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UNIT-5

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UNIT-5

Uploaded by

alla.pavansurya02
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT-5

1. Dynamic Memory Allocation Functions

Dynamic memory allocation allows you to allocate memory during


runtime using functions such as malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), and free().

malloc(): Allocates memory of a specified size.

calloc(): Allocates memory for an array and initializes it to zero.

realloc(): Resizes a previously allocated memory block.

free(): Releases allocated memory.

Example: Using malloc()

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
int *ptr = malloc(4 * sizeof(int)); // Allocate memory for 4 integers
ptr[0] = 10; // Assign value
printf("%d\n", ptr[0]); // Output: 10

free(ptr); // Free memory


return 0;
}

---

2. Significance of malloc()

malloc() allocates a block of memory and returns a pointer to the first


byte of the block. It doesn’t initialize the memory, meaning it may
contain garbage values.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
int *ptr = malloc(5 * sizeof(int)); // Allocate memory for 5 integers
ptr[0] = 10; // Assign value
printf("%d\n", ptr[0]); // Output: 10

free(ptr); // Free memory


return 0;
}

---

3. Significance of realloc()

realloc() is used to resize a previously allocated memory block. It can


increase or decrease the size of the memory block.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
int *ptr = malloc(3 * sizeof(int)); // Allocate memory for 3 integers

ptr = realloc(ptr, 5 * sizeof(int)); // Resize memory to 5 integers


ptr[0] = 20; // Assign value
printf("%d\n", ptr[0]); // Output: 20

free(ptr); // Free memory


return 0;
}

---

4. Largest Element Using Dynamic Memory Allocation

You can find the largest element by dynamically allocating memory


and storing the values in an array.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
int *arr = malloc(5 * sizeof(int)); // Allocate memory for 5 integers
arr[0] = 2, arr[1] = 4, arr[2] = 1, arr[3] = 8, arr[4] = 6;

int largest = arr[0];


for(int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
if(arr[i] > largest) largest = arr[i];
}

printf("Largest: %d\n", largest); // Output: 8

free(arr); // Free memory


return 0;
}

---

5. Structure Definition and Initialization

Structures in C allow grouping variables of different types together.


You can define and initialize a structure with different members.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

struct Person {
char name[50];
int age;
};

int main() {
struct Person p = {"John", 25}; // Initialize structure

printf("%s %d\n", p.name, p.age); // Output: John 25


return 0;
}

---

6. Accept Name, Age of a Person and Display

You can define a structure to hold the details of a person, accept


input, and display it.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

struct Person {
char name[50];
int age;
};
int main() {
struct Person p;

printf("Name: ");
fgets(p.name, sizeof(p.name), stdin); // Accept name
printf("Age: ");
scanf("%d", &p.age); // Accept age

printf("%s %d\n", p.name, p.age); // Display details


return 0;
}

---

7. Accept and Display Student Details Using Structures

Here we define a structure for student details, accept input for


multiple students, and display the details.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>
struct Student {
char name[50];
int rollNo;
};

int main() {
struct Student s[5];

for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {


printf("Enter name: ");
fgets(s[i].name, sizeof(s[i].name), stdin); // Accept name
printf("Enter roll number: ");
scanf("%d", &s[i].rollNo); // Accept roll number
getchar(); // To clear newline character
}

for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {


printf("%s %d\n", s[i].name, s[i].rollNo); // Display student details
}

return 0;
}

---
8. Differences Between Structure and Union

Structure: Each member has its own memory location. All members
can hold values simultaneously.

Union: All members share the same memory location. Only one
member can hold a value at any given time.

---

9. What is a File and File Operations in C

A file is a collection of data stored on a storage device. You can


perform various operations like opening, closing, reading, and writing
files using functions like fopen(), fclose(), fscanf(), fprintf().

---

10. File Access Modes in C

File access modes specify how a file should be opened. Some


common modes are:

r: Open for reading.

w: Open for writing (creates or overwrites a file).

a: Open for appending.

r+: Open for both reading and writing.

w+: Open for both reading and writing (overwrites).

---

11. Write Text into a File Using File Handling Functions

You can open a file in write mode and write text into it using fprintf().

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
FILE *file = fopen("test.txt", "w"); // Open file in write mode
fprintf(file, "Hello, World!\n"); // Write text to file
fclose(file); // Close the file

return 0;
}

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