CH-6 TISSUE

CLASS -9 SPARK BATCH

Plant Tissue:
Following are the major types of plant tissue –
● Meristematic Tissues ● Permanent Tissues
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE:
• Only certain parts of a plant tend to grow. The tissues located in such parts are called
meristematic tissues.
• They can divide themselves and form new tissues.
• They have a thin cell wall made of cellulose.
• They have a prominent nucleus and dense cytoplasm but lack vacuoles.

Metabolic activity is high, so is the rate of respiration.

Cytoplasm has all the cell organelles, but instead of plastids there are proplastids.

Ribosomes are abundant, ER is simple

Why is vacuole absent in meristematic tissue?

The purpose of vacuole is to store food and waste product. Since meristems are young cells
and are actively dividing, they require food instantly and there is no requirement of storing
food. Also, they do not produce large amount of waste. Hence, they lack vacuoles.
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE ON THE BASIS OF POSITION:
They can further be classified differently based on the areas of the plants where they are
located:
• Apical
• Lateral
• Intercalary
APICAL MERISTEM
• These are present at the tips of the roots and shoots and helps in the increase of the height of
the plants.
• Various cell divisions facilitate the growth of the cells in the roots and shoots and help in
cellular enlargement.
INTERCALARY MERISTEM
• It is located in the leaves and internodes at the intercalary position.
• These help to increase the length of the internode.
• It is found in grass, monocots and pines.
• It is a part of apical meristem and adds to the height of the plant.
* Both apical meristems and intercalary meristems are primary meristems because they
appear early in life of a plant and contribute to the formation of the primary plant body.

LATERAL MERISTEM
The meristem that occurs in the mature regions of roots and shoots of many plants, appear
later than primary meristem is called the secondary or lateral meristem.
• It is located in the stems and roots on the lateral side.
• It increases the thickness of the plant. These divide preclinically or radially and give rise to
secondary permanent tissues.
• Vascular cambium and cork cambium are the two lateral meristems.
•
SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
1. These are also known as homogenous tissues and supportive tissue of the plant
2. They are made up of a single cell type, usually with the same origin, structure, and
function.
3 The meristematic cells when they lost their power of division they form a permanent
tissue. This process is known as differentiation
4. This type of tissue is majorly found in the construction of organs, epidermal layer, and
mechanical support.
5. This tissue forms the basis of the plant body.
6. The cells possess definite shape, size and function.
7. They may be living or dead.
8. The living permanent cells are large, thin walled with a vacuolated cytoplasm.
9. Dead permanent cells are thick walled without cytoplasm.

Parenchyma –

Parenchyma forms the major component within organisms, which are generally
isodiametric and spherical, oval, round, polygonal or elongated in shape.

They are the living cells, and loosely arranged and have intercellular spaces.

The walls of parenchyma is thin and made up of cellulose and performs photosynthesis,
storage, secretion.

TYPES OF PARENCHYMA CELLS:

• Parenchyma cells can be categorized based on their structure, location and

functions performed.

The main parenchyma tissues are:

 :
Cholorenchyma
Cells which have chloroplast and perform photosynthesis.

AERENCHYMA:- Large air cavities helps in the buoyancy of the floating plants
• It helps in the respiration and provides sufficient oxygen to the aquatic plants.

FUNCTIONS OF PARENCHYMA:
It stores nutrients and food.
Performs photosynthesis
Secretion: Parenchyma cells secrete resins and gums.

