DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

M.Sc. Syllabus

Subject Code Paper Name Credits L-T-P

Semester I
MTH-PG-C101 Analysis-I 4 4-0-0
MTH-PG-C102 Linear Algebra 4 4-0-0
MTH-PG-C103 Combinatorics and Elementary Number Theory 4 4-0-0
MTH-PG-C104 Differential Equations 4 4-0-0
Semester II
MTH-PG-C201 Analysis-II 4 4-0-0
MTH-PG-C202 Complex Function Theory 4 4-0-0
MTH-PG-C203 Algebra 4 4-0-0
MTH-PG-O204 Numerical Analysis (Open Elective) 4 4-0-0
Semester III
MTH-PG-C301 Topology 4 4-0-0
A) Optimization Technique
MTH-PG-O302 4 4-0-0
B) Nonlinear Dynamics (Open Elective)
MTH-PG-E303 Cryptography 4 4-0-0
MTH-PG-E304 Field Theory 4 4-0-0
MTH-PG-E305 Measure Theory 4 4-0-0
Semester IV
MTH-PG-E401 Algebraic Topology 4 4-0-0
MTH-PG-E402 Commutative Algebra 4 4-0-0
MTH-PG-E403 Differential Geometry 4 4-0-0
MTH-PG-E404 Functional Analysis 4 4-0-0
MTH-PG-E405 Operator Theory 4 4-0-0
MTH-PG-E406 Algebraic Geometry 4 4-0-0
MTH-PG-E-407 Advanced Complex Analysis 4 4-0-0
MTH-PG-P404 Dissertation/Project Work 4

1
 MTH-PG-C101: ANALYSIS-I
Credit: 4
Unit I: Real Numbers

Relations and functions, Finite and infinite sets, countable and uncountable sets, least upper bound
property, the field of real numbers, Archimedean property, density of rational numbers, existence of
nth root of positive real numbers, exponential and logarithm, the extended real number system.

Unit II: Numerical Sequences and Series

Numerical sequences and their convergence, bounded sequences, Cauchy sequences, construction of
real numbers using Cauchy sequences; limit supremum and limit infimum, Bolzano-Weierstrass’
threorem for sequences of real number, series of nonnegative terms, the number e, tests of convergence
of series, power series, absolute convergence, addition and multiplication of series, rearrangements
(statement only).
n
Unit III: Topology of R

n
Euclidean spaces, open and closed sets, limit points, interior points, compact subsets of R , nested
interval theorem, Heine-Borel theorem, and Bolzano-Weierstrass’ threorem.
Limits of functions, continuous functions, continuity and compactness, uniform continuity, connected
sets, connected subsets of real numbers, continuity and connectedness, intermediate
value theorem; discontinuities and their classifications, monotonic functions, infinite limits and
limits at infinity.

Unit IV: Differentiation & Integration

Differentiation of real-valued functions and its elementary properties; mean value theorem; Taylor’s
theorem; elementary properties of Riemann integral, Fundamental theorem of Calculus, mean value
theorem, convergence of improper integrals.

Textbooks:

1. Rudin, W. (2013) Principles of Mathematical Analysis (3rd Edition), Tata McGraw Hill Education.

Reference books:

1. Apostol, T. (2000) Mathematical Analysis (2nd edition) Narosa Book Distributers Pvt. Ltd.
2. Bartle, R.G. and Sherbert D. R. (2000) Introduction to Real Analysis (3rd edition) John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New York.
3. Fraleigh, J. B. (2002) A First Course in Abstract Algebra (4th edition) Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi.
4. Gallian, J. A. (1999) Contemporary Abstract Algebra (4th edition) –Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi.

2
 MTH-PG-C102: LINEAR ALGEBRA
Credit: 4
Unit I: Vector Space

Vector spaces, linear independence; linear transformations, matrix representation of a linear

transformation; isomorphism between the algebra of linear transformations and that of matrices;

Unit II: Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Similarity of matrices and linear transformations; trace of matrices and linear transformations,
characteristic roots and characteristic vectors, characteristic polynomials, relation between characteristic
polynomial and minimal polynomial; Cayley-Hamilton theorem (statement and illustrations only);
diagonalizability, necessary and sufficient condition for diagonalizability;

Unit III: Canonical Forms

Projections and their relation with direct sum decomposition of vector spaces; invariant subspaces;
primary decomposition theorem, cyclic subspaces; companion matrices; a proof of Cayley-Hamilton
theorem; triangulability; canonical forms of nilpotent transformations; Jordan canonical forms; rational
canonical forms.

Unit IV: Inner Product Spaces

Inner product spaces, properties of inner products and norms, Cauchy-Schwarz inequality; orthogonality
and orthogonal complements, orthonormal basis, Gram-Schmidt process; adjoint of a linear
transformation; Hermitian, unitary and normal transformations and their diagonalizations.

Textbooks:
1. Hoffman, K., Kunze, R. (2000) Linear Algebra (2nd edition) Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.

2. Bhattacharya, P. B. Jain, S. K. and Nagpal, S. R. (2000) First Course in Linear Algebra, Wiley
Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

Reference books:

1. Herstein, I. N. (2003) Topics in Algebra (4th edition), Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi.
2. Shilov, G. E. (1998) Linear Algebra, Prentice Hall Inc.
3. Halmos, P. R. (1965) Finite Dimensional Vector Spaces, D.VanNostrand Company Inc.
4. Finkbeiner, D. T. (2011) Introduction to Matrices and Linear Transformations (3rd edition) Dover
Publications.
5. Kumaresan,S. (2001) Linear Algebra: A Geometric Approach, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.

3
 MTH-PG-C103: COMBINATORICS AND ELEMENTARY NUMBER THEORY
Credit: 4
Unit I: Theory of Numbers

Divisibility; Euclidean algorithm; primes; congruences; Fermat’s theorem, Euler’s theorem and Wilson’s
theorem; Fermat’s quotients and their elementary consequences; solutions of congruences; Chinese
remainder theorem; Euler’s phi-function.

Unit II: Congruences

Congruence modulo powers of prime; primitive roots and their existence; quadratic residues; Legendre
symbol, Gauss’ lemma about Legendre symbol; quadratic reciprocity law; proofs of various formulations;
Jacobi symbol.

Unit III: Diophantine Equations

Solutions of ax + by = c, x2 + y2 = z2 , x4 + y4 = z2 ; properties of Pythagorean triples; sums of two, four

and five squares; assorted examples of diophantine equations.

Unit IV: Generating Functions and Recurrence Relations

Generating Function Models, Calculating coefficient of generating functions, Partitions, Exponential

Generating Functions, A Summation Method. Recurrence Relations: Recurrence Relation Models, Divide
and conquer Relations, Solution of Linear, Recurrence Relations, Solution of Inhomogeneous Recurrence
Relations, Solutions with Generating Functions.

Textbooks:

1. Niven, I., Zuckerman, H. S. and Montegomery, H. L. (2003) An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers
(6th edition) John Wiley and sons, Inc., New York.

2. Burton, D. M. (2002) Elementary Number Theory (4th edition) Universal Book Stall, New Delhi.

3. Balakrishnan, V. K. (1994) Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Combinatorics Including

Concepts of Graph Theory, Schaum’s Outline.

4. Balakrishnan,V. K. (1996) Introductory Discrete Mathematics, Dover Publications.

Reference books:

1. Dickson, L. E. (1971) History of the Theory of Numbers (Vol. II, Diophantine Analysis) Chelsea
Publishing Company, New York.

2. Hardy, G.H. and Wright, E. M.(1998) An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers (6th edition),The
English Language Society and Oxford University Press.

3. Niven, I. and. Zuckerman, H. S. (1993) An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers (3rd edition), Wiley
Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

4
 MTH-PG-C104: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Credit: 4
Unit I: Initial Value Problems

Existence and uniqueness of solutions of IVP: method of successive approximations, system of first order
approximations, Picards theorem, Continuous dependence of the solution on initial data, general theory of
system of first order equations. Linear systems: Homogenous and nonhomogenous linear systems with
constant coefficients.

Unit II: Series Solution

Power series solution, second order equations, ordinary points, regular points and singular points, special
functions, Hermite polynomials, Chebychev polynomials, Legendre polynomials, Bessel functions,
Gamma functions.

Unit III: Boundary Value Problem

Boundary value problem, Green function, Sturm-Liouville Theory, eigenvalues and eigenfunctions,
qualitative properties of solutions, Sturm comparison theorem, Sturm separation theorem

Unit IV: Partial Differential Equations

First order equations, Cauchy Kowlewski theorem, classification of second order PDE, canonical form
second order linear equations with constant co-efficients, method of separation of variables.
Characteristics and uniqueness theorem for hyperbolic theorems with initial boundary conditions. Elliptic
and Parabolic partial differential equations

Text Book:

1. Ross, S. L. (1984) Differential Equations (3rd edition), John Wiley & Sons.
2. Coddington, E. A. An Introduction to Ordinary Differential Equations, Prentice-Hall.
3. Sneddon, I.N. (1957) Elements of Partial Differential Equations, McGraw Hill.

References:

1. G. F. Simmons, Differential Equations with Applications and Historical Notes, McGraw

HillEducation.
2. Fritz John (1982) Partial Differential Equations, Springer-Verlag, New York Inc.
3. Coddington, E. A. and Levinson, N. (1955) Theory of Ordinary Differential equations, TMH
Education.
4. Cronin, J. (1994) Differential Equations: Introduction and Qualitative Theory, Marcel Dekker.
5. Hirsch, M.W. Smale, S. and Devaney, R.L. (2004) Differential Equations, Dynamical Systems and an
Introduction to Chaos, Elsevier.

5
 MTH-PG-C201: ANALYSIS II
Credit: 4
Unit I: Sequences & Functions

Sequences of functions, pointwise and uniform convergence, uniform convergence and continuity,
uniform convergence and integration, uniform convergence and differentiation, Weierstrass’
approximation theorem.

Unit II: Differentiability of Functions of Several Variables

Directional derivatives and differentiability of functions of several variables and their interrelationship,
chain rule, mean value theorem; higher order partial derivatives, equality of mixed partial derivatives,
Taylor’s theorem.

Unit III: Inverse & Implicit Function Theorem

Injective mapping theorem, surjective mapping theorem, inverse function theorem and implicit function
theorem of functions of two and three (for analogy) variables, extremum problems with and without
constraints of functions of two and three (for analogy) variables.

Unit IV: Multiple Integrals

Multiple integrals, repeated integrals, interchange of order of integrations, change of variable

theorem, mean-value theorems for multiple integrals, line integral and Green’s theorem, Convergence
of improper integrals

Textbooks:

1. Rudin, W. (2013) Principles of Mathematical Analysis (3rd Edition), Tata McGraw Hill Education.
2. Apostol, T. (2000) Mathematical Analysis (2nd edition) Narosa Book Distributers Pvt. Ltd.
3. Bartle, R.G. (1994) The Elements of Real Analysis (3rd edition), Wiley International Edition.
4. Joel R. Hass, Christopher E.Heil, Maurice D. Weir, Thomas Calculus (14th Edition) Pearson

Reference books:

1. Buck, R. C. &Buck, E. F. (1999) Advanced Calculus (4th Edition), McGraw Hill, New York.
2. Simmons, G. F.(2003) Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis (4th edition), McGraw Hill.
3. Bartle, R. G. and Sherbert, D. R. (2000) Introduction to Real Analysis (3rd edition), John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., New York.
4. Tom M.Apostol, Calculus Volume –II (2nd Edition), Wiley and Sons

6
 MTH-PG-C202: COMPLEX FUNCTION THEORY
Credit: 4
Unit I: Holomorphic Functions

Holomorphic Functions, Cauchy-Riemman equations and its applications, Formal power series, radius of
convergence of power series, exponential, cosine and sine, logarithm functions introduced as power
series, their elementary properties.

Unit II: Complex Integration

Integration of complex-valued functions and differential 1-forms along a piecewise differentiable path,
primitive, local primitive and primitive along a path of a differential 1-form, Index of a closed path,
Cauchy’s theorem for convex regions.
Cauchy’s integral formula, Taylor’s expansion of holomorphic functions, Cauchy's estimate; Liouville's
theorem; fundamental theorem of algebra; zeros of an analytic function and related results; maximum
modulus theorem; Schwarz’ lemma.

Unit III: Singularities and Residues

Laurent expansion of a holomorphic function in an annulus, singularities of a function, removable

singularities, poles and essential singularities; extended plane and stereographic projection, residues,
calculus of residues; evaluation of definite integrals; argument principle; Rouche's Theorem.

Unit IV: Conformal Mapping

Complex form of equations of straight lines, half planes, circles, etc., analytic (holomorphic) function as
mappings; conformal maps; Mobius transformation; cross ratio; symmetry and orientation principle;
examples of images of regions under elementary analytic function.

Textbooks:
1. Sarason, D. (2008) Complex Function Theory, Texts and Readings in Mathematics, Hindustan Book
Agency, New Delhi.

Reference books:
1. Ahlfors, L. V. (1990) Complex Analysis (2nd Edition), McGraw-Hill International Student Edition.
2. Conway, J. B. (2000) Functions of one complex variable, Springer International Student edition,
Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
3. Churchill, R. V. (1996) Complex Variables and applications, McGraw-Hill.
4. Copson, E. T. (1995) An Introduction to the Theory of functions of a complex Variable,
Oxford University Press.
5. Shastri, A. R. (2003) An Introduction To Complex Analysis, Macmillan India Ltd.

7
 MTH-PG-C203: ALGEBRA
Credit: 4
Unit I: Basic Concepts of Groups

A brief review of groups, their elementary properties and examples, subgroups, cyclic groups,
homomorphism of groups and Lagrange’s theorem; permutation groups, permutations as
products of cycles, even and odd permutations, normal subgroups, quotient groups; isomorphism
theorems, correspondence theorem;

Unit II: Sylow’s Theorem

Group action; Cayley's theorem, group of symmetries, dihedral groups and their elementary
properties; orbit decomposition; counting formula; class equation, consequences for p-groups;
Sylow’s theorems (proofs using group actions). Applications of Sylow’s theorems, conjugacy
classes in Sn and An, simplicity of An. Direct product; structure theorem for finite abelian
groups; invariants of a finite abelian group (Statements only)

Unit III: Rings

Basic properties and examples of ring, domain, division ring and field; direct products of rings;
characteristic of a domain; field of fractions of an integral domain; ring homomorphisms (always
unitary); ideals; factor rings; prime and maximal ideals, principal ideal domain; Euclidean
domain; unique factorization domain.

Unit IV: Polynomial Rings

A brief review of polynomial rings over a field; reducible and irreducible polynomials, Gauss’
theorem for reducibility of f(x) Z x ; Eisenstein’s criterion for irreducibility of f(x) Z x over Q,
roots of polynomials; finite fields of orders 4, 8, 9 and 27 using irreducible polynomials over Z2
and Z3 .

Textbooks:

1. Bhattacharya,P.B., Jain, S. K. and Nagpal S. R. (2000) Basic Abstract Algebra (3rd edition),
Cambridge University Press.
2. Jacobson, N. (2002) Basic Algebra I (3rd edition), Hindustan Publishing Corporation, New
Delhi.
3. Gallian, J. A. (1999) Contemporary Abstract Algebra (4th edition), Narosa Publishing House,
New Delhi.

Reference books:

1. Herstein, I. N. (2003) Topics in Algebra (4th edition), Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi.
2. Fraleigh, J. B. (2002) A First Course in Abstract Algebra (4th edition), Narosa Publishing
House, New Delhi.
3. Dummit, D.S. and Foote, R.M (2003) Abstract Algebra, John Wiley & Sons.

8
 MTH-PG-O204: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Credit: 4
Unit I: Non- linear system of equations and linear system of algebraic equations

System of non-linear equations: Fixed point iteration method for the system x = g(x), sufficient
condition for convergence, Newton’s method for nonlinear systems
Solution of Linear equations: Direct methods: Gaussian elimination, LU and Cholesky
factorizations. Operational counts for all these direct methods. Iterative methods: General
framework for iterative methods, Jacobi and Gauss Seidel methods, Necessary and sufficient
conditions for convergence, order of convergence, successive relaxation method.

Unit II: Eigenvalue Problem

Gershgorin theorem, Power and inverse power method, QR method. Jacobi, Givens and
Householder’s methods for symmetric eigenvalue problem

Unit III: Finite Difference Methods

Finite difference methods for two point boundary value problems, convergence and stability.
Finite difference methods for parabolic, hyperbolic and elliptic partial differential equations:
Discretization error, Idea of convergence and stability, Explicit and Crank-Nicolson implicit
method of solution of one dimensional heat conduction equation: convergence and stability.
Standard and diagonal five point formula for solving Laplace and Poisson equations, Explicit and
Implicit method of solving Cauchy problem of one-dimensional wave equation, CFL conditions
of stability and convergence, Finite difference approximations in polar coordinates.

Unit IV: Practical

1. Gauss-Jordan method
2. LU and Cholesky factorization methods
3. Inverse of a matrix
4. S.O.R. / S.U.R. method
5. Relaxation method
6. Power and inverse power methods
7. Jacobi, Givens and Householder’s methods
8. Solution of one dimensional heat conduction equation by i) Explicit and
ii) Crank-Nicolson implicit method
9. Solution of Laplace equation
10. Solution of Poisson equation
11. Solution of one-dimensional wave equation

Textbooks:

1. K. E. Atkinson, K. E. (1989) Introduction to Numerical Analysis, John Wiley.

2.Smith, G. D. (1986) Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equations, Oxford University
Press.

9
 MTH-PG-C301: TOPOLOGY
Credit: 4
Unit I: Topology
Definition and examples of topological spaces; basis and sub basis; order topology; subspace
topology.Continuity and related concepts; product topology; quotient topology; countability
axioms; Lindelof spaces and separable spaces.

Unit II: Connectedness

Connected spaces, generation of connected sets; component, path component; local

connectedness, local path-connectedness.

Unit III: Compactness

Compact spaces; limit point compact and sequentially compact spaces; locally compact spaces;
one point compactification; finite product of compact spaces, statement of Tychonoff's theorem
(Proof of finite product only).

Unit IV: Separability & Countability

Separation axioms; Urysohn’s lemma; Tietze’s extension theorem; Urysohn’s embedding lemma
and Urysohn’s metrization theorem for second countable spaces.

Textbooks:

1. Munkres, J. R. (2000) Topology: a First Course, Prentice-Hall of India Ltd., New Delhi.

Reference books:

1. J. Dugundji (1990) General Topology, Universal Book Stall, New Delhi.

2. Pervin, W. J. (1964) Foundations of General Topology, Academic Press, New York.
3. Willard, S. (1970) General Topology, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Massachusetts.
4. Armstrong, M. A. (2005) Basic Topology, Springer International Ed.
5. Kelley, J. L. (1990) General Topology, Springer Verlag, New York.
6. Joshi, K. D. (2002) An Introduction to General Topology (2nd edition), Wiley Eastern Ltd.,
New Delhi.

