Q1.

(a) What are the functions of various operational units of a computer system? What is von
Neumann Architecture? How can you relate von Neumann architecture to an actual
computer? Explain with the help of an example configuration.

(b) Compare and contrast the characteristics and/or organisation of the following:

(i) DRAM Vs. SRAM

(ii) Access time on Magnetic disks Vs. access time on Magnetic tapes
(iii) Pen Drive Vs. CD-RW
(iv) ROM Vs. PROM

(c) Convert the following numbers as stated

(i) Decimal 64.005125 to binary
(ii) Decimal 2376 to hexadecimal
(iii) Character A and Z to ASCII and Unicode hexadecimal
CFE9A to binary

(d) What is an instruction? What are its components? What is the role of an instruction in a
computer? Explain with the help of an example. Where does the instruction reside at the
time of execution.

(e) A 2.5 inch diameter disk has 8 platters with each platter having two data recording
surfaces, each platter on disk has 4084 tracks, each track has 400 sectors and one sector
can store 1 MB of data. Calculate the storage capacity of this disk in Bytes. If this disk has a
seek time of 2 milli-seconds and rotates at the speed of 6000 rpm, find the Access time for
the disk. Make suitable assumptions, if any.

(f) What are the uses of various components of motherboard of a computer? List at least four
output devices and ports to which these devices can be connected. Explain the
characteristics of these output devices and ports.

(g) What are the uses of following Software:

(i) Data Compression Utility
(ii) Media Player
(iii) Disk Defragmenter
(iv) Disk checker

Ans 1.
---

(a) Functions of Computer Operational Units and von Neumann Architecture

1. Operational Units Functions:

Input Unit: Receives data and instructions from external sources.

Output Unit: Delivers processed data to external devices.

Memory Unit: Stores data and instructions for CPU access.

Control Unit (CU): Directs operations within the CPU and between other units.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.

2. von Neumann Architecture:

It’s a computer design model that uses a single memory for storing both instructions and
data.

Actual computers use this by employing a single memory for program instructions and data,
improving resource efficiency. For example, a standard desktop with a single memory (RAM)
for both purposes follows this architecture.

---

(b) Characteristics and Organization Comparisons

1. DRAM vs. SRAM:

DRAM (Dynamic RAM): Slower, needs frequent refreshing, cheaper, used in main memory.

SRAM (Static RAM): Faster, no need for refreshing, more expensive, used in cache memory.

2. Magnetic Disks vs. Magnetic Tapes (Access Time):

Magnetic Disk: Faster access due to random access capability.

Magnetic Tape: Slower as it’s sequentially accessed, suited for backups.

3. Pen Drive vs. CD-RW:

Pen Drive: Portable, rewritable, faster, no physical wear.

CD-RW: Rewritable up to a limit, slower, requires a CD drive.

4. ROM vs. PROM:

ROM (Read-Only Memory): Pre-programmed, non-erasable.

PROM (Programmable ROM): Can be programmed once, non-erasable.

---

(c) Number System Conversions

1. Decimal 64.005125 to Binary:

Integer part (64) = 1000000 in binary.

Decimal part (0.005125) approximates to binary.

Combined: 1000000.0000001.

2. Decimal 2376 to Hexadecimal:

2376 in decimal = 948 in hexadecimal.

3. Character A and Z to ASCII/Unicode and Hexadecimal Conversion of CFE9A:

A: ASCII - 65, Unicode - 0041.

Z: ASCII - 90, Unicode - 005A.

CFE9A in hexadecimal to binary = 11001111111010011010.

---

(d) Instructions in Computers

1. Instruction: A command for the CPU to perform specific tasks, like adding numbers.

2. Components: Opcode (operation) and operand (data or memory location).

3. Role: Enables CPU to execute tasks; for instance, an ADD instruction adds values.

4. Location: Resides in main memory, fetched by the CPU during execution.

---

(e) Disk Storage and Access Time Calculations

1. Storage Capacity:

Total = 65.344 TB (approx).

2. Access Time:

Seek time: 2 ms.

Rotational latency (assuming half rotation for average): .

Access time = 7 ms.

