ACS Lab Manual BRECW

Bhoj Reddy Engineering College for Women

(Sponsored by Sangam Laxmibai Vidyapeet, Accredited by NAAC with A Grade, Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to JNTUH)
Vinaynagar, IS Sadan Crossroads, Saidabad, Hyderabad – 500 059, Telangana. www.brecw.ac.in

Advanced English Communication Skills

Lab Manual
B Tech III Year (R22)

Faculty of English
Department of Humanities and Sciences
 ACS Lab Manual BRECW

Index

1. Activities on Listening and Reading Comprehension

2. Activities on Writing Skills

3. Activities on Presentation Skills

4. Activities on Group Discussion

5. Interview Skills
 ACS Lab Manual BRECW

1. Activities on Listening and Reading Comprehension

 What are listening skills?

Listening skills contribute to your ability to accurately receive information when

communicating with others. Developing good listening habits can help to ensure you
understand the information correctly, interpret messages accurately and optimise your
conversations and communications for efficiency.

Listening vs. Hearing

Hearing is the passive process of perceiving sound, while listening is an active skill that
involves receiving, interpreting, and responding to spoken language.

Active Listening

Active listening means fully engaging in the communication process to understand the
speaker’s meaning and intent. Key techniques include:
 Being present and focused
 Maintaining eye contact
 Noticing non-verbal cues
 Asking open-ended questions
 Paraphrasing what has been said
 Listening to understand, not to respond

Importance of Active Listening in Communication

Active listening is essential for effective communication. It builds trust and strengthens
relationships. It also improves problem-solving. By actively listening, you show respect to the
speaker. This encourages open dialogue and collaboration. As a result, you achieve better
understanding and reduce misunderstandings.

Improving Active Listening Skills

To enhance your active listening, try to:

 Limit distractions
 Understand the speaker’s goals
 Observe body language
 Encourage the speaker to share ideas first
 Restate key points for clarity
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Reading

Reading is an essential element at every stage of life, particularly in schools, colleges, and
the workplace. It serves as a vital means of discovering information, expanding one’s
knowledge and understanding across various subjects and fields. Reading not only aids in
mental development but also stimulates the muscles of the eyes. It requires a high level of
concentration and can improve the conversational abilities of the reader.

Benefits of Reading

Reading is a fundamental skill that involves interpreting written text to understand ideas and
gain knowledge. Effective reading requires comprehension of main ideas, identification of
supporting details, and the ability to make inferences. It enhances comprehension, expands
vocabulary, and strengthens critical thinking skills.

Some Key Benefits of Reading Include:

1. Mental Stimulation: Keeps the brain active and sharp.
2. Stress Reduction: Provides relaxation and escape from daily stress.
3. Knowledge: Expands understanding of different topics and cultures.
4. Vocabulary Development: Introduces new words, improving communication.
5. Memory Boost: Strengthens memory by recalling details and information.
6. Analytical Thinking: Enhances problem-solving and evaluation skills.
7. Focus and Concentration: Improves attention span and focus.
8. Writing Skills: Exposure to good writing improves one’s own style.
9. Tranquility: Offers emotional calm and peace.
10. Free Entertainment: Many books are available at no cost, providing endless
enjoyment.

Methods and Techniques of Reading

1. Scanning
Scanning is a reading strategy used to quickly locate specific information within a text,
such as searching for a name in a directory or key facts in a document. Readers may
glance over summaries, the preface, or key sections like the beginning and end chapters
to highlight important points.

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2. Skimming
Skimming is a technique used to get the gist of a text. Readers focus on main ideas and
skip over detailed information. This is often used when reading newspapers or
magazines, as it helps quickly grasp the main points. It’s also useful as a preview before
detailed reading or as a review afterward.

3. Active Reading
Active reading involves engaging deeply with the text to gain a thorough understanding.
It requires the reader to be mentally involved, asking questions and thinking critically
while reading. This method is necessary for absorbing complex or detailed information
that scanning or skimming might overlook.

4. Detailed Reading
Detailed reading focuses on understanding every aspect of a text by reading it word for
word. The reader may first skim the text to get a general idea, then go back and read in
detail, possibly using a dictionary to understand unfamiliar terms. This method ensures
accurate comprehension.

5. Intensive Reading
Intensive reading involves carefully analyzing a text to grasp its full meaning. It's used
for studying materials where detailed comprehension is essential, such as academic
papers or complex literature. This method helps improve vocabulary, grammar
awareness, and critical thinking skills.

6. Extensive Reading
Extensive reading is focused on reading large volumes of material for general
understanding and enjoyment. The emphasis is on fluency and broad comprehension
rather than detailed analysis. It is commonly used for reading novels or casual content,
helping to increase vocabulary and reading speed.

7. Speed-Reading
Speed-reading is a technique that combines several methods to increase reading speed
without sacrificing comprehension. Strategies include:

o Recognizing words without focusing on each letter

o Avoiding sounding out every word
o Reducing sub-vocalization of phrases
o Skimming less important sections
o Spending less time on familiar phrases.

8. Structure-Proposition-Evaluation (SPE)
This technique, often applied to non-fiction, involves:
o Studying the structure of the work
o Analyzing the logical propositions and the flow of arguments
o Evaluating the strength of the arguments and conclusions.

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9. Survey-Question-Read-Recite-Review (SQ3R)
SQ3R is a five-step method to improve comprehension and retention:
1. Survey – Quickly skim the text to get a general idea, such as by reading the
introduction or summary.
2. Question – Formulate questions based on the text, aiming to understand the
deeper meaning.
3. Read – Read selectively, focusing on specific sections to find answers.
4. Recite – Summarize the key points in your own words, focusing on main ideas.
5. Review – Reflect on and review the entire content to ensure understanding.

Basic Steps to Effective Reading

1. Preview
Before diving into the text, take a moment to scan through headings, subheadings,
images, summaries, and any questions provided. This gives you a quick overview and
helps set the context for the material you're about to read.
2. Question
As you read, engage with the text by asking yourself questions. Focus on the main
ideas, key points, or how the material connects to what you already know. This keeps
you focused, encourages critical thinking, and deepens your comprehension.
3. Connect
Relate the text to your personal experiences, prior knowledge, or other things you’ve
read. Making these connections helps anchor new information in familiar concepts,
improving your understanding and retention.
4. Visualize
Create mental images of the content as you read. Visualizing helps form a clearer
picture of the information, making it easier to comprehend and remember.
5. Summarize
After completing a section or the entire text, summarize the main points in your own
words. Summarizing reinforces understanding and allows you to identify and retain the
most important information.

Common Obstacles to Reading

1. Lack of Interest
When readers are not engaged with the material, it becomes challenging to maintain
focus and motivation.
2. Poor Reading Skills
Struggles with decoding words, limited vocabulary, or difficulty in understanding the
text can slow reading progress and reduce comprehension.
3. Distractions
External factors like noise, interruptions, or internal distractions such as wandering
thoughts can make it difficult to concentrate on reading.

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4. Lack of Time
Busy schedules and time constraints often make it hard to allocate sufficient time for
reading.
5. Physical Discomfort
Poor lighting, uncomfortable seating, or eye strain can create physical discomfort,
making reading less enjoyable or difficult.
6. Language Barriers
Reading material in a language that the reader is not fluent in can pose significant
challenges and reduce comprehension.
7. Learning Disabilities
Conditions like dyslexia or other learning disabilities can affect a person's ability to
read and understand written text.

Discourse Markers (Linkers)

Discourse markers, also known as linkers, are words or phrases that help structure
conversations and written texts by indicating relationships between ideas. They guide the
reader or listener through the text, showing sequence, contrast, cause and effect, or
emphasizing key points. These markers improve the coherence and flow of communication.
Common examples include words like "well," "so," "I mean," "you know," and "anyway," which
are often used to signal shifts in conversation.

