\n", (float) -FLT_MIN);
printf("DBL_MAX : %g\n", (double) DBL_MAX);
printf("DBL_MIN : %g\n", (double) DBL_MIN);
printf("-DBL_MAX : %g\n", (double) -DBL_MAX);
printf("Precision value: %d\n", FLT_DIG );

return 0;
}

Output

When you compile and execute the above program, it produces the following result on
Linux −

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Storage size for float : 4

FLT_MAX : 3.40282e+38
FLT_MIN : 1.17549e-38
-FLT_MAX : -3.40282e+38
-FLT_MIN : -1.17549e-38
DBL_MAX : 1.79769e+308
DBL_MIN : 2.22507e-308
-DBL_MAX : -1.79769e+308
Precision value: 6

Note: "sizeof" returns "size_t". The type of unsigned integer of "size_t" can vary
depending on platform. And, it may not be long unsigned int everywhere. In such cases,
we use "%zu" for the format string instead of "%d".

Earlier versions of C did not have Boolean data type. C99 standardization of ANSI C
introduced _bool type which treats zero value as false and non-zero as true.

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User-defined Data Types in C

There are two user-defined data types struct and union, that can be defined by the user
with the help of the combination of other basic data types.

Struct Data Type

One of the unique features of C language is to store values of different data types in one
variable. The keywords struct and union are provided to derive a user-defined data type.
For example,

struct student {
char name[20];
int marks, age;
};

Union Data Type

A union is a special case of struct where the size of union variable is not the sum of sizes
of individual elements, as in struct, but it corresponds to the largest size among individual
elements. Hence, only one of elements can be used at a time. Look at following example:

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union ab {
int a;
float b;
};

We shall learn more about structure and union types in a later chapter.

The void Data Type in C

The void type specifies that no value is available. It is used in three kinds of situations −

Sr.No Types & Description

Function returns as void

There are various functions in C that do not return any value or you can say
1
they return void. A function with no return value has the return type as void.
For example, void exit (int status);

Function arguments as void

2 There are various functions in C which do not accept any parameter. A function
with no parameter can accept a void. For example, int rand(void);

Pointers to void
A pointer of type void * represents the address of an object, but not its type.
3
For example, a memory allocation function void *malloc( size_t size );
returns a pointer to void which can be casted to any data type.

Arrays Data Type in C

An array is a collection of multiple values of same data type stored in consecutive memory
locations. The size of array is mentioned in square brackets []. For example,

int marks[5];

Arrays can be initialized at the time of declaration. The values to be assigned are put in
parentheses.

int marks[ ]={50,56,76,67,43};

C also supports multi-dimensional arrays. To learn more about arrays, refer to the chapter
on Arrays in C.

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Pointers Data Type in C

A pointer is a special variable that stores address or reference of another variable/object in
the memory. The name of pointer variable is prefixed by asterisk (*). The type of the
pointer variable and the variable/object to be pointed must be same.

int x;
int *y;
y = &x;

Here, "y" is a pointer variable that stores the address of variable "x" which is of "int" type.

Pointers are used for many different purposes. Text string manipulation and dynamic
memory allocation are some of the processes where the use of pointers is mandatory.
Later in this tutorial, you can find a detailed chapter on Pointers in C.

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