10
 MTH-PG-O302A: OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE
Credit: 4
Unit I: Introduction

Nature and Features of Operations Research (O.R, Convex set, Polyhedral Convex Set-Linear
Programming (L.P), Mathematical Formulation of the Problem, Graphical Solution
Method,Some Exceptional Cases, General Linear Programming Problem (General L.P.P)

Unit II: Linear Programming Problem

Slack and Surplus Variable, Reformulation of the General L.P.P., Simplex Method- Matrix
Notation, Duality (Statement only of Property without Proof), Initial Simplex Tableau,
Pivot,Calculating the new Simplex Tableau, Terminal Simplex Tableau, Algorithm of the
Simplex Method.

Unit III: Games and Strategies

Introduction, Two- person Zero-sum games, Pay-off Matrix , some basic terms, the Maximum
Minimal Principle, Theorem on Maximum and Minimal Values of the Game,Saddle Point and
Value of the Game, Rule for determining a Saddle Point, Games without Saddle Points, Mixed
Strategies, Graphic solution of 2 x n and m x 2 games, Dominance Property- General rule for
Dominance, Modified Dominance Property.

Unit IV: Integer Programming

Travelling Salesman Problem, Transport and Assignment Problem, Max flow-Min cut problem,
Minimal spanning tree, shortest path problem.

Text Book:
1. Hadley, G. (1966) Linear Programming, Addison.
2. Gale, D. (1989) The Theory of Linear Economic Model, University of Chicago Press.
3. Swarup, K, Gupta, P. K. and Mohan, M. (2002) Operations Research, Sultan Chand &
Sons, New Delhi.

Reference Books:
1. Friderick S. H. and Gerald J. L. (1974) Operations Research, Holden-Day Inc, San Fransisco.
2. Hamdy A. T. (2002) Operation Research: An Introduction, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.

11
 MTH-PG-O302A: NON-LINEAR DYNAMICS
Credit: 4
Unit I: Linear Systems

System of linear ordinary differential equations; Fundamentals of linear systems; Linear Systems
in R^2; Stability theory, phase portraits in R^2.

Unit II: Non-Linear Systems

System of nonlinear ordinary differential equations; Fundamental existence-uniqueness theorem,

dependence on initial conditions and parameters; flow defined by differential equations;
linearization; Hartman-Grobman theorem; Stability and Lyapunov functions.

Unit III: Stable Points

Stable manifold theorem, Center manifold theorem; Elementary bifurcations- Saddle-node,
Transcritical, Pitch-fork, Hopf bifurcation.

Unit IV: Attractors

Limit sets and attractors, periodic orbits and limit cycles, stable manifold theorem for periodic
orbits, Lienard systems, Bendixon's Criteria, global bifurcation of systems in R^2 .

Text Books:
1. Perko, L. (2001) Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems, Springer.
2. Jordan, D. W. and Smith, P. (1999) Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations: An
Introduction to Dynamical Systems, Oxford University Press.
MTH-PG-E301: CRYPTOGRAPHY
Credit: 4
Unit I: Number Theory and Time estimates required for Cryptography

The big Oh notation, time estimates for doing addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.
Euclidean Algorithm and the time estimate to find the greatest common divisor of two integers,
extended Euclidean algorithm. Properties of congruences: addition, multiplication, subtraction
and division; solution of linear congruences, modular exponentiation by repeated squaring
method.

Unit II: Fundamental Theorems

Fermat's little theorem, Euler's totient function, Euler's theorem, Primitive roots. Finite fields:
Primitive polynomials, Irreducible polynomials, Time estimations for doing arithmetic
operations in finite fields, Construction of finite fields.

Unit III: Classical Cryptosystems

Shift cipher, Affine cipher, Substitution cipher, Vigenere cipher, Hill cipher, permutation cipher.
Public Key cryptography: One way function, Trap door functions, Concept of public key
cryptography, RSA, Digital signature scheme.

Unit IV: Primality Testing and Integer Factorization

Primality testing: pseudo primes, Rabin Miller probabilistic primality test, Carmichael numbers.

12
Factoring algorithms: Pollard's rho method, Pollard's p-1 method, Fermat's factorization
method.Discrete logarithm, Diffie-Hellman Key exchange protocol, El Gamal cryptosystem over
prime field and finite fields, El Gamal digital signature scheme.
(Note: A basic introduction to Elliptic curve cryptography should be taught for the benefit of the
students but it should not be included for examination purpose).

Text book:
1. Koblitz, N. (1994) A course in Number Theory and Cryptography, (Second Ed.), Springer-
Verlag.
Reference books:
1. Stinson, D. R. (1995) Cryptography: Theory and Practice, CRC Press series on Discrete
Mathematics and its applications.
2. Yan, S. Y. (2003) Primality Testing and Integer Factorization in Public-Key Cryptography,
Springer

13
 MTH-PG-E302: FIELD THEORY
Credit: 4
Unit I: Field Theory

Extension fields, finite extensions; algebraic and transcendental elements, adjunction of algebraic
elements, Kronecker theorem, algebraic extensions, splitting fields – existence and uniqueness;
extension of base field isomorphism to splitting fields;

Unit II: Polynomials

Simple and multiple roots of polynomials, criterion for simple roots, separable and inseparable
polynomials; perfect fields; separable and inseparable extensions, finite fields; prime fields and
their relation to splitting fields; Frobeniusendomorphisms; roots of unity and cyclotomic
polynomials.

Unit III: Galois group

Algebraically closed fields and algebraic closures, primitive element theorem; normal
extensions; automorphism groups and fixed fields; Galois pairing; determination of Galois
groups, fundamental theorem of Galois theory, abelian and cyclic extensions.

Unit IV: Solvability

Normal and subnormal series, composition series, Jordan-Holder theorem (statement only);
solvable groups, Sovability by radicals; solvability of algebraic equations; symmetric functions;
ruler and compass constructions, fundamental theorem of algebra.

Textbooks:

1. T. I. F. R. Mathematical pamphlets, No. 3, (1965) Galois Theory.

2. Artin, E. (1997) Galois Theory, Edited by Arthur N. Milgram, Dover Publications.

Reference books:

1. Herstein, I. N. (2003) Topics in Algebra (4th edition), Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi.
2. Bhattacharya, P. B., Jain, S. K. and Nagpal, S. R. (2000) Basic Abstract Algebra (3rd
edition), Cambridge University Press.
3. Jacobson, N. (2002) Basic Algebra I (3rd edition), Hindustan Publishing Corporation, New
Delhi.
4. Fraleigh, J. B. (2002) A First Course in Abstract Algebra (4th edition), Narosa Publishing
House, New Delhi.

1
 MTH-PG-E303: MEASURE THEORY
Credit: 4
Unit I: Measures

Algebras, sigma-algebras, monotone classes; outer measures and Caratheodory's extension

theorem; existence of Lebesgue measure and of non-measurble sets.

Unit II: Integration

Measurable functions, monotone approximability by simple functions, integrability and
Lebesgue integration; standard limit theorems: Fatou's lemma, monotone convergence and
dominated convergence theorems; almost everywhere considerations.
Unit III: Random Variables & Distributions

Probability, random variables and their distributions, joint distributions and independence, Borel-
Cantelli lemma and Kolmogorov's zero-one law, Some of the more standard distributions - both
discrete (Bernouilli, Binomial, Poisson, etc.) and continuous (Uniform, Normal, etc.); a brief
introduction to conditional expectations and probabilities.

Unit IV: Measures on Product Spaces

Product measures, theorems of Tonelli and Fubini, independence and product measures, infinite
products and finite state Markov Chains, Kolmogorov consistency theorem. Characteristic
funcions, modes of convergence.

Text book:

1. Athreya, S. R. and Sunder, V.S. (2008) Probability and Measure, Universities Press, India.

Reference:
1. Rana, I.K. (2002) An Introduction to Measure and Integration, American Math. Soc. 2.
Chung, k. L. (2001) A Course in Probability Theory, Academic Press.

2
 MTH-PG-E401: ALGEBRAIC TOPOLOGY
Credit: 4
Unit I: The fundamental group

Homotopy of paths, fundamental group of a topological space, fundamental group functor,

homotopy of maps of topological spaces; homotopy equivalence; contractible and simply
connected spaces; Calculation of fundamental groups of n (n > 1) using Van Kampen's theorem
(special case); fundamental group of a topological group; Brouwer's fixed point theorem;
fundamental theorem of algebra; vector fields, Frobenius theorem on eigenvalues of 3 x 3
matrices.

Unit II: Covering spaces

Covering spaces, unique lifting theorem, path-lifting theorem, covering homotopy theorem,
fundamental group of 1, 1 x 1 etc., degree of maps of 1 and
applications; criterion of lifting of maps in terms of fundamental groups; universal coverings and
its existence; special cases of manifolds and topological groups.

Unit III: Homology

Category and Functors, Singular homology, relative homology, Eilenberg-Steenrod axioms

(without proof), Reduced homology, relation between П1 and H1;.

Unit IV: Applications

Calculations of homology of n; Brouwer's fixed point theorem and its applications to spheres and
vector fields; Meyer-Vietoris sequence and its application.

