‫الر ِح ِيم ِِ‬

‫من َّ‬‫الر ْح ِ‬
‫هللا َّ‬ ‫ِب ْس ِم ِ‬
‫ساني {‪}27‬‬ ‫ً‬
‫عقدَة من ل َ‬‫ْ‬ ‫احلل ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َو ْ‬
‫هوا قَ ْولي {‪}28‬‬ ‫يَ ْفق َُ‬
‫صدق ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻳﻢ‬
 Dental casting alloys
base Metals

By
Dr. Abdallah Elsadany
Lecturer of Dental Biomaterials Alsalam University
 Base Metal Alloys
• Cobalt chromium alloy
• Nickel chromium alloy
• Commercially pure titanium (Cp) and titanium alloys
 Uses in Dentistry
1. Removable partial denture
framework.
2. Full denture bases.
3. Crown and bridge.
4. Dental implants.
 Advantages of base metal casting alloys
1. Increased strength properties
2. Decreased density (light in
weight)
3. Lower price (economic value)
4. High tarnish and corrosion
resistance (passivity)
 Disadvantages of base metal casting alloys
1. Decreased density → difficult
castability
2. Increased melting temperature
→ difficult castability
3. Increased hardness → difficult
finishing and polishing
 Role of Each Element:
Strength,
1- Cobalt Hardness
Modulus of elasticity

2- Chromium 15-30 %: 30% phase ppt of

chromium(Sigma phase) which
embrittles the alloy & more
difficult in casting.
React with O2
Passive layer a- Thin c- Non porous
(CrO): b- Uniform d- Adherent
 Strength,
3- Nickel: Hardness
Modulus of elasticity & Ductility
Decrease melting temperature

Nickel is a well-known metal to produce allergic reaction

in some patients. Cobalt chromium alloy had higher
mechanical properties than nickel chromium alloy
4- Molybdenum:
Strength (grain refiner)
5- Silicon and Manganese:
Fluidity of the molten alloy thus improve castability
Act as deoxidizers
 6- Carbon 0.2%:
Appears as discontinuous Carbides at the grain boundaries
Strength,
Hardness
Modulus of elasticity

It is the most critical element. As a small variation have a

pronounced effect on the mechanical properties of the alloy.
If the carbon content is increased over 0.4 % the alloy
become too hard and too brittle. The carbon content
depends on the quantity of carbon initially present before
casting and amount of carbon can be picked up during
heating by oxy-acetylene flame.
 7- Aluminum:
Ni3Al nickel aluminide
With Nickel
(intermetallic compound)

Strength
8- Beryllium: Fluidity of the molten alloy thus
improve castability
Lowers the Tm of alloy by 100°C

Beryllium vapor is carcinogenic and may

lead to fibrosis of the lungs. Therefore
many alloys are available now free of
beryllium.

9- Titanium: Tarnish and corrosion resistance

 TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS
These are called the materials of choice in dentistry because
of their;
• Resistance to electrochemical degradation
• Biocompatibility
• Lightness in weight
• Lower density
• Lower modulus of elasticity
• Highest strength
✓ The corrosion resistance and biocompatibility are due to the
formation of very stable oxide layer with a thickness on the order of
angstroms and it repassivates in a time on the order of nano-seconds if
scratched
 TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS

Forms
1. Commercially pure titanium (c.p.Ti)
✓ Available in four grades which vary according to the
oxygen and iron content.
✓ At room temp., it has an HCP (hexagonal closed packed)
crystal lattice which is alpha phase (α).
✓ At 883˚ C, an allotropic phase transformation occurs, a
body centered cubic (BCC) phase which is (β) phase forms.
 TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS

Forms
2. Titanium alloys
Alloying elements are added to stabilize either (α) or (β)
phase.
In Ti-6Al-4V:* Aluminum is (α) stabilizer
* Vanadium, copper, and palladium are (β) stabilizer.
• At room temp., it is (α + β) alloy.
• At 975˚C an allotropic phase transformation takes place
to a single- phase BCC (β) alloy.
 TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS
Casting titanium
The difficulties with casting titanium for dental purposes are
• Its high melting point ≈ 1700˚ C for c.p.Ti.
• Its low density
• Its chemical reactivity with gaseous elements as hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen particularly at high temp. (> 600˚ C)→ an oxygen enriched
and hardened surface layer as thick as 100 µm which will
decrease the strength & ductility and the oxide film is not
protective because it thickens and becomes non adherent.
 TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS
So that,
Phosphate bounded investment with inert fillers such as ZrO2, Al2O3,
MgO by giving more stable oxides than TiO2, that solves the problem
of chemical reactivity.
• Advanced casting technique which combines (centrifugal, vacuum,
pressure, gravity casting) is used to solve the low density problem.
Mechanical properties of (commercially pure Titanium) are
similar to gold alloy type III and IV.

While those of Titanium alloy are similar to Cobalt

Chromium and Nickel chromium alloys.
 Cobalt- Nickel- Gold type
Titanium
chromium chromium III & IV
Excellent
Biocompatibi Nickel allergic due to its
lity Beryllium vapor is carcinogenic nobility

Physical Properties
A. Resistance Excellent
Good Due to formation of passive layer (oxide
to tarnish & due to its
layer) by chromium or titanium.
nobility
corrosion

B. Color Lustrous silvery white Yellow or white

 Cobalt- Nickel- Gold type
Titanium
chromium chromium III & IV

1400-1500°C 1270 °C 800 - 950°C

1700°C
Electric melting Melt by
C. Fusion Tm
Electric melting a rapid, easy, only conventional
and safe, or oxy-acetylene flame. blowpipe

7-8 gm/cm3
Adv: lighter in weight upper
D. Density 4.5 gm/cm3 15-18 gm/cm3
denture retention.
Disadv: Difficult in casting
(centrifugal casting machine)
2.3%
Carbon free phosphate or silicate bonded 1.6%
F. Casting investments to: Gypsum bonded
shrinkage a) Withstand its high melting temperature investments
b) Compensate its high solidification shrinkage
 Cobalt- Nickel- Gold type
Titanium
chromium chromium III & IV

Mechanical properties

A. Elastic 250 200 55-110 Better

modulus for implant
(GPa) So, they can be used in thin because it has 100
section closer elastic
it leads to load distribution on modulus to that
the denture without bending of the bone
B. Yield 600 – 700 300-500
strength
(MPa) Acceptable; can resist stress without deformation

C. Ultimate
strength 800
700
(MPa)
 Cobalt- Nickel- Gold type
Titanium
chromium chromium III & IV
3 5 0 VHN
Advantage: highly polished lustrous surface
retained for a very long time
Disadvantage: Due to increased hardness of this
alloy, it is difficult to polish so, it needs the use
D. Hardness of special equipment such as; 250 VHN
(VHN) a) Sandblasting: it is mechanical procedure to
remove adherent investment material and the
layer which coats the surface after casting.
b) Electrolytic polishing: it is the opposite of
electroplating. The restoration is placed in the
anode position.
1 – 4% 8-20%
E. % The percent of elongation indicates ductility of Gold is the
Elongation these alloys. Low ductility is consider a most ductile
disadvantage of cast cobalt chromium alloy lead to metal
easily fracture of partial denture clasps.
 Cobalt- Nickel- Gold type
Titanium
chromium chromium III & IV
Technique Sensitive
No tech
Carbon & Nitrogen
Casting sensitive
0.1 increase in nitrogen lead to brittle casting

Gypsum
A.
Carbon-free phosphate or silicate investment with bonded
Investment
vents investment

B. Casting Metallic ring

ring Rubber ring lined with wet
asbestos liner
Oxygen acetylene or Electrical Electrical
Melting melting
C. Melting
Electrical melting is favored since it is carried out under more controlled Flame gas air
machine conditions
torch
When using oxyacetylene flames the ratio of oxygen to acetylene must be
carefully controlled. Too much oxygen may cause oxidation of the alloy whilst
an excess of acetylene produces an increase in the metal carbide content
 Cobalt- Nickel- Gold type
Titanium
chromium chromium III & IV
Special Casting
Machine For
D. Casting Titanium alloys Air pressure
Centrifugal + pressure
machines air pressure and casting
centrifugal Machine
casting under
vacuum
✓ Pickling is contraindicated to avoid removal of
passive layer
✓ Base metal alloys, and particularly the Co/Cr
type, are very hard and consequently difficult to
polish Acid Pickling
E. Finishing
1. Sand Blasting Rubber cups
& polishing
2. Electrolytic Polishing [restoration placed as the and polishing
anode in a bath of strongly acidic electrolyte]. pastes
The process of electro-polishing is not generally used for
Ni/Cr alloy castings. Because Ni/Cr alloys used for
crown and bridge work and it is essential to maintain the
accuracy of fit, particularly at the margins of crowns.
Any Questions?