Here are more examples of discourse markers, categorized by their function:

1. Sequence: firstly, secondly, then, next, finally

2. Contrast: on the other hand, in contrast, however, yet, although
3. Cause and Effect: therefore, thus, as a result, consequently, because
4. Clarification: in other words, that is to say, to clarify
5. Emphasis: indeed, in fact, certainly, of course
6. Addition: furthermore, moreover, in addition, also, besides

Sub-skills of Reading

1. Phonemic Awareness
Recognizing and distinguishing individual sounds (phonemes) in words.
2. Phonics
Decoding words by sounding out letters and letter combinations, understanding the
relationship between sounds and their corresponding letters.
3. Fluency
Reading smoothly, accurately, and with appropriate expression and pace.
4. Vocabulary
Understanding word meanings and using context to comprehend unfamiliar words.
5. Comprehension
Interpreting and understanding the meaning of the text as a whole.
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6. Critical Thinking
Analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing information from the text to form conclusions
or judgments.
7. Skimming and Scanning
Quickly locating specific information or getting an overview of the text.
8. Making Inferences
Drawing conclusions or making educated guesses based on text clues and prior
knowledge.
9. Visualizing
Creating mental images based on descriptions or events in the text to enhance
understanding.
10. Summarizing
Condensing the main ideas of the text into concise statements or summaries.
11. Retelling
Recounting the main events or ideas of the text in one’s own words to demonstrate
comprehension.
12. Questioning
Generating and answering questions about the text to deepen understanding and
promote engagement.
13. Identifying Main Ideas and Supporting Details
Recognizing key concepts and the evidence or examples that support them.
14. Understanding Text Structure
Identifying organizational patterns (e.g., cause and effect, compare and contrast)
and relationships within the text.
15. Using Context Clues
Inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words by using surrounding text for clues.

Reading for Facts

Every reading passage contains facts and details that support the main idea. Questions
about these facts require you to refer to the text for answers. To effectively gather information,
focus on the five WH questions—who, what, when, where, why—and one H question—how.
These questions will help you extract key details and understand the passage more
thoroughly.

Reading for Negative Facts:

Reading for negative facts means identifying what is missing, incorrect, or inconsistent in a
text. This involves spotting gaps, contradictions, and biases. Pay attention to:
 Missing information or unanswered questions.
 Discrepancies within the text or with external sources.
 Author biases and perspectives that may shape the information.

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Evaluating the credibility of the author and their sources is also important. This skill helps you
gain a deeper understanding of a topic and is essential for academic research, critical
thinking and decision-making.

Reading for Specific Details

Reading for specific details, or "close reading," involves carefully examining a text to extract
precise information, such as:
 Key terms and definitions
 Names, dates, and events
 Statistics and data
 Quotes and phrases
 Cause-and-effect relationships
 Comparisons and contrasts

To effectively read for specific details, focus on a particular aspect of the topic and use
techniques like highlighting, annotating, and note-taking. Pay attention to examples and
anecdotes that illustrate key points. Visualization techniques can also help you remember
details and connections. This skill enhances your understanding, identifies patterns, and is
valuable in academic research, technical reading, and professional settings where precise
information is essential.

Guessing Meanings from Context

The ability to determine the meaning of an unfamiliar word by examining the surrounding
vocabulary or context is a vital reading skill. Context refers to the sentence or paragraph in
which the word appears, providing clues to its meaning.
Four types of context clues can aid comprehension:
1. Synonyms: Words with similar meanings that clarify the unfamiliar term.
2. Antonyms: Words with opposite meanings that highlight differences.
3. Examples: Specific instances that illustrate the meaning.
4. Definitions: Direct explanations or descriptions within the text.
Additionally, drawing on general knowledge can further enhance understanding. By utilizing
these clues, readers can effectively deduce meanings and improve overall comprehension.

Inferring Meaning
Inferring meaning is about reading between the lines to understand what the author suggests
or implies. It requires using context clues, prior knowledge, and logical reasoning to make
educated guesses about the text's meaning beyond what is explicitly stated. Essentially,
readers should aim to arrive at the conclusions the author intends.

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Key components include:

1. Close Reading: Examine the text for subtle hints.

2. Contextual Understanding: Consider the author’s purpose, tone, and audience.
3. Prior Knowledge: Use existing knowledge to make connections.
4. Logical Reasoning: Draw sound inferences based on evidence.

By engaging in this process, readers can uncover deeper meanings beyond what is
explicitly stated.

Critical Reading
Critical reading is a vital skill that involves actively engaging with written texts. It requires
readers to analyze and evaluate the material by questioning the author's arguments and
considering multiple perspectives. Key aspects include:

1. Purpose: Identify the author's intent and tone.

2. Context: Consider historical and cultural backgrounds.
3. Arguments: Assess the claims and supporting evidence.
4. Bias: Recognize potential biases and assumptions.
5. Inferences: Draw informed conclusions from the text.
6. Implications: Reflect on the consequences of the arguments.
7. Organization: Examine the text’s structure.
8. Language: Note the use of language, tone, and style.

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 2. ACTIVITIES ON WRITING SKILLS
Writing is a powerful tool for expressing thoughts, sharing ideas, and building connections.
Strong writing skills enable individuals to communicate their messages clearly, persuasively, and
cohesively to a wide audience. Writing skills can more specifically include: Grammar,
Vocabulary, Spelling, Sentence construction, Structure, Accuracy and Clarity. Each of these
components can influence the quality of writing.

Vocabulary for Competitive Exams

Vocabulary consists of the words used by a language, group, or individual. Developing a strong
vocabulary is essential for effective communication and is valuable in both personal and
professional contexts. Mastering English vocabulary is key, as verbal ability makes up an
important part of competitive exams. The best way to improve vocabulary is through regular
practice reading, listening, and using new words in conversations. Learning words in thematic
groups, such as airport terms, helps with retention and natural usage. Practicing with dictionaries
and word games further strengthens vocabulary over time.

Importance of Vocabulary

1. Precision and Clarity: In tasks such as essay writing, using the right words helps convey
ideas effectively and impress examiners.
2. Critical Reading Skills: A strong vocabulary enables you to grasp unfamiliar words and
phrases in context, which is crucial for accurate comprehension and answering questions
correctly.
3. Language Proficiency: In exams like TOEFL, IELTS, and others, a rich vocabulary is
essential, as these tests evaluate vocabulary knowledge and contextual understanding.
4. Professional Communication: Whether writing reports or making presentations, a
diverse vocabulary allows for clear expression and impactful communication.
5. Personal Growth: A rich vocabulary enhances your ability to articulate thoughts and
engage in meaningful conversations, boosting confidence and self-expression.

Tips for Vocabulary Building

1. Read, Read, and Read: The more you read—whether novels, newspapers, or
magazines—the better your vocabulary will become. Exposure to different words is key.
2. Keep a Thesaurus or Dictionary Handy: Utilize a pocket dictionary or a thesaurus on
your smartphone for quick references.
3. Maintain a Vocabulary Diary: Keep a diary to jot down new words, their meanings, and
example sentences. This will reinforce your learning and serve as a handy reference for
 revision.
4. Learn a Word a Day: Focus on learning one new word every day, including its synonyms
and antonyms.
5. Explore Word Roots: Understanding etymology can help you decipher the meanings of
unfamiliar words.
6. Understand Prefixes and Suffixes: Familiarizing yourself with common prefixes and
suffixes will expand your ability to comprehend new vocabulary.
7. Practice One-Word Substitutes and Business Vocabulary: These are particularly
useful in exams and professional settings.
8. Engage in Verbal Analogy: This practice helps you understand relationships between
words, enhancing your overall vocabulary.
9. Use Idioms, Phrases, and Collocations: Incorporate these into your speech to sound
more natural and fluent.
10. Use Flashcards and Vocabulary Apps: Create flashcards with a word on one side and
its meaning on the other. Regularly review them to test your memory. Additionally, utilize
apps like Membean and Magoosh for interactive vocabulary learning.
11. Engage in Word Puzzles and Games: Make learning enjoyable by solving word puzzles
and playing vocabulary games online. This playful approach can enhance your retention
and make studying more fun.

Key Vocabulary Terms

 Synonyms: Words with similar meanings.

Example: Deceit – Dishonesty
 Antonyms: Words with opposite meanings.
Example: Turbulent x Tranquil
 Idioms & Phrases: Phrases whose meanings cannot be predicted from the literal
meanings of the words.
Example: Smell a rat – to suspect something wrong.
 One-Word Substitutes: Words that replace long sentences.
Example: Acquaintance – a person one knows, but not closely.
 Verbal Analogy: Comparing relationships between word pairs.
Example: Play is to ground as pray is to temple.
 Prefixes & Suffixes: Prefixes are added to the beginning, and suffixes to the end of a
word to create new words.
Example: Multicultural (multi- as a prefix), Childish (-ish as a suffix).
 Business Vocabulary: Specialized vocabulary used in professional fields.
Example: Cash Cow – a product or business that generates steady profit.
 Collocations: Words that often go together.
Example: Excruciating pain, fully aware.
 Etymology: Study of the origin of words.
Example: Audi (root meaning "hear") – Audible, Audience.
Conclusion
Improving your vocabulary is a gradual process that requires time and effort. By consistently
applying the tips and engaging with new words, you can build an excellent vocabulary that will
serve you well in competitive exams and beyond.

Vocabulary plays a crucial role in GRE, CAT, SAT, XAT, GMAT and other such competitive
exams. The Following links are for reference:
https://www.selfstudys.com/gate/electrical-engineering/online/exam/verbal-ability/2-vocabulary
https://leapscholar.com/blog/updated-word-list-of-vocabulary-for-ielts/
https://gre.graduateshotline.com/
https://www.hitbullseye.com/basic-word-lists.php
https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/exams-and-tests/ielts/preparation/

Strategies to Develop Writing Skills:

1. Read Widely and Analytically: Exposure to various genres, styles, and authors expands
vocabulary, inspires creativity, and enhances understanding of writing techniques like
structure and storytelling.
2. Write Regularly: Consistent writing practice helps sharpen skills, develop a unique voice,
and build confidence.
3. Embrace the Writing Process: Writing involves brainstorming, drafting, revising, and
editing. Accept that the first draft isn’t final—revision is key to improvement.
4. Expand Your Vocabulary: Continuously learn new words, but prioritize clarity over
complexity. A strong vocabulary allows for precise communication.
5. Focus on Clarity and Simplicity: Use straightforward language and active voice to
express complex ideas clearly and avoid convoluted sentences and jargon.
6. Edit and Revise Diligently: Careful editing improves clarity, flow, and overall quality.
Look for grammatical errors and streamline sentences.
7. Seek Feedback: Constructive feedback from peers or mentors helps identify areas for
improvement and encourages growth as a writer.
8. Master Grammar and Punctuation: Proper grammar and punctuation are essential for
clear communication and professionalism.
9. Vary Sentence Structure: Mix simple, compound, and complex sentences to add
rhythm, engage readers, and maintain interest.
10. Never Stop Learning: Continuously explore new writing techniques and styles. Attend
workshops, read books on writing, and seek inspiration from accomplished writers.
11. Utilize Technology: Stay updated on tools for formatting, alignment, and new vocabulary
to enhance writing efficiency.
12. Make It Engaging: Provide necessary details and make your writing interesting to
engage readers, especially on unfamiliar topics.
Different Types of Writing Skills:

 Letters: Formal and informal correspondence.

 Reports: Includes project reports, memo reports, and minutes of meetings.
 Résumé or Job Application: Documents used for job applications.
 Email: Professional and personal email communication.
 Portfolio Writing: Compilation of work samples and accomplishments.
 Taking Notes: Recording information for personal or professional use

Free Writing vs. Structured Writing:

 Free Writing:
 Definition: An unstructured, spontaneous form of writing where thoughts flow freely
without concern for grammar, punctuation, or organization.
 Purpose: To unlock creativity and overcome writer’s block by generating raw ideas.
 Process: Set a timer (e.g., 10-15 minutes) and write continuously without editing.
Let your thoughts wander to discover new ideas.
Benefits:
 Accesses subconscious thoughts and ideas.
 Encourages a stream-of-consciousness approach for unexpected insights.
 Reduces pressure and generates raw material for further development.

 Structured Writing:

 Definition: Organized writing with a clear beginning, middle, and end, following
specific guidelines or a plan.
 Purpose: To produce well-organized, polished content suitable for academic,
business, or formal contexts.
 Process: Begin with an outline or plan, organize ideas logically, and write
systematically. Involves drafting, revising, and editing.

Benefits:

 Provides a clear framework and direction.

 Presents arguments or information logically.
 Ensures polished, formal writing suitable for professional contexts.
 Writing a Letter of Application

A letter of application is often written when applying for a job. It should highlight your
qualifications, experience, and interest in the role while following a professional format. Here are
some essential points to include:

Introduction:

 Begin with a clear introduction stating whether you're applying in response to a job
advertisement, a referral, or a company’s open position.
 Mention the position you are applying for and where you found the job posting.

Applicant’s Details:

 Provide a brief overview of your education, work experience, and skills relevant to the
position.
 Include any qualifications or certifications that make you a strong candidate.

Expression of Interest:

 Demonstrate a genuine interest in the job and the company.

 Explain why you are specifically drawn to the role and how your background aligns with
the company’s goals.

Highlight Key Achievements:

 Mention any notable achievements or projects that showcase your skills and contributions
in previous roles.
 Write your achievements to match the requirements of the job.

References:

 Offer to provide references or mention that they are available upon request.
 If applicable, highlight any professional connections you may have within the company.

Closing:

 Reaffirm your interest in the position and express your willingness to discuss your
qualifications further in an interview.
 Use a polite and professional closing, such as “Yours sincerely” or “Respectfully.”

General Tips:
 Follow the formal/business letter format, including the sender’s address, date, recipient’s
address, and proper salutation.
 Keep the letter concise and focused, typically one page.
 Proofread thoroughly to ensure there are no errors in grammar or spelling.
Formal Letter of Job Application for the Position of Multimedia Programmer

589/22, Srilakshmi Nagar Block 3

Subbanna Palya Extension
Banaswadi, Bangalore North
560023

07 January 2022

The HR Manager
Anton Technologies
Electronic City
Bangalore – 560012

Subject: Application for the Position of Multimedia Programmer

Respected Sir / Madam,

I am writing in response to the job posting on LinkedIn for the Multimedia Programmer position
at Anton Technologies. After reviewing the job description and exploring your website, I am
interested in the opportunity to work with your team.

I am a graduate with a BTech in Computer Science Engineering and have completed several
diploma courses in Cyber Security. With five years of hands-on experience in cyber security, I
am skilled in planning and executing security measures, analyzing and documenting security
systems, and developing and maintaining security codes. I am confident that my expertise aligns
well with the requirements of the Multimedia Programmer role at your company.

I have enclosed my resume and work samples for your kind review.

Thank you for your time and consideration. I appreciate your time and consideration and look
forward to the possibility of discussing how I can contribute to your team.

Yours sincerely,
Signature
Shruti Sharma
 Résumé or Job Application

Résumé
A résumé serves as a calling card for your future. It is a brief summary of your talents, abilities,
education, experience, and skills. A successful résumé reviews, summarizes, and presents your
training, expertise, and achievements clearly and concisely. Its main purpose is to persuade the
prospective employer to contact you for an interview. A résumé is typically 1 to 2 pages long,
whereas a Curriculum Vitae (CV) is more detailed and longer.

Curriculum vitae (CV)

Curriculum Vitae details an individual’s qualifications and career history, serving as a gateway
to job interviews and employment. Derived from the Latin for "course of one’s life," it highlights
achievements such as certifications, awards, publications, and presentations. Typically, a CV is
two to four pages long, depending on the context.

Major Uses of a Résumé:

 To help secure an interview

 To provide the employer with reference material during the interview
 To serve as a reminder to the employer after the interview

Types of Résumés:

 Chronological Résumé
 Functional Résumé
 Combination Résumé
 Targeted Résumé

Chronological Résumé: This résumé lists your work history and education in reverse
chronological order, starting with the most recent position. It is favoured by employers for its
straightforward presentation of career progression and qualifications.

Functional Résumé: This résumé emphasizes skills and experience rather than chronological
work history. Ideal for career changers or those with employment gaps, it highlights key skills
and achievements, often omitting job titles, dates, and employer names. Sections may be
labeled as Skills, Abilities, Accomplishments, Experience, or Areas of Competence.

Combination Résumé: A combination résumé highlights skills and experience first, followed by
a chronological work history. This format allows you to showcase relevant skills for the job while
providing the detailed work history preferred by employers. It’s effective for matching your skills
to job requirements.
Targeted Résumé: A targeted résumé is customized to highlight qualifications and skills specific
to a particular job. It emphasizes relevant experience for the position advertised, aligning with
the career objectives of the company.

Résumé Structure

The structure of a résumé is crucial for presenting a professional image and showcasing a
career-oriented attitude. A well-organized résumé improves readability and increases the
chances of securing an interview. The structure generally includes:
 Contact Information
 Summary or Objective
 Skills
 Work Experience
 Education
 Additional Sections (e.g., certifications, awards)

A Résumé is divided in 3 sections: Introduction, Primary section and secondary section

Introduction:

 Header: Includes your name (bold) and contact details (address, email, phone number).
 Objective: States your career goals, qualities, and job expectations.

Primary Section:

 Experience: Lists work history, designations, employers, durations, and responsibilities.

Use bullet points and action words.
 Education: Details academic qualifications, awarding institutions, years, and grades.
 Certifications: Lists additional courses, internships, workshops, and training.
 Achievements: Highlights awards and notable accomplishments.

Secondary Section:

 Personal Details: Includes family background, marital status, age, and interests.
 References: Mention that references are available upon request (optional).

General Editing and Proofreading:

 Review for errors and clarity. Ensure accurate spelling and formatting.

Résumé Parsing:

 Incorporate keywords from the job posting. Avoid headers and footers.
Formatting:

 Use readable fonts (Times New Roman, Verdana, and Courier) in size 11-12 for content
and 12-14 for headers. Maintain margins of 1.5 inches. Use black text, with headers in
dark gray or navy blue. Bold and italicize sparingly.

Final Formatting:

 Submit the résumé in the format specified (usually Microsoft Word). Name the file
appropriately.

E Correspondence

Email is an electronic communication tool used for both internal and external communication.
It quickly transmits information across distances.

Characteristics of an Email:

 Concise: Use the fewest words necessary.

 Accurate Format: Follow proper email formatting.
 Clear: Employ simple, familiar, and direct language with appropriate linkers and
transitional signals.
 Conventional Tone: Maintain a formal and conversational tone.
 Single Theme: Focus on a single topic with logically developed content and related sub-
ideas.

Advantages:

 Speed: Rapid transmission of information.

 Quick Distribution and Low Cost: Efficient and economical.
 Flexibility: Easily modify, edit, and revise content.
 Easy Attachment: Attach documents and files effortlessly.

Email Format:

 To: Receiver’s email address

 CC: Carbon Copy (for recipients who should see the email but are not the primary
audience)
 BCC: Blind Carbon Copy (for privacy, recipients who should not see each other's email
addresses)
 Subject Line: Title of the message
 Attachments: Files or documents sent with the email
 Body: Includes the sender’s address, date, recipient’s name and address, salutation,
message content, and complementary close
 Sample Email

To: [email protected]
CC: [email protected]
BCC: [email protected]
Subject: Request for Project Meeting

Dear Mr. Doe,

I hope this message finds you well. I am writing to request a meeting to discuss the upcoming
project milestones and deadlines. Please let me know your availability for this week so we can
arrange a convenient time.

Attached is the draft agenda for the meeting. Please review it and provide any additional points
you would like to discuss.

Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to your response.

Best regards,
Emily Johnson

Blog Writing
A blog, short for "weblog," is an informational website featuring discrete, often informal entries
or posts. These posts are typically arranged in reverse chronological order, with the most recent
content appearing first at the top of the webpage. It covers specific topics, is educational, ranges
from 600 to 2,000+ words, and includes various media such as images, videos, and info
graphics. Blog posts help boost brand awareness, credibility, conversions, and drive website
traffic.

How to Start a Blog:

1. Understand Your Audience:

o Identify who your readers are and what they want.
o Consider their age, background, goals, and challenges.
2. Check Out Your Competition:
o Analyse popular blogs to understand what readers appreciate.
o Review competitors’ branding, tone, and content strategy.
3. Determine Your Topics:
o Choose topics you are knowledgeable about and that are relevant to your
audience.
o Conduct preliminary keyword research.
 4. Identify Your Unique Angle:
o Find a unique perspective that sets your blog apart.
o Define the problem you will solve and choose an editorial approach.
5. Name Your Blog:
o Create a memorable and relevant blog name.
o Ensure it’s easy to say, spell, and aligns with your brand.
6. Create Your Blog Domain:
o Register a domain name that represents your blog online.
7. Choose a CMS and Set Up Your Blog:
o Select a content management system (CMS) to build and maintain your blog.
o Popular CMS options include Word Press, Joomla, and Drupal.
8. Customize Your Blog’s Look:
o Design your blog to reflect your content theme and brand.
o For example, use colours and designs that align with your topic.
9. Write Your First Blog Post:
o Pick a topic you are passionate about and knowledgeable in.
o Optimize around a low-volume keyword.
o Research audience search intent and related questions.
o Draft a compelling title and outline.
o Write an engaging introduction and develop the content.
o Publish and promote your post.
o Track performance to refine future content.

Report Writing

Report writing involves creating a structured document to present information clearly and
concisely. Reports typically showcase findings, analyses, or recommendations based on
research or data, and their format varies based on purpose and audience.

Importance of Reports:

1. Evaluation: Essential for assessing processes or outcomes.

2. Skill Development: Enhances abilities in various areas and disciplines.
3. Decision-Making: Helps decision-makers understand complex issues and make
informed choices.
4. Neutral Presentation: Organizes and presents facts in an engaging manner.
5. Professional Growth: Demonstrates skills and knowledge, contributing to problem-
solving and decision-making.
Technical Report Writing

A technical report conveys technical information clearly and is structured to provide varying
levels of detail for different readers. It is organized into sections for accuracy and
professionalism.

Rules for Writing a Technical Report:

1. Clarity: Ensure the report conveys the writer's intent precisely, with clear definitions,
correct grammar, and easily understandable figures and tables.
2. Continuity: Arrange content logically with smooth transitions between sentences,
paragraphs, and sections. Limit distractions by placing references to figures and tables
strategically.
3. Conciseness: Use the fewest words necessary, omitting irrelevant details and focusing
on essential evidence and conclusions. A concise report is more effective.
4. Objectivity: Present data honestly, acknowledging any research deficiencies. Avoid
exaggeration or unnecessary details that may irritate or mislead the reader.

Types of Technical Reports:

Informal reports: Memorandum, brief analysis, Tour report laboratory report field report
and inspection report
Formal reports: Committee reports Institution reports, Project reports, Survey reports, Status
reports, Progress reports, Annual reports, Letter report, Feasibility study, damaged report,
Maintenance report and Project Proposal.
The Format of a Report

The report should contain the following sections:

1. Title Page: Includes the report title and main text.

2. Abstract: A summary of key features, results, and conclusions.
3. Contents: Lists sections and subsections with page numbers; serves as the preface or
foreword.
4. Introduction: Outlines the report’s objectives.
5. Procedure: Describes the methods and structure of the report, organizing main ideas
logically.
6. Conclusion: Summarizes the main themes.
7. Recommendations/Suggestions: Offers opinions for further improvement.
8. References/Bibliography: Lists published sources and other materials, including
websites.
9. Acknowledgments: Credits individuals who assisted with the report; can be placed after
the contents page.
10. Appendices: Includes additional material necessary for full understanding of the report.
Writing Styles for Technical Reports

Presentation:

 Print reports on one side of white A4 paper; handwritten or printed.

 Margins should be at least 2.5 inches.
 Page numbers start after the contents page. Exclude title, summary, and contents
pages from numbering.

Planning the Report:

 Gather information from diverse sources (library, notes, and journals).

 Record all references meticulously, including author names, titles, publication years,
and page numbers.

Creative Phase of Planning:

 List and group topics from research.

 Arrange groups logically and note any additional topics for later use.

Structuring the Report:

 Draft an outline with headings and sub-headings based on grouped ideas.

Writing the First Draft:

 Start with the main text, not the introduction.

 Follow the outline, focus on ideas, and use rough sketches for diagrams.
 Save writing the conclusion and introduction for later; skip the summary for now.

Revising the First Draft:

 Ensure accuracy and clarity.

 Use diagrams, graphs, and tables effectively.

Report Layout:

 Use 12pt Times New Roman for the main text.

 Employ bold, italics, and different font sizes judiciously.
 Limit the number of styles used in the document.

Originality and Plagiarism:

 Cite all sources; use quotation marks for direct quotes and reference accordingly.
 Ensure proper attribution for all referenced material.
Finalizing the Report:

 Add page numbers, title, and contents pages.

 Summarize the report, highlighting its scope and conclusions.

Proof-Reading:

 Thoroughly review the report for content, style, structure, and layout.
 Have someone else proofread, and record their contribution in the acknowledgments.
 3. Activities on Presentation Skills
Starting a Conversation and Responding Appropriately

Starting a conversation and responding appropriately involves a mix of empathy,

active listening, and situational awareness. Here are some tips and techniques to help
you:

1. Starting a Conversation

 Open with a Friendly Greeting: Begin with a simple, warm greeting like "Hi,"
"Hello," or "Good morning."
 Use Open-Ended Questions: These encourage more than just yes/no
answers, like "How was your weekend?" or "What do you think about...?"
 Find Common Ground: Mention something you both might be interested in,
like a recent event, shared hobby, or mutual acquaintance.
 Be Observant: Comment on your surroundings or something happening
around you. For example, "The weather is nice today, isn’t it?"
 Be Genuine: Authenticity makes conversations more meaningful. Share
something about yourself to invite the other person to do the same.

2. Responding Appropriately

 Listen Actively: Pay attention to what the other person is saying. Use nods,
smiles, or verbal cues like "I see." or "That’s interesting."
 Ask Follow-Up Questions: Show interest by asking deeper questions. For
example, if they mention a trip, you might ask, "What was the highlight of your
trip?"
 Match Their Tone: If the other person is light-hearted, keep it upbeat; if
serious, respond thoughtfully.
 Avoid Interrupting: Let the other person finish their thoughts before you
respond.
 Share Your Thoughts: After acknowledging what the other person said, share
your perspective on the topic.
 Be Mindful of Nonverbal Cues: Observe body language and adjust if they
seem uncomfortable or disinterested.

3. Ending the Conversation

 Summarize or Acknowledge: Briefly recap what you discussed or express

appreciation, like "It was great talking with you."
 Leave Room for Future Interaction: If appropriate, suggest continuing the
conversation later, e.g., "Let’s catch up again soon."
 End on a Positive Note: End with a friendly remark, like "Take care!" or "Have
a great day!"

By practicing these skills, you’ll become more confident and effective in both starting
and engaging in conversations.
 Using the right language and body language

Using the right language and body language is crucial in communication, as it can
significantly affect how your message is perceived and how others respond to you.
Here’s how to use both effectively:

1. Effective Verbal Language

 Be Clear and Concise: Use simple and straightforward language to convey

your message. Avoid jargon unless necessary.
 Positive Language: Frame your words positively. Instead of saying, "I can’t,"
try "What I can do is…"
 Polite and Respectful Tone: Use polite phrases like "please," "thank you," and
"excuse me" to show respect.
 Use “I” Statements: Take ownership of your feelings with statements like "I
feel..." rather than "You make me feel..."
 Appropriate Pace and Volume: Speak at a comfortable pace and volume for
easy understanding.
 Empathetic Responses: Use empathetic phrases like "I understand how you
feel" or "That sounds challenging."

2. Effective Body Language

 Maintain Eye Contact: Eye contact shows confidence and interest, but avoid
staring.
 Smile Genuinely: A sincere smile makes you more approachable and friendly.
 Open Posture: Keep your body relaxed and avoid crossing your arms.
 Nod in Agreement: Nodding shows engagement in the conversation
 Use Hand Gestures: Natural hand gestures emphasize your points; don’t
overdo it.
 Mind Your Distance: Respect personal space to avoid discomfort. Standing
too close can be uncomfortable, while standing too far can seem distant or
disengaged.
 Mirror the Other Person’s Body Language: Subtly mirror the other person’s
posture or gestures to build rapport, but keep it natural.
 Control Nervous Habits: Be aware of fidgeting or other habits that can be
distracting.

3. Matching Verbal and Nonverbal Cues

 Consistency is Key: Ensure your body language matches your words. For
example, saying "I’m happy to be here" with a frown can send mixed signals.
 Reflect Emotion Through Body Language: If you’re expressing empathy,
soften your tone and adopt a compassionate facial expression and posture.
 4. Being Culturally Aware

 Understand Cultural Differences: Body language and verbal expressions

vary significantly across cultures. What’s seen as polite in one culture might be
perceived differently in another.
 Adapt Appropriately: Observe others’ behaviours and adjust your language
and body language to align with their cultural norms.

By being mindful of both your language and body language, you can enhance your
communication, making it more effective and engaging.

Components of effective conversational skills include:

1. Active listening: Pay attention to the speaker, understand their message, and
respond appropriately.
2. Non-verbal communication: Use body language, facial expressions, and tone to
convey meaning and emotions.
3. Turn-taking: Take turns to speak and allow others to contribute to the conversation.
4. Empathy and understanding: Show respect for others’ perspectives and
experiences.

By improving these components, you can enhance your conversational skills and
create meaningful connections with others.

Role-Plays

Role plays are activities where students act out specific situations, like pretending to
be a teacher and a student. They help students develop communication skills and
empathy by allowing them to see different perspectives.

In language learning, role plays enable students to practice real-time conversations,

which differ from written forms. This exposure to spoken language helps them learn
body language, tone, intonation, and appropriate expressions. Additionally, role plays
can reduce stage fright, boosting students' confidence in speaking. Overall, they make
learning engaging and practical.

In daily life, we need to ask for and provide information on various topics. Different
situations require different expressions, such as those for making requests or
complaints. Understanding these nuances helps students become proficient in using
the language effectively.

Here are some commonly used expressions for making requests:

Making Requests:

1. Could you possibly give me a glass of water?

2. Do you think you could give me a glass of water?
3. I wonder if you could give me a glass of water.
 4. Would you mind giving me a glass of water?
5. I would be grateful if you could give me a glass of water?
6. I would appreciate if you could give me a glass of water?

Phrases to be used for giving permissions:

1. Yes, please do.

2. Sure, go ahead.
3. No problem.
4. Please feel free.
5. Go right ahead.

Phrases to be used for denying or refusing the permissions:

1. No, please don’t.

2. I am sorry, but that’s not possible.
3. I'm afraid, but you can't.
4. I'm afraid that's not possible.
5. Unfortunately, I need to say no
6. I'm afraid I would prefer if you don't do so.

Oral Presentation
An oral presentation is a formal address by a person to a group of people, with or
without using visual aids like slide shows, video or audio clip. Successful presentations
are designed to meet the needs and expectations of the audience. They serve various
purposes such as improving speaking skills, increasing the chances of securing good
jobs, and gauging one’s language competency. Therefore, an oral presentation is a
purposeful communication that demands a conscious effort from the speaker.
Types of Oral Presentation
There are broadly three types of oral presentations:
i. Impromptu
ii. Extempore
iii. Seminar

Impromptu
Impromptu refers to the type of oral presentation where the person has to speak on
the spot without any prior preparation. This requires quick thinking and self-
confidence, as well as the ability to organize thoughts on the spot. Impromptu
presentations often take place in fast-paced and competitive environments.
Without a plan or structured ideas, a speaker may find it hard to give a clear speech.
However, it’s important to try to keep the presentation organized and minimize
confusion.
Extempore
In this format, the speaker is given time to prepare and present their speech. They can
work and rework their arguments and ideas, taking into consideration the
requirements, such as brevity, coherence, and ample supporting evidence.
Consequently, an extempore presentation demands a deeper and more thorough
understanding of the issue or topic being discussed.
Seminar
For students, early exposure to this form of oral presentation is essential. Seminars
are regularly organized and conducted in colleges, primarily to evaluate certain
features present in both earlier forms: Impromptu and Extempore. Seminars provide
speakers with ample time to collect material and organize their ideas. Additionally,
similar to impromptu presentations, the presence of mind, quick grasp of the situation,
and prompt action are essential in a seminar. In this format, the speaker can directly
access their material.

Importance of Presentation Skills

Presentation skills are essential for effective communication in both professional and
personal contexts. Here are some key points highlighting their importance:

1. Effective Communication: Strong presentation skills enhance clarity and

persuasion, making it easier to engage and inform the audience.
2. Influence and Persuasion: These skills help influence opinions, and gain
support for projects, crucial in business and leadership roles.
3. Confidence Building: Mastering presentation skills boosts self-confidence,
enabling individuals to express themselves assertively.
4. Career Advancement: Effective presenters stand out, leading to better job
opportunities and promotions.
5. Audience Engagement: Understanding the audience allows for more relevant
and engaging content.
6. Visual Aids and Technology: Proficiency in using visual aids and technology
makes presentations more dynamic and memorable.

In summary, strong presentation skills are vital for successful communication,

professional growth, and making a positive impact on audiences.

Elements of oral presentation

A typical presentation will have the following steps

 Introduction
 Main Body
 Conclusion
 Questions and responses
Planning, Preparing, Rehearsing, and Making a Presentation:

Planning
1. Define Purpose: Clearly identify the objective of your presentation (inform,
persuade, and entertain).
2. Know Your Audience: Understand their interests, knowledge level, and
expectations to tailor your content.
3. Outline Key Points: Create a structured outline that includes an introduction,
main points, and conclusion.
4. Time Management: Plan the length of your presentation and allocate time for
each section.

Preparing
1. Research Thoroughly: Gather accurate and relevant information to support
your points.
2. Create Visual Aids: Develop slides, charts, or props that enhance
understanding and retention.
3. Draft Content: Write a script or detailed notes to organize your thoughts and
ensure clarity.
4. Design Slides: Use a clean and professional design, focusing on readability
and visuals rather than text-heavy slides.

Rehearsing
1. Practice Aloud: Rehearse your presentation multiple times to improve fluency
and confidence.
2. Timing: Time yourself during practice to ensure you stay within the allotted
duration.
3. Seek Feedback: Present to a trusted colleague or friend for constructive
criticism and suggestions.
4. Adjust and Refine: Make necessary changes based on feedback to enhance
clarity and impact.

Making the Presentation

1. Start Strong: Capture the audience’s attention with a compelling opening (an
anecdote, quote, or question).
2. Maintain Eye Contact: Engage with your audience by making eye contact,
which fosters connection and trust.
3. Use Effective Body Language: Employ gestures and movements to
emphasize points and convey enthusiasm.
4. Encourage Interaction: Involve the audience through questions or discussions
to keep them engaged.
5. Conclude Effectively: Summarize key points and end with a strong closing
statement or call to action.
6. Handle Questions Gracefully: Be prepared for questions and respond
thoughtfully to encourage dialogue.
 Glossophobia, or the Fear of Public Speaking

Dealing with glossophobia, or the fear of public speaking, can be challenging, but there
are several strategies that can help you manage and overcome it. Here are some
practical tips:

1. Understand Your Fear

 Identify Triggers: Recognize what specifically triggers your fear. Is it the fear
of being judged, making mistakes, or forgetting your material?
 Acknowledge Your Feelings: Accept that fear is a common reaction and it’s
okay to feel anxious. Understanding that you're not alone can be reassuring.

2. Preparation
 Know Your Material: Thoroughly prepare and practice your speech or
presentation. The more familiar you are with your content, the more confident
you’ll feel.
 Organize Your Speech: Structure your presentation with a clear introduction,
body, and conclusion. Having a clear outline can reduce anxiety about
forgetting key points.

3. Practice Regularly
 Rehearse: Practice your presentation multiple times, both alone and with
others, to become comfortable with the material.
 Simulate the Environment: Practice in a setting similar to your presentation
venue to become accustomed to the surroundings.

4. Gradual Exposure
 Start Small: Begin by speaking in front of smaller, supportive groups and
gradually increase the size of your audience as you become more comfortable.
 Join Groups: Consider joining public speaking clubs like Toastmasters, where
you can practice in a supportive environment and receive constructive
feedback.

5. Relaxation Techniques
 Breathing Exercises: Practice deep breathing exercises to calm your nerves
before and during your presentation.
 Visualization: Imagine yourself succeeding and receiving positive feedback.
Visualization can help reduce anxiety and build confidence.

6. Focus on the Message

 Shift Your Focus: Instead of worrying about how you are being perceived,
focus on the message you want to convey and the value it provides to your
audience.
 Audience Engagement: Remember that your audience is interested in what
you have to say. Engage with them and think of it as a conversation rather than
a performance.
7. Seek Support
 Get Feedback: Ask for feedback from trusted friends or colleagues who can
provide constructive criticism and encouragement.
 Consider Professional Help: If your fear is severe, consider working with a
coach or therapist who specializes in anxiety or public speaking.

8. Develop Skills over Time

 Build Confidence: Confidence grows with experience. The more you practice
and expose yourself to public speaking situations, the more comfortable you
will become.
 Learn from Mistakes: Everyone makes mistakes. Use errors as learning
experiences to improve your future presentations.

9. Use Positive Affirmations

 Affirmations: Use positive affirmations to build self-esteem and counteract
negative thoughts. Remind yourself of your strengths and past successes.

10. Focus on the Benefits

 Remember the Benefits: Think about the opportunities and benefits that come
from overcoming your fear, such as career advancement, personal growth, and
increased confidence.

Overcoming glossophobia takes time and practice, but with these strategies, you can
gradually build the skills and confidence needed to speak effectively and comfortably
in public.

Understanding Nuances of Delivery

1. Tone and Inflection:

 Tone: The general character or attitude of your voice convey emotions
such as excitement, sadness, or seriousness.
 Inflection: The variation in pitch and intensity emphasize key points and
convey meaning beyond the words themselves.

2. Pace and Timing:

 Pace: A varied pace of your speech can keep the audience engaged and
highlight important points.
 Timing: The strategic pauses and rhythm in speech with effective timing
can enhance the impact of your message and allows listeners to process
information.

3. Volume:
 Adjust your volume to match the setting; a louder voice expresses
confidence, while a softer tone conveys intimacy or seriousness.

4. Body Language:
 Gestures: Hand movements and expressions that reinforce or
complement your verbal message.
 Posture: Your stance and how you carry yourself can convey confidence
and engagement.
 5. Clarity and Articulation:

 Pronounce each word clearly to prevent misunderstandings and maintain

the audience’s attention and comprehension.

6. Audience Engagement:
 Adapting your delivery to the audience’s expectations and reactions.
Engaging with the audience through questions or interactive elements can
make the delivery more effective.

7. Emphasis and Stress:

 Placing emphasis on key words or phrases to highlight important points.
Stress can change the meaning or impact of a message.

Presentations on Different Topics

Presentations through Posters

 Purpose: Visually convey research or ideas in a concise, engaging format,
often for conferences.
 Content: Include title, brief intro, key points with visuals, and a conclusion.
 Design: Simple, uncluttered, with large text and high-quality images. Ensure
readability from a distance.

Presentations through Projects

 Purpose: Showcase comprehensive work, including written reports and

possibly physical or digital models.
 Content: Objective, background, methods, results, and conclusions. May
include prototypes or interactive elements.
 Presentation: Organize materials clearly, and practice delivering an
accompanying verbal presentation.

Presentations through Reports

 Purpose: Detailed, structured analysis of a topic, often in written form.
 Content: Title, abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion,
conclusion, and references.
 Style: Clear, concise, with well-organized sections. Use visuals to support data
and ensure proper citation.
 Here’s a table format for both the presentation checklist and public speaking
evaluation rubric:

Presentation Checklist

Stage Task Details

Define the purpose and identify the target
1. Planning Purpose & Audience
audience.
Research Gather accurate and relevant information.
Create a logical structure (Introduction, Body,
Outline
and Conclusion).
Key Points Identify and clearly define main points.
Select appropriate visual aids (slides, charts,
Visual Aids
videos).
Use a consistent theme, colour scheme, and
2. Slide Design Consistency
font.
Ensure text is readable and slides are not
Clarity
overcrowded.
Images & Graphics Use relevant, high-quality images and graphics.
Minimal Text Keep text brief and to the point.
Use smooth transitions, avoid excessive
Transitions
animations.
3. Content Start with a strong opening (quote, question,
Introduction
Preparation interesting fact).
Develop each key point with details, examples,
Main Points
and evidence.
Flow Ensure logical flow from one point to the next.
Summarize key points, end with a strong closing
Conclusion
statement.
Practice multiple times, preferably in front of an
4. Practice Rehearsal
audience.
Ensure the presentation fits within the allocated
Timing
time.
Practice posture, gestures, and facial
Body Language
expressions.
Practice clear speech, appropriate volume, and
Voice Control
varied intonation.
Prepare for potential questions and how to
Handling Questions
respond effectively.
5. Technical Test all equipment (projector, microphone, and
Equipment
Check clicker).
 Stage Task Details
Backup Have a backup plan (printed slides, USB drive).
Familiarize with the presentation venue (seating,
Location
lighting).
Arrive early to set up and address any last-
6. On the Day Arrival
minute issues.
Composure Stay calm, take deep breaths if needed.
Engage with the audience through eye contact
Engagement
and interaction.
Be prepared to adapt to unexpected changes or
Adaptability
challenges.

Public Speaking Evaluation Rubric

Needs
Criteria Excellent (5) Good (4) Satisfactory (3) Improvement Poor (1)
(2)
Mostly
Highly Some Irrelevant,
relevant, Adequate
relevant, well- relevance, lacks unclear, and
Content well- relevance,
structured, and clarity and poorly
organized, somewhat clear.
clear. structure. structured.
and clear.
Clear voice, Generally Often unclear,
Some clarity, Unclear, poor
steady pace, clear, good uneven pace,
Delivery inconsistent pacing, no
and strong eye pace, good limited eye
pacing. eye contact.
contact. eye contact. contact.
Highly
Some Minimal No
engaging, Engaging
engagement engagement, engagement
Engagement responsive, and generally
and lacks or
and responsive.
responsiveness. enthusiasm. enthusiasm.
enthusiastic.
Highly Minimal Distracting,
Generally Adequate but
effective, clear, effectiveness, unclear,
Visual Aids effective and could improve
and well- needs poorly
clear. clarity.
integrated. improvement. integrated.
Memorable, Somewhat Forgettable,
Memorable Minimal impact,
Overall professional, memorable, unprofession
with minor needs more
Impact achieves adequate al, misses
lapses. professionalism.
purpose. professionalism. purpose.
 4. Activities on Group Discussion
A group discussion (GD) is a dynamic form of interactive communication where a
group of individuals comes together to discuss a specific topic. This can occur in both
informal and formal settings.
Informal vs. Formal Group Discussions
 Informal GD: This type typically happens among friends or family members
discussing various topics in casual settings, such as at a college canteen or
during family gatherings. Participants share their thoughts freely, reflecting
personal opinions and experiences.
 Formal GD: In contrast, formal group discussions are structured interactions
used by organizations for recruitment or admissions. Here, the focus is on
evaluating candidates' abilities to communicate, collaborate, and think critically.
Understanding Group Discussions
Many students confuse group discussions with debates. While a debate involves
opposing viewpoints, a GD is about collective participation aimed at exploring a topic
or solving a problem. The goal is to express ideas clearly and constructively,
contributing to a comprehensive discussion.
The thought of participating in a GD can be intimidating for some. However, it's
essential to remember that you've likely engaged in various informal discussions
throughout your life. These experiences, from dinner table debates to casual chats
with friends, have equipped you with valuable skills for participating in a GD.
Types of Group Discussions
1. Factual Group Discussion: Focuses on concrete facts and data. Participants
analyse and discuss verifiable information, showcasing their ability to
communicate factual content.
2. Opinion-Based Group Discussion: Participants share personal views on a
topic. This format encourages critical thinking and the ability to articulate and
defend opinions.
3. Case-Study Based Group Discussion: Involves analysing a real or
hypothetical scenario. Participants discuss challenges and solutions, assessing
problem-solving and teamwork skills.
4. Abstract Group Discussion: Centres on abstract concepts or philosophical
topics. It encourages creative thinking and open-mindedness as participants
explore different viewpoints.
Formats of Group Discussion
1. Structured GD: In a structured format, each participant is allocated a specific
amount of time to speak. This allows for organized sharing of ideas and helps
ensure that everyone has an opportunity to contribute.
2. Unstructured GD: In an unstructured discussion, participants can speak freely
at any time, as long as general decorum is maintained. This format encourages
spontaneous interaction and collaboration among members.
GD as a Part of the Selection Procedure
Group Discussions (GDs) are a key part of the selection process, used to evaluate a
candidate’s communication, teamwork, leadership, and problem-solving skills. They
help assess how well candidates manage time, handle stress, think critically, and
adapt to different situations, giving recruiters a clear view of their potential in a
professional setting. Here are ten key skills assessed in a group discussion and how
they are evaluated:
1. Communication Skills: GDs gauge a candidate's ability to articulate thoughts
clearly and effectively, ensuring that they convey their ideas coherently and
listen attentively to others.
2. Teamwork: Candidates need to collaborate, respect others' viewpoints, and
create a cooperative atmosphere within the group, demonstrating their capacity
to work as part of a team.
3. Leadership: Emerging leaders can guide the discussion, maintain order, and
encourage participation without dominating the conversation.
4. Problem-Solving: Participants must analyse issues, propose practical
solutions, and make informed decisions, showcasing their problem-solving
abilities.
5. Knowledge and Awareness: Being well-informed on relevant topics allows
candidates to contribute meaningful insights and exhibit their awareness of
current affairs or industry-specific matters.
6. Time Management: Adhering to time constraints while contributing to the
discussion demonstrates effective time management skills.
7. Persuasive Skills: Candidates may need to persuade others to accept their
viewpoints respectfully, highlighting their ability to influence and convince.
8. Stress Management: GDs can be challenging, evaluating how candidates
handle stress and maintain composure under pressure.
9. Critical Thinking: The ability to think critically and analyse information is
assessed when candidates evaluate complex issues or scenarios.
10. Adaptability: Demonstrating flexibility in adjusting to the dynamics of the group
discussion and adapting to changing circumstances reflects adaptability and
openness to different perspectives.
Dynamics of Group Discussion (GD)
Understanding the dynamics of a group discussion is crucial for effective participation.
Here are key elements that shape a productive GD:
1. Attractive Opening: The discussion should start with an engaging introduction
that sets the tone and direction. A clear opening can draw everyone in and
stimulate interest.
2. Reasoning Ability: Strong reasoning skills are essential. Participants should
provide logical arguments and support their points with facts to enhance the
discussion's depth.
3. Strategic Planning: Before speaking, it’s helpful to plan your contributions.
Consider how your points connect to the topic and how they can advance the
discussion.
4. Effective Leadership: A group leader or motivator plays a vital role in guiding
the discussion. They should keep the conversation flowing smoothly,
minimizing pauses that could disrupt momentum.
5. Avoiding Conflict: The leader should ensure that discussions remain
respectful, steering clear of bitter arguments and personal criticisms. This
fosters a positive environment.
6. Comprehensive Understanding: Participants should aim to understand the
topic from multiple perspectives. This broadens the discussion and encourages
more insightful contributions.
7. Summing Up: Concluding the discussion effectively is important. A good
summary reinforces the main points and highlights any consensus or decisions
made.
8. Body Language and Eye Contact: Non-verbal communication plays a
significant role. Proper body language and maintaining eye contact make
participants appear more engaged and confident.
9. Position, Reason, Example, and Position Formula: This formula helps
structure contributions effectively. Start with your position on the topic, provide
reasoning, support it with examples, and restate your position to reinforce your
argument.
By keeping these dynamics in mind, participants can enhance the quality of the group
discussion, leading to more meaningful interactions and outcomes.
Myths of Group Discussion (GD)
1. The First One to Speak Always Wins: Speaking first shows confidence, but it
also carries responsibility. The first speaker must guide the discussion with
clear and relevant points. If you can't do this, speaking first might hurt your
chances.
2. The More You Speak, the Better Your Chances: Believing that talking more
improves your odds can lead to chaos. Listening is crucial; your contributions
should connect with what others say. Quality over quantity matters.
3. Speaking Less Means You Have No Chance: It’s not about how much you
speak, but how meaningful your contributions are. If you share relevant and
insightful points, speaking less can still leave a strong impression.
4. You Must Memorize All Facts and Figures: GDs focus on ideas rather than
data. Having a general understanding of the topic is more important than
memorizing every detail. A few key statistics can support your argument without
overwhelming you.
5. Exceptional Vocabulary Is Necessary: You don’t need fancy words to
succeed. Clear, simple language is more effective. Aim for grammatical
correctness and, if possible, a touch of humour to keep the audience engaged.
6. Aggressive Body Language Is Key: Many think that being aggressive in body
language will attract attention. However, this can distract from your message.
Effective body language should emphasize your words, not overshadow them.
Understanding these myths can help you perform better in group discussions by
focusing on effective communication rather than misconceptions.
Key Aspects of Group Discussion
1. Intervention: This involves contributing to the discussion at the right moments.
Make sure your points add value and relate to what others are saying.
Intervening thoughtfully helps keep the conversation flowing.
2. Summarizing: At the end of a discussion or when the topic shifts, summarizing
key points helps clarify the conversation. This shows your understanding and
reinforces important ideas, making it easier for everyone to follow.
3. Modulation of Voice: Varying your tone and volume can make your speech
more engaging. A well-modulated voice captures attention and emphasizes key
points, helping your message resonate with listeners.
4. Body Language: Positive body language, such as maintaining eye contact and
using open gestures, enhances communication. It shows confidence and helps
convey your message more effectively, making your contributions more
impactful.
 5. Relevance: Stay on topic and ensure your contributions directly relate to the
discussion. Bringing up relevant points keeps the conversation focused and
shows that you are engaged and knowledgeable.
6. Fluency: Speaking clearly and smoothly is crucial for effective communication.
Fluency helps convey your thoughts without hesitation, making it easier for
others to understand and engage with your ideas.
7. Organization of Ideas: Present your thoughts in a logical order. Structuring
your arguments clearly helps others follow your reasoning, making your
contributions more persuasive and meaningful.

