International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2013

Economic and Industrial Application of Power Factor Improvement

Temitope Adefarati Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Federal University Oye Ekiti,
Nigeria
Ayodele Sunday Oluwole Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Federal University Oye
Ekiti, Nigeria
Kehinde Oluwafemi Olusuyi Physical Planning Unit, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Nigeria

Mufutau Adewolu Sanusi Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Federal Polytechnic Ede

Osun State Nigeria

Abstract Power factor is the cosine of the phase angle between

Power factor correction is a vital tool for maintaining voltage and current in an AC circuit. A very high
the terminal voltage of an electrical system that capital cost of electrical power system materials such as
operates at low power factor since any sudden change switchers, alternators, transformers, and distribution
in power factor and current affect the terminal voltage and transmission lines is required to deliver the same
of the system. If the power factor of any electrical amount of power at a low power factor. More energy
system is improved to unity with the application of losses occur at low power factor which result in poor
RT
capacitors, the current of the same value of the power efficiency and reliability of the system since energy
to be supplied is reduced to a minimum. This results in losses are proportional to the square of the current [4].
total reduction of power losses, terminal voltage drop Furthermore low voltage drop at low power factor leads
and sizes of transformers, alternators, cables and to poor regulation; to keep the supply voltage within
IJE

switchgears. In order to encourage the large electricity the permissible limit, a voltage regulating equipment
end users to keep their loads at a unity or near unity must be installed [4]. This proofed to be an additional
power, electricity tariff is structured in such a way to burden on the power end users that operate at low
depend on the consumers’ power factor. Power factor power factor. Having analyzed the drawback that
correction will result in reduction of maximum demand associated with low power factor in electrical power
(KVA or KW) and affect the annual saving over the system, the power utilities must impose a power factor
maximum demand charge. Also some expenditure will of 0.8 and above on both industrial and domestic
be incurred annually in the form of the interest and consumer/applications. With recent deregulation of
depreciation made over the power factor correcting power system all over the world, electricity tariffs are
equipment. Hence EEP computer application software designed in such a way to penalize the consumers with
was used to analyse the total cost that associated with low lagging power factor and encourage them to install
power factor correction and annual saving with the power factor correction devices [4]. Hence the power
application of power factor improvement. With this factor of a system can be improved by connecting
method, some percentage of money spent annually on capacitors in star or delta in parallel with any
electricity tariff will be reduced. equipment that is operating at a low power factor. This
Keywords: Power factor, Active Power, Reactive paper analyses power factor improvement in the
Power, Apparent Power, Capacitor bank, Load industrial sector with application of capacitors. With
application of power factor improvement, there will be
a considerable reduction in heating of the power
1. Introduction
system’s switchgears, alternators and transformers
During recent years, increasing attention has been
which will improve the efficiency and reliability of the
paid to minimize the energy cost and inefficiency in
power system [6]. Maintaining a high power factor in a
electricity generation, transmission and distribution
power plant can yield direct saving such as reduced
system [9]. When designing a compensation scheme;
power bills, releases of system capacity, improves
one should attempt to achieve the most economical
power system voltage, decreases power losses and
solution in which the saving achieved in the equipment
make the system to be more efficient. The cost of
cost is significantly greater than the procurement cost
improving the power factor in existing power plants
of the reactive power [10].
depends on the value of the power factor selected and

IJERTV2IS110313 www.ijert.org 1945

 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2013

equipment chosen to supply the compensating reactive

power [I5].
2. Objectives of the research
The objectives of the research are as follows:
1. To formulate a mathematical model for
optimization of electricity tariff in an
industrial sector with the application of power
factor improvement.
2. To estimate the annual power output in a
power plant.
3. To estimate the annual power consumption of
the consumers.
4. To develop the best approaches that will help Source: John Bird
power utility companies to improve power Figure1: Waveform of power
factor. Figure.1 is a power in an AC Circuit with resistance
5. To see the effect of using penalty tariff to and inductive reactance. The waveforms of v, i and p,
discourage application of reactive loads in the are shown in Figure 1 for an R–L circuit. The
power system. waveform of power is seen to pulsate at twice the
6. To introduce a computational approach for supply frequency [3].
improvement of power factor in the industrial 3.1. Active Power
sector. Active Power is the product of the applied voltage and
7. To reduce power losses in electrical active component of the current. From the power
power system with the application of power triangle as shown in fig 2, it is the real component of
factor improvement. the apparent power. It is measured in watt or kW [3].
8. To investigate current reduction and sizing of
RT
P=IVcosϕ 9
cables in power distribution systems. 3.2. Reactive Power
Reactive Power is the product of the applied voltage
9. To improve terminal voltage drop in a power and reactive component of the current. From the power
IJE

system with the application of power factor triangle as shown in fig 2, it is imaginary component of
improvement. the apparent power. It is measured in Var or kVar [3].
P=IVsinϕ 10
3. Power in AC Circuits
The product of voltage v and current i at any instant of Effect of Reactive Power
time is called instantaneous power p, and is given by The wattles or reactive power does no real work in a
[2]: power system but on the other hand it increases the
P= vi 1 current taken by the load and reduces the power factor
Let consider the average power P in a circuit that the circuit [3].
contains resistance and inductance. 3.3. Apparent Power
P= 2 Apparent Power is the product of r.m.s values of
current and voltage. It is denoted by S and measure in
P= VmIm sinwt sin (wt - VA or KVA [12].
p = