11/26/24, 11:56 AM SQL Operators - GeeksforGeeks

SQL Operators - GeeksforGeeks

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SQL Operators

SQL Operators perform arithmetic, comparison, and logical operations to manipulate and
retrieve data from databases.

In this article, we will discuss Operators in SQL with examples, and understand how they
work in SQL.

Operators in SQL
Operators in SQL are symbols that help us to perform specific mathematical and logical
computations on operands. An operator can either be unary or binary.

The unary operator operates on one operand, and the binary operator operates on two
operands.

Types of Operators in SQL

Different types of operators in SQL are:

Arithmetic operator
Comparison operator
Logical operator
Bitwise Operators
Compound Operators

SQL Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators in SQL are used to perform mathematical operations on numeric
values in queries. Some common arithmetic operators are:

Operator Description

+ The addition is used to perform an addition operation on the data values.

– This operator is used for the subtraction of the data values.

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Operator Description

/ This operator works with the ‘ALL’ keyword and it calculates division
operations.

* This operator is used for multiplying data values.

% Modulus is used to get the remainder when data is divided by another.

SQL Arithmetic Operators Example

In this example, we will retrieve all records from the “employee” table where the “emp_city”
column does not start with the letter ‘A’.

Query:

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_city NOT LIKE 'A%';

Output:

SQL Comparison Operators

Comparison Operators in SQL are used to compare one expression’s value to other
expressions. SQL supports different types of comparison operator, which are described
below:

Operator Description

= Equal to.

> Greater than.

< Less than.

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Operator Description

>= Greater than equal to.

<= Less than equal to.

<> Not equal to.

SQL Comparison Operators Example

In this example, we will retrieve all records from the “MATHS” table where the value in the
“MARKS” column is equal to 50.

Query:

SELECT * FROM MATHS WHERE MARKS=50;

Output:

SQL Logical Operators

Logical Operators in SQL are used to combine or manipulate conditions in SQL queries
to retrieve or manipulate data based on specified criteria..

Operator Description

AND Logical AND compares two Booleans as expressions and returns true when
both expressions are true.

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Operator Description

OR Logical OR compares two Booleans as expressions and returns true when

one of the expressions is true.

NOT Not takes a single Boolean as an argument and change its value from false
to true or from true to false.

SQL Logical Operators Example

In this example, retrieve all records from the “employee” table where the “emp_city” column
is equal to ‘Allahabad’ and the “emp_country” column is equal to ‘India’.

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_city =

'Allahabad' AND emp_country = 'India';

Output:

SQL Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators in SQL are used to perform bitwise operations on binary values in
SQL queries, manipulating individual bits to perform logical operations at the bit level. Some
SQL Bitwise Operators are:

Operator Description

& Bitwise AND operator

| Bitwise OR operator

^ Bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) operator

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Operator Description

~ Bitwise NOT (complement) operator

<< Left shift operator

>> Right shift operator

SQL Compound Operators

Compound operator in SQL are used to perform an operation and assign the result to the
original value in a single line. Some Compound operators are:

Operator Description

+= Add and assign

-= Subtract and assign

*= Multiply and assign

/= Divide and assign

%= Modulo and assign

&= Bitwise AND and assign

^= Bitwise XOR and assign

|= Bitwise OR and assign

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SQL Special Operators

Special operators are used in SQL queries to perform specific operations like comparing
values, checking for existence, and filtering data based on certain conditions.

Operators
Description

ALL ALL is used to select all records of a SELECT STATEMENT. It compares

a value to every value in a list of results from a query. The ALL must be
preceded by the comparison operators and evaluated to TRUE if the
query returns no rows.

ANY ANY compares a value to each value in a list of results from a query and
evaluates to true if the result of an inner query contains at least one row.

BETWEEN The SQL BETWEEN operator tests an expression against a range. The
range consists of a beginning, followed by an AND keyword and an end
expression.

IN The IN operator checks a value within a set of values separated by

commas and retrieves the rows from the table that match.

EXISTS The EXISTS checks the existence of a result of a subquery. The EXISTS
subquery tests whether a subquery fetches at least one row. When no
data is returned then this operator returns ‘FALSE’.

SOME SOME operator evaluates the condition between the outer and inner
tables and evaluates to true if the final result returns any one row. If not,
then it evaluates to false.

UNIQUE The UNIQUE operator searches every unique row of a specified table.

SQL Special Operator Example

In this example, we will retrieve all records from the “employee” table where the “emp_id”
column has a value that falls within the range of 101 to 104 (inclusive).

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_id BETWEEN 101 AND 104;

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Output:

SQL Operators

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