Textbooks:

1. Munkres, J. R. (2000) Topology: A First Course, Prentice-Hall of India Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Greenberg, M. J. and Harper, J. R. (1997) Algebraic Topology: A First Course (2nd edition),
Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
3. Hatcher, A. (2002) Algebraic Topology, Cambridge University Press.

Reference:

1. Armstrong , M. A. (2000) Basic Topology, UTM Spinger

2. Spanier, E. H. (2000) Algebraic Topology (2nd edition), Springer-Verlag, New York.
3. Rotman, J. J. (2004) An Introduction to Algebraic Topology, Text in Mathematics, No. 119,
Springer, New York.

3
 MTH-PG-E402: COMMUTATIVE ALGEBRA
Credit: 4
Unit I: Rings and Ideals

A brief review of rings, ideals and homomorphisms, Operations on ideals, Extension and
contraction of ideals, Nil radical and Jacobson radical.

Unit II: Modules

Modules, sub modules, homomorphism, direct sum and products of modules, exact sequences
Tensor product of modules and algebras and basic properties

Unit III: Modules of Fractions and Primary Decomposition

Rings and modules of fractions, Primary decomposition,

Unit IV: Integral Dependence and Valuation Rings

Integral dependence, Going up and going down theorems, Valuation rings; Noetherian rings,
Artin rings

Text Books:
1. M. F. Atiyah & I. G. Macdonald, Introduction to Commutative Rings, Addison Wesley
2. Zarinski and P. Samuel, Commutative Algebra with a view towards Algebraic
Geometry, Springer
Reference Books:

1. Irving Kapalansky– Commutative Rings

2. N. S. Gopalakrishnan – Commutative Algebra, Oxonian Press

MTH-PG-E403: DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY

Credit: 4
Unit I: Vectors

Vectors in R3; tangent vectors; tangent spaces; tangent vector fields; derivative mappings;
translations; affine transformations and rigid motions (isometries); exterior derivatives.

Unit II: Space Curves

Space curves; arc length; tangent vectors and vector fields on a curve; curvature and torsion;
Serret-Frenet formulas; osculating plane; osculating circle; osculating sphere; fundamental
theorem of local theory of space curves (existence and uniqueness theorems).

Unit III: Surfaces

Surfaces and their (local) parametrization on coordinate systems; change of parameters;

parametrized surfaces; curves on surfaces; tangent and normal vectors; tangent and normal
vector fields on a surface; first, second and third fundamental forms of a surface at a point; Gauss
mapping.

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Unit IV: Curvature

Normal sections and normal curvature of a surface at a point; Meusnier’s theorem; elliptic,
hyperbolic, parabolic and planar points; Dupin indicatrix; principal directions; principal
curvatures of a surface at a point; Mean curvature and Gaussian curvature of a surface at a point.
Line of curvature; asymptotic curves; conjugate directions; fundamental equations of the local
theory of surfaces; statement of Bonnet’s fundamental theorem of local theory of surfaces.

Textbook:
1. Hsiung, C. C. (1997) A first Course in Differential Geometry, International Press,
University of Michigan.

Reference:
1. Eissenhart, P. (1960) A Treatise on the Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces,
Dover Publications, Inc., New York.
2. Weatherburn, C. R. (1964) Differential Geometry of Three Dimensions, The English
Language Book Society and Cambridge University Press.
3. Willmore, T. S. (1979) An Introduction to Differential Geometry, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
4. Klingenberg, V. (1978) A Course in Differential Geometry, Graduate Texts in
Mathematics 51, Springer-Verlag.
5. Pressley, A. (2005) Elementary Differential Geometry, Springer International Edition.

MTH-PG-E404: FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

Credit: 4
Unit I: Normed Linear Spaces and Banach Spaces
Bounded Linear Operators, Duals, Hahn-Banach theorem, Uniform boundedness principle.

Unit II: Open mappings and closed graph theorems

Some applications, dual spaces, computing duals of and C 0, 1 , reflexive spaces;

Unit III: Weak and weak* topologies

BanachAlaoglu theorem, Hilbert Spaces-orthogonal sets, projection theorem, Riesz
representation theorem

Unit IV: Adjoint operator

Self-adjoint, normal and unitary operators; Projections, spectrum and spectral radius, spectral
theorem for compact operators

Text Book:
1. G.F. Simmons- Topology and Modern Analysis (Ch. 9, 10, 11,12), TMH
2. J.B. Conway- A first course in Functional Analysis, Springer

Reference Books:

1. W. Rudin- Real and Complex Analysis, TMH

2. Erwin Kreyszig – Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications.

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 MTH-PG-E405: OPERATOR THEORY
Credit: 4
Unit I: Compact operators on Hilbert spaces

Fredholm theory, index

Unit II: C∗ algebra

Non-commutative states and representations, Gelfand-Neumark representation theorem.

Unit III: Von-Neumann Algebras

Projections, Double communtant theorem


Unit IV:  L ∞ Functional Calculus

Toeplitz operators

Text Books:

1. W. Arveson- An Invitation to C* algebras, GTM(39), Springer-Verlag

2. V.S. Sunder- An invitation to von Neuman algebras, Springer-Verlag

References:

1. N.Dunford and J.T. Schwarz- Linear Operators, Part-II: spectral theory.

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 MTH-PG-E406: ALGEBRAIC GEOMETRY
Credit: 4
Unit I: Affine algebraic sets

Affine spaces and algebraic sets, Noetherian rings, Hilbert basis theorem, affine algebraic sets as
finite intersection of hypersurfaces; Ideal of a set of points, coordinate ring, morphism between
algebraic sets, isomorphism. Integral extensions, Noether’s normalization lemma

Unit II: Hilbert’s Nullstellensatz and applications

Correspondence between radical ideals and algebraic sets, prime ideals and irreducible algebraic
sets, maximal ideals and points, contrapositive equivalence between affine
algebras with algebra homomorphisms and algebraic sets with morphisms, between affine
domains and irreducible algebraic sets, decomposition of an algebraic set into irreducible
components. Zariski topology on affine spaces, algebraic subsets of the plane.

Unit III: Projective spaces

Homogeneous coordinates, hyperplane at infinity, projective algebraic sets, homogeneous ideals

and projective Nullstellensatz; Zariski topology on projective spaces. Twisted cubic in P_3(k).
Local properties of plane curves: multiple points and tangent lines, multiplicity and local rings,
intersection numbers; projective plane curves: Linear systems of curves, intersections of
projective curves: Bezout’s theorem and applications; group structure on a cubic

Unit IV: Introduction to sheaves of affine varieties

Examples of presheaves and sheaves, stalks, sheafification of a presheaf, sections, structure

sheaf, generic stalk and function fields, rational functions and local rings, Affine tangent spaces;
Projective varieties and morphisms; Hausdorff axiom. Prime spectrum of a ring: Zariski
topology, structiureaheaf, affine schemes, morphism of affine schemes. Elementary Dimension
Theory, Fibres of a morphism, complete varieties, nonsingularity and regular local rings,
Jacobian criterion, nonsingular curves and DVR’s.

Text Books:

1. W.Fulton Algebraic Curves: An introduction to algebraic geometry

2. C. G. Gibson – Elementary Geometry of Algebraic Curves, CUP,
3. D. S. Dummitt and R. M. Foote – Abstract Algebra, Wiley, Ch. 15

Reference Books:

1. J. Harris Algebraic Geometry, A first course, Springer

2. M. Reid Undergraduate algebraic geometry, LMS 12, CUP
3. K. Kendig – Elementary Algebraic Geometry, Springer
4. D. Mumford – The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes, Springer
5. I. R. Shafarevich – Basic Algebraic Geometry, Springer

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 MTH-PG-E407: ADVANCED COMPLEX ANALYSIS

Credit: 4
Unit I: Harmonic functions and their properties:

Harmonic functions, Relation with analytic functions, Characterisation of Harmonic functions by

mean-value property, Properties of Harmonic functions, Poisson’s integral formula, Dirichlet
problem for a disc.

Unit II: Weierstrass Elliptic function:

Doubly periodic functions, Weierstrass Elliptic function.

Unit III: Preliminaries of Nevanlinna Theory:

Entire functions, ( , ) and its properties (statements only), Meromorphic functions and their
expansions, Definition of the functions ( , ), ( , ) and ( , ).
Nevanlinna’s first fundamental theorem, Cartan’s identity and convexity theorems, Orders of
growth, Order of a meromorphic function, Comparative growth of log ( ) and ( ),
Nevanlinna’s second fundamental theorem, Estimation of ( ) (Statement only), Nevanlinna’s
theorem on deficient functions. Nevanlinna’s five-point uniqueness theorem, Milloux theorem.

Unit IV: Introduction to several complex variables:

Functions of several complex variables, Power series in several complex variables, Region of
convergence of power series, Associated radii of convergence, Analytic functions, Cauchy-
Riemann equations, Cauchy’s integral formula, Taylor’s expansion, Cauchy’s inequalities, Zeros
and Singularities of analytic functions, Weierstrass preparation theorem (statement only).

Text Books:

1. A. I. Markushevich - Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable, (Vol. I, II, III).

2. E. T. Copson - An Introduction to the Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable.
3. E. C. Titchmarsh The Theory of Functions.
4. W. K. Hayman - Meromorphic Functions.
5. L. Yang - Value Distribution Theory.
6. R. C. Gunning and H. Rossi - Analytic Functions of Several Complex Variables.
7. Bochner and Martin - Several Complex Variables.
8. B. A. Fuks - An Introduction to the Theory of Analytic Functions of Several Complex
Variables.