---

(f) Motherboard Components, Output Devices, and Ports

1. Motherboard Components:

CPU Socket: Holds the processor.

RAM Slots: For memory modules.

Power Connector: Provides power to the board.

PCIe Slots: Connects GPUs and other peripherals.

2. Output Devices and Ports:

Monitor: HDMI/DisplayPort, for display output.

Printer: USB/Network port, for document output.

Speakers: 3.5mm audio jack or USB.

External HDD: USB or Thunderbolt for data transfer.

---

(g) Uses of Software

1. Data Compression Utility: Reduces file sizes for efficient storage and transfer.

2. Media Player: Plays audio and video files.

3. Disk Defragmenter: Organizes data on disk for faster access.

4. Disk Checker: Scans and fixes file system errors.

Q2. (a) Why do you need virus detection software? What are their drawbacks? What are the
techniques to identify a virus? List any 4 latest virus for desktop systems.
(b) Consider that you have to run several computer programs simultaneously on a computer.
Each
program takes input from a file and output information on a printer. How does different
components of an Operating system (like memory management, I/O management, Process
management, file system and user interface) will help in execution of these programs.
(c) Explain the differences between procedural programming and object oriented
programming
with the help of one example program of each.
(d) Draw a flow chart of a program that adds N even numbers starting from 1. The value of N
should be input by the user.
(e) List the elements of a programming language. Explain the terms data type, expression,
assignment; and logical, relational and equality operators with the help of an example each.
(f) What are the phases of project development in which project management software can
help.
Explain with the help of examples.
(g) Explain the following with the help of an example/diagram, if needed:
(i) Development Model for Open Source Software
(ii) Tools for program development
(iii) Use of functions and Macros
(iv) Database and Database Management System

Ans 2.
Here is a concise response to each question:

---

(a) Virus Detection Software

1. Need for Virus Detection: Protects systems from malicious software that can corrupt files,
steal data, and disrupt operations.

2. Drawbacks: Slows down system performance, may have false positives, requires regular
updates, and doesn’t guarantee 100% detection.

3. Techniques to Identify a Virus: Signature-based detection, heuristic analysis, behavior

analysis, and sandboxing.

4. Latest Viruses for Desktop Systems: Emotet, TrickBot, Ryuk, and Qbot.

---

(b) Role of OS Components in Running Programs Simultaneously

1. Memory Management: Allocates memory for each program and ensures efficient use of
RAM.

2. I/O Management: Manages data flow between files, programs, and the printer.

3. Process Management: Creates and schedules processes, ensuring each program runs
smoothly.
4. File System: Organizes and manages input/output files.

5. User Interface: Allows users to interact with and monitor program execution.

---

(c) Procedural vs. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Procedural Programming: Follows a sequence of instructions. Example in C:

void main() {
int x = 5, y = 10;
printf("Sum = %d", x + y);
}

Object-Oriented Programming: Focuses on objects that contain data and methods. Example
in Python:

class Calculator:
def add(self, x, y):
return x + y
calc = Calculator()
print("Sum =", calc.add(5, 10))

---

(d) Flowchart for Adding N Even Numbers Starting from 1

1. Start

2. Input N

3. Set sum = 0, count = 1, even = 2

4. While count <= N:

Add even to sum

Increment even by 2

Increment count by 1

5. Print sum

6. End

---

(e) Elements of a Programming Language

1. Data Types: Defines types of data, like integers, floats, strings.

2. Expression: Combines variables and operations, e.g., x + y.

3. Assignment: Assigns values, e.g., x = 5.

4. Operators:

Logical: && (AND), || (OR).

Relational: <, >, <=, >=.

Equality: ==, !=.

Example:

x, y = 5, 10
if x < y and x != y:
print("x is less than y")

---
(f) Phases of Project Development for Project Management Software

1. Planning: Define scope and resources, e.g., Gantt charts.

2. Scheduling: Set timelines, e.g., Microsoft Project.

3. Resource Management: Allocate tasks, e.g., resource allocation features.

4. Tracking: Monitor progress with status updates and reports.

---

(g) Explanations of Various Concepts

1. Open Source Software Development Model: Follows a community-driven approach where

code is publicly available. Contributors can improve and adapt the software, e.g., Linux.