Transport: Parenchyma cells help transport nutrients and water

COLLENCHYMA:
1. It is a living supportive tissue of plant and and consists of cells which are much
thickened at the corners due to a deposition of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin and
appear polygonal in cross section.
2. The strength of the tissue results from these thickened cell walls and the longitudinal
interlocking of the cells.
3. They are elongated cells and very little intercellular space or absent.
4. The collenchyma occurs in layers below the epidermis in dicotyledonous plants
without intercellular spaces, found either as a homogeneous layer or in patches.
FUNCTION:
⮚ Provides mechanical strength, support, and structure as well as flexibility
⮚ Allow easy bending to stand against wind and thus prevent breaking of these young
structures of plants like tendrils and stem of climbers.
This tissue also found in leaf stalks below the epidermis.
SCLERENCHYMA:
⮚It is made up of long and narrow cells. It is the tissue which make plant hard and stiff.
⮚Cells are usually dead without protoplasts.
⮚The cell wall is thick and lignified with numerous pits.
⮚They possess both primary and secondary cell walls.
⮚They possess narrow lumen due to highly thickened lignified cell walls
⮚Sclerenchyma tissues are located in several areas like in stem around vascular bundles, in
the veins of leaves etc.
TYPES OF SCLERENCHYMA:

Sclerenchyma is classified into two types based on their structure, origin and development.
They are sclereids and fibres.

Fibres- Elongated and pointed cells, found in various parts of plants.

Sclereids – Spherical, oval, cylindrical in shape. They are commonly found in fruit wall of
nuts, pulp of fruits like pear, guava and sappota, seed coat of legumes and leaves of tea.
Functions-
They provide structural support to the plant.

COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUES

It is defined as a group of heterogeneous cells performing a common function.
A complex permanent tissue made up of different types of cells having a common origin.
Even though the cells' appearance is different, but all working as a unit to perform a
particular function.
Complex permanent tissues are of two types.
1. Xylem
2. Phloem
C. Nageli introduced the term Xylem in 1858.
⮚The word "xylem" is extracted from the Greek word "Xylos", meaning "wood".
⮚Xylem is a complex permanent, conducting tissue that conducts water and mineral nutrients
in only an upward direction from root to leaves (unidirectional).
⮚It is responsible for the transport of water and minerals from roots to other parts of the
plant, and it also provides mechanical support to the plant.
⮚. They are further divided into four components. They are:
a) Xylem Tracheids- Non-living components. They are tube like cells with tapering ends.
b) Xylem fibres – Elongated lignified dead cell. Provides mechanical support.
c) Xylem parenchyma- Only living cells with thin cell walls. Helps to store food and in
lateral conduction of water
d) Xylem vessels or trachea- dead cells with lignified secondary walls. It is a cylindrical
tube like structure made up of many cells. It conducts water and minerals vertically, i.e. from
root to leaf.

⮚ In flowering plants tracheids and vessels are main water transporting elements,
whereas gymnosperms lack vessels.
 PHLOEM-
⮚The term Phloem was introduced by C. Nageli (1858).
⮚The word "phloem" is extracted from the Greek, meaning "bark".
⮚Phloem is the other complex tissue system in the plants.
⮚It is the food conducting tissues of the vascular plant.
⮚The materials (food), i.e. (towards the root and stem) can move in both directions because
phloem transports food and water from leaves to all plant parts.
⮚All phloem cells are living except phloem fibres.
⮚The phloem is heterogeneous (complex tissues). It is a permanent tissue composed of
different types of elements:
Sieve elements, Companion cells, Phloem fibres and Phloem parenchyma.
∙ SIEVE TUBES – They are tubular structure with perforated walls. Their end walls are
perforated to form sieve plate. The function of sieve tube is controlled by nucleus of
companion cells.
∙ COMPANION CELLS – Specialised type of parenchyma cells. Companion cell and sieve
tubes function together for the translocation of food.
∙ PHLOEM FIBRES – Thick-walled (due to the lignification in secondary cell wall)
sclerenchyma (dead) cells which provide mechanical strength to the tissue. It is also called
Bast fibre or skin fibre.
∙ PHLOEM PARENCHYMA – Absent in monocot plants. Thin-walled cells filled with
protoplasm and nucleus. It helps to transport organic nutrients from the leaves to the parts of
the plant body. Stores food and other substances like resin, latex and mucilages
The Tissue System:
The tissue system is classified into
1. Epidermal tissue system
2. The ground or fundamental tissue system and
3. The vascular or conducting tissue system.

1. Epidermal tissue system

It forms the outermost covering of whole plant body, which consists of epidermal cells,
stomata, epidermal appendages (trichomes and hairs).
The outermost layer of the cell is known as the Epidermis.
∙ It covers the entire plant.
∙ It is a thin layer of single cells but in places with less water, the epidermis of the plants can
become thick in order to avoid frequent water loss.

∙ The cells are flat and they have no intercellular spaces between them.

∙ The outer walls of the epidermal cells are thick and the inner walls are thin. ∙ The epidermal
cells often have long hair-like structures in roots which facilitate the absorption of water.

∙ The main function of the epidermis is to protect the plants from fungi, water loss and any
injuries by secreting a wax-like water-resistant substance called a Cuticle on the surface of
the plants which protects the plant

Epidermis also contains a number of hairs. Root hairs are unicellular elongation of epidermal
cells. Trichomes are present on stems, which are multicellular, branched or un-branched
preventing water loss due to transpiration
Stomata are small pores present in epidermis of leaves.
 It regulates the transpiration and gaseous exchange. In dicots, stomata are bean-shaped
having two guard cells closing the stomatal pore. In monocots, stoma is dumbbell shaped.
Guard cells contain chloroplasts and help in opening and closing of stomata.
Guard cells are surrounded by subsidiary cells. The stomatal aperture, guard cells and the
surrounding subsidiary cells are together called stomatal apparatus.
The plant cells sometimes have extra they lose it in the form of water that evaporates through
stomata. This process is called Transpiration.

ROLE OF TRANSPIRATION IN PLANTS –

Prevent the Plants from Overheating –
∙ Transportation of Water in Plants –

The Ground Tissue System

* All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles constitute the ground tissue.
* In leaves, the ground tissue consists of thin-walled chloroplast containing cells called
mesophyll.
* It consists of simple tissues such as parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.

The Vascular Tissue System

Vascular tissue is an arrangement of multiple cell types in vascular plants which allows for
the transport of water, minerals, and products of photosynthesis to be transported throughout
the plant. The main function of xylem is to conduct water, materials to
different parts of the plant body.
* The vascular system consists of complex tissues, the phloem and the xylem.
* The xylem and phloem together constitute vascular bundles.
* In dicotyledonous stems, cambium is present between phloem and xylem, such vascular
bundles because of the presence of cambium possess the ability to form secondary xylem and
phloem tissues, and hence are called open vascular bundles.
* In the monocotyledons, the vascular bundles have no cambium present in them, hence they
do not form secondary tissues and they are referred to as closed vascular bundles.

* When xylem and phloem within a vascular bundle are arranged in an alternate manner on
different radii, the arrangement is called radial. Example- roots. In conjoint type of vascular
bundles, the xylem and phloem are situated at the same radius of vascular bundles. Example-
stem and leaves.
Secondary Growth
* The growth of the roots and stems in length with the help of apical meristem is called the
primary growth.
Most dicotyledonous plants exhibit an increase in girth, which is called the secondary growth.
The tissues involved in secondary growth are the two lateral meristems: vascular cambium
and cork cambium.
Vascular cambium
* The meristematic layer that is responsible for cutting off vascular tissues - xylem and
pholem is called vascular cambium.
* In the young stem, it is present in patches as a single layer between the xylem and phloem,
which later forms a complete ring.

. Cork cambium
As the stem continues to increase in girth due to the activity of vascular cambium, the outer
cortical and epidermis layers get broken and need to be replaced by another meristematic
tissue called cork cambium or phellogen.
* The outer cells differentiate into cork or phellem while the inner cells differentiate into
secondary cortex or phelloderm.
* Phellogen, phellem, and phelloderm are collectively known as periderm.* Bark refers to all
tissues exterior to the vascular cambium, therefore including secondary phloem. Example-
periderm and secondary phloem.