MC 1 – ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SKELETAL SYSTEM – CHAPTER 6 ropelike protein
Collagen – Tough,
Proteoglycan – large molecules with many
Component of Skeletal system
polysaccharides attaching core proteins, attract
Bones water,
Cartilage Tendons and ligaments contains large amount of
Tendons collagen fibers making it strong and tough like rope
Ligaments or cables
The skeletal system has many functions including: Cartilage extracellular matrix
Organ Protection Contains collagen and proteoglycanns
Mineral Storage Collagen make cartilage strong while proteoglycan
Blood cell Production filled with water, make it smooth and resilient
Body Movement Excellent shock absorber
Body Support Rigid but spring back to its original shape after bend
Body shape framework or compressed
- Characteristic of the human bone is that, it is very Bone extracellular matrix
strong and can resist tremendous bending and
compression force without breaking Contains collagen and minerals like calcium and
phosphate
- it has a soft tissue and has an important relationship Collagen fibers lend flexible strength to the bones
with many other soft tissues Minerals add compression strength to the bone
The adult bones has an average number of 206 But it Bone Shapes Classification
varies to people and fused as if gets older
1. Long bones – longer than they are wide, most
Two segregated parts of skeletal system bones of the upper and lower limbs
2. Flat bones – Thin, flattened and usually curved like
Axial skeleton certain skull bones, the ribs and the breastbone
3. Short bones – round and nearly cubed-shaped,
Skull
example is carpal bone (wrist) and tarsal bone
Auditory ossicles (small bones in the ear)
(ankle)
Hyoid bone
4. Irregular bones – shapes that do not fit to the three
Vertebral column
categories like vertebrae and facial bones
Thoracic cage
Bone Marrow
Appendicular Skeleton
Contains Cavities
Upper limb
Large cavities ( Medullary Cavities in Diaphysis)
Lower limb
Small Cavities (Epiphyses in long bones, interior
Girdles (zone where the limbs attached)
of the bones )
Skeletal system extracellular matrix Spaces inside the bone and filled with soft tissue
called Marrow.
Component of the skeletal system are all Red Marrow – blood forming cells
connective tissue Yellow marrow – Mostly fat
Their characteristic are determined by the Bones in newborn mostly have red bone marrow
composition of extracellular matrix In adults, Red bone marrow replaced by Yellow bone
Always contain: marrow
Collagen In adults, Red bone marrow is located in long bones
Ground substance (femur, humerus.)
Organic molecule
Water & minerals Skeletal terminology
- Ligaments or tendons was attached to the tubercle
and process during life
Anatomical terms for bone features
Terms Description Example
Foramen Hole Foramen
magnum
Fossa Depression, semi- Olecranon fossa
hole
Process Long or large Mastoid process
projection
Margin/ Edge Lateral boarder
boarder of scapula
Angle Bend Mandibular
Angle
Ramus Branch of the body Mandibular
beyond the angle ramus
Condyle Smooth, rounded Lateral condyle
articular surface of tibia
that connects to
other bones
facet Smooth, flattened Superior
articular surface articular facet of
atlas
Meatus Canal-like passage External
auditory meatus
Tubercle Small projection Greater tubercle
LONG BONES STURUCTURE
Diaphysis
Shalf (Middle part of the bones)
Compact bone tissue in the outside
Epiphysis
End of spongy bone
Proximal and distal point of the bones
Articular cartilage
Covers epiphysis
Reduce frictions in the bones and joints
Epiphyseal plate
Site of growth between diaphysis and epiphysis
Medullary Cavity
Center of diaphysis
Contains red and yellow marrow
Periosteum – Membrane around the bone,s outer
surface
Endosteum - Membrane that lines the medullary
cavity
COMPACT BONE TISSUE
Location:
Outer part of diaphysis in long bones
And some thinner surfaces of other bone
Osteon
Structural unit of compact bones
Includes lamella, lacunae, central canal &
osteocytes
SPONGY BONE TISSUE
Location:
Epiphysis of long bones
Center of other bones
Trabeculae
- Has interconnecting rods, and spaces that
contains marrow
- No Osteon
Lamella – ring of bone matrix
Lacunae – space between lamella
Canaliculus
Tiny canals
Transport nutrients
Remove waste
Central canal – center of osteon that contains blood
vessels
BONE CELLS
Osteoblast
Responsible for formation of bones
Repair and remodeling of bones
Osteocytes
Maintains bone matrix
Form from osteoblast after bone matrix has
surrounded it.
Osteoclast
Contribute bone repair
Remodeling by removing existing bones ( Bone
reabsorption)
BONE FORMATION
Ossification – Formation of bones by osteoblast
Intramembranous ossification – Bone formation
that occurs within connective tissue membranes
Endochondral ossification – Bone formation that
occurs inside hyaline cartilage
ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
Both types of bone formation result in compact Bone formation within cartilage model
and spongy bone. Cartilage model is replaced by bones
Primary ossification center found in the diaphysis
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION of a long bone
Occurs when the osteoblast begin to produce bone Secondary ossification center - bone formation in
within connective tissue epiphysis
Primarylin in the bones of skull
Steps in Endochondral ossification
Osteoblast line up on the connective tissue fiber
surface 1. Chondroblasts build a cartilage model, the
Begin depositing bone matrix to form trabeculae chondroblasts become chondrocytes.
Steps in intramembranous ossification 2. Cartilage model calcifies (hardens).
1. Process begins in ossification center 3. Osteoblasts invade calcified cartilage and a
2. 2 or more ossification centers exist in flat skull bones primary ossification center forms diaphysis.
3. As the bone enlarged, centers begins to fuse
(fusion) and becomes mature skull 4. Secondary ossification centers form epiphysis.
4. Trabeculae are constantly remodeled abd mey
enlarged or replace by compact bones 5. Original cartilage model is almost completely
ossified and remaining cartilage is articular
cartilage.