Body Language in Group Discussions

Positive body language plays a crucial role in effective communication during group
discussions. Here are some key aspects to consider:

1. Eye Contact: Maintaining appropriate eye contact with your audience

demonstrates confidence and engagement. It helps build a connection with
listeners and shows that you value their participation.
2. Open Gestures: Using open hand gestures while speaking can make you
appear more approachable and trustworthy. Avoid crossing your arms, as it
may signal defensiveness or disengagement.
3. Posture: Stand or sit up straight to convey confidence and authority. Good
posture not only helps you appear more confident but also aids in breathing
and vocal projection.
4. Facial Expressions: Use facial expressions to convey enthusiasm and interest
in the discussion. A smile can create a positive atmosphere, while appropriate
expressions can help emphasize your points.
5. Nodding: Nodding occasionally while others speak shows that you are actively
listening and engaged. It encourages speakers and fosters a collaborative
environment.
6. Gestural Variety: Varying your gestures can help emphasize key points and
keep the audience's attention. Avoid excessive or distracting movements,
which can take away from your message.
7. Controlled Movements: While some movement can enhance your delivery,
avoid pacing or fidgeting, as it can be distracting. Stay grounded and focused
on your message.
8. Listening Posture: When others are speaking, lean slightly forward to show
attentiveness. This body language signals that you are engaged and respect
their input.
Do’s and Don’ts for Group Discussions (GD)

Do’s

1. Listen Actively: Pay attention to what others are saying and show that you
value their contributions. This helps create a respectful environment.
2. Stay Relevant: Keep your points focused on the topic at hand. Ensure your
contributions add value to the discussion.
3. Encourage Participation: Invite quieter members to share their views,
promoting a more inclusive discussion.
4. Be Polite and Respectful: Use courteous language and avoid interrupting
others. Maintain a positive attitude throughout the discussion.
5. Summarize Key Points: If appropriate, briefly summarize what has been
discussed to help clarify the direction of the conversation.
6. Use Clear Language: Speak clearly and concisely. Avoid jargon or overly
complex vocabulary that may confuse others.
7. Maintain Positive Body Language: Use open gestures, maintain eye contact,
and have an engaged posture to convey confidence.
8. Prepare Thoughtful Questions: Ask questions that stimulate further
discussion and show your interest in the topic.

Don’ts

1. Dominate the Discussion: Avoid monopolizing the conversation. Balance

your speaking time with listening to others.
2. Be Aggressive: Avoid confrontational language or gestures. Focus on
constructive dialogue rather than heated arguments.
3. Interrupt Others: Allow others to finish their thoughts before you speak.
Interrupting can create tension and hinder effective communication.
4. Get Personal: Do not make personal attacks or criticisms. Keep the discussion
focused on ideas, not individuals.
5. Use Filler Words: Avoid excessive use of "um," "like," or "you know." These
can distract from your message and reduce clarity.
6. Appear Disengaged: Avoid slouching, crossing your arms, or looking away.
These signals can indicate disinterest.
7. Over prepare Facts: While some knowledge is important, don't rely solely on
memorized facts. Focus on sharing ideas and insights.
8. Neglect Follow-Up: After the GD, thank participants and reflect on what was
discussed. This helps reinforce connections and learning.
Effective GD Strategies:

1. Understand the Topic: Take a moment to grasp the topic before speaking.
Gather your thoughts and prepare key points.
2. Initiate Wisely: If you're confident, starting the discussion can give you an
edge, but ensure your points are relevant and set the right tone.
3. Active Listening: Listen attentively to others before jumping in. This helps you
connect your points with what has been said and keeps the discussion
coherent.
4. Be Clear and Concise: Express your thoughts clearly and avoid over-
explaining. Stick to the point to maintain focus in the discussion.
5. Stay Calm and Respectful: Maintain a calm demeanour, avoid interrupting
others, and respect differing viewpoints. Polite disagreement adds value to the
discussion.
6. Body Language Matters: Maintain eye contact, sit confidently, and use
positive gestures to engage others and project confidence.
7. Involve Others: Encourage quieter participants to speak, showing leadership
and fostering team spirit.
8. Summarize Effectively: End the discussion by briefly summarizing the key
points made by the group, highlighting the consensus or diverse views.
 5. Interview Skills
Concept and Process of an Interview
An interview is a vital opportunity for both job seekers and employers. It allows
applicants to showcase their skills, knowledge, and confidence while enabling
employers to assess candidates’ suitability. The interview is a form of oral
communication, whether one-on-one or in a group, and follows a structured process
that typically includes:
1. Type of Interview: Understanding the format (e.g., phone, in-person, and panel).
2. Starting the Interview: Properly entering the interview space and making a
positive first impression.
3. Establishing Rapport: Building a connection with the interviewer.
4. Exchanging Information: Sharing relevant qualifications and experiences.
5. Closing the Interview: Summarizing key points and expressing interest.
6. Follow-Up: Sending a thank-you note and maintaining communication.

Interview Preparation Techniques

Preparation is key to a successful interview. Here are essential steps to consider:
1. Self-Assessment: Identify your strengths, weaknesses, goals, and skills.
2. Research the Company: Understand its mission, values, and recent
developments.
3. Practice Common Questions: Prepare answers for frequently asked interview
questions.
4. Prepare Questions: Think of insightful questions to ask the employer.
5. Rehearse: Practice responses and interview techniques with a friend or mentor.

Types of Interview Questions

Understanding the types of questions can help you prepare effectively. Common types
include:
1. Behavioural Questions: These inquire about past experiences.
 Preparation: Use the STAR method (Situation, Task, Action, and Result)
to structure your answers.
 Example Question: "Tell me about a time you overcame a challenge."
 Answering Tip: Describe a specific situation, outline your role, and
emphasize the positive outcome.
2. Situational Questions: These present hypothetical scenarios.
 Preparation: Think about how you would handle potential challenges
related to the role.
 Example Question: "What would you do if you faced a tight deadline?"
 Answering Tip: Clearly explain your thought process and actions you
would take.
 3. Technical Questions: These assess your job-specific skills and knowledge.
 Preparation: Review relevant concepts and practice skills related to the
position.
 Example Question: "How would you troubleshoot a specific software
issue?"
 Answering Tip: Be clear and concise in your explanations,
demonstrating your expertise.
4. General Questions: These cover your background, motivations, and goals.
 Preparation: Reflect on your experiences and career aspirations.
 Example Question: "Why do you want to work here?"
 Answering Tip: Connect your goals with the company's values and
mission.
5. Questions for the Employer: This is your chance to learn more about the role
and the company.
 Preparation: Prepare thoughtful questions that demonstrate your
interest.
 Example Question: "Can you describe the team dynamics?"
 Answering Tip: Ask questions that give insights into the company culture
and expectations.

Pre-Interview Planning
Preparation is key to a successful interview. Here’s how to prepare effectively:
1. Research the Company: Understand its mission, products, and recent news.
This shows genuine interest and helps tailor your answers.
2. Know the Job: Review the job description and identify key responsibilities and
qualifications. Relate your skills to these requirements.
3. Self-Presentation: Dress appropriately for the company culture and maintain
good posture. A confident handshake and eye contact create a positive first
impression.
Opening Strategies
The way you start an interview sets the tone. Consider these strategies:
1. Entrance: Knock, ask for permission to enter, and wait before sitting down. Be
calm and composed.
2. Greeting: Smile and introduce yourself clearly. Make eye contact to show
engagement.
3. Active Listening: Pay attention to the interviewer’s questions. Ensure you
understand before responding.
Answering Strategies
How you respond to questions can greatly impact the interview outcome:
1. Use the STAR Method: Structure your answers to behavioural questions by
explaining the Situation, Task, Action, and Result. This helps clarify your
experiences.
2. Highlight Achievements: Discuss past successes with specific examples that
demonstrate your skills and problem-solving abilities.
 3. Maintain Clear Communication: Speak clearly and avoid filler words. Stay on
topic and be concise.
4. Demonstrate Cultural Fit: Share experiences that show your adaptability and
alignment with the company’s values.
5. Handle Challenging Questions: Address weaknesses or gaps positively,
focusing on what you've learned and how you've grown.

Interview through Teleconference & Videoconference

Teleconference and videoconference interviews have become increasingly common,
offering flexibility and convenience for both candidates and employers. Here are key
points to consider:
1. Preparation: Ensure you have a stable internet connection and a quiet, well-lit
space for the interview. Test your equipment in advance to avoid technical
issues.
2. Professional Appearance: Dress appropriately, just as you would for an in-
person interview. Your appearance should convey professionalism.
3. Body Language: Maintain good posture and eye contact by looking at the
camera. Use natural gestures to emphasize points, but avoid excessive
movement.
4. Active Listening: Pay close attention to the interviewer’s questions and
responses. Nod and provide verbal affirmations to show engagement.
5. Clear Communication: Speak clearly and at a moderate pace. Use the mute
button when you’re not speaking to minimize background noise.
6. Follow-Up: After the interview, send a thank-you email expressing gratitude for
the opportunity, just as you would for an in-person interview.
By preparing thoroughly and presenting yourself well, you can make a positive
impression in a teleconference or videoconference interview.

Conclusion

Effective interview preparation is essential for success. By understanding the interview

process and practicing your responses, you can engage confidently with the
interviewer. Showcasing your skills highlights your qualifications and helps you
determine if the company is the right fit for you. Being well-prepared significantly
increases your chances of landing the job you desire.