2. Tools for Program Development: Include IDEs (like Visual Studio Code), debuggers, and
version control tools (e.g., Git) that streamline coding and collaboration.

3. Use of Functions and Macros:

Functions: Reusable blocks of code, e.g., def add(x, y): return x + y.

Macros: Preprocessor commands in languages like C, e.g., #define PI 3.14.

4. Database and Database Management System (DBMS): A database stores structured

data, while a DBMS manages the data, providing functions for storage, retrieval, and
modification, e.g., MySQL.

Q3.
(a) Explain the characteristics of any two guided and any two unguided channels for data
transmission.
(b) Four branch offices of an organisation are located in four major cities of a vast country.
Explain the characteristics of the network that will be needed for every branch office. All the
four branch offices network should also be connected by another network. Explain the
characteristics of this network also.
(c) What is Internet? What are the major protocols used on Internet? What is an IP address?
How
can an IP address be related to a web address? Explain with the help of an example.
(d) What are the different features of a browser? If you want to perform Online Banking
Transactions, what precautions will you take before performing a transaction?
(e) Describe the process of creating a web email account. What are the different
components of a
mail message? Explain with the help of a diagram.
(f) Explain the following in the context of Internet and its applications, giving their features
and
uses:
(i) Online Education
(ii) eCommerce

Ans.
Here’s a brief answer for each question:

---

(a) Characteristics of Guided and Unguided Transmission Channels

1. Guided Channels:

Twisted Pair Cable: Consists of pairs of wires twisted together to reduce interference,
commonly used in telephone and LAN connections.

Fiber Optic Cable: Uses light pulses for high-speed, long-distance data transmission with
minimal signal loss, often used for internet backbone connections.

2. Unguided Channels:

Radio Waves: Wireless medium with long-range capabilities, ideal for broadcast services like
AM/FM radio.

Microwave: Used for point-to-point communication with high data rates over short distances,
often used in satellite and cellular networks.

---

(b) Characteristics of Network Needed for Branch Offices

1. Branch Office Network:

Local Area Network (LAN): Connects devices within a single branch, providing high-speed
data transfer and resource sharing.

Characteristics: High bandwidth, low latency, secure data access within the office.

2. Connecting All Branch Offices:

Wide Area Network (WAN): Connects LANs across large geographic areas, allowing data
sharing across all branches.

Characteristics: Provides inter-branch connectivity, often uses VPNs for secure data transfer
over the internet.

---

(c) Internet and Related Concepts

1. Internet: A global network of interconnected computers that enables information sharing.

2. Major Protocols: TCP/IP (data transfer), HTTP/HTTPS (web browsing), FTP (file transfer),
SMTP (email).

3. IP Address: A unique numerical identifier for devices on a network, e.g., 192.168.1.1.

4. IP Address and Web Address Relation: A domain name (e.g., example.com) is mapped to
an IP address by DNS servers, allowing users to access websites without memorizing IPs.

---

(d) Browser Features and Online Banking Precautions

1. Browser Features: Tabs for multiple pages, bookmarks, history, private browsing,
extensions, and security features.
2. Online Banking Precautions:

Use secure HTTPS sites.

Ensure two-factor authentication (2FA).

Avoid public Wi-Fi.

Regularly update the browser and use antivirus software.

---

(e) Creating a Web Email Account and Components of a Mail Message

1. Creating an Email Account:

Visit a provider’s website (e.g., Gmail).

Enter personal details, choose a username and password, and verify identity.

2. Mail Message Components:

Header: Includes sender, recipient, subject.

Body: Main message content.

Attachments: Additional files included in the message.

---

(f) Internet Applications: Online Education and eCommerce

1. Online Education:

Features: Virtual classrooms, recorded lectures, interactive sessions, and assessments.

Uses: Provides flexible, remote learning for students worldwide.

2. eCommerce:

Features: Online shopping, secure payment options, customer reviews, and delivery
tracking.

Uses: Allows users to purchase goods and services from anywhere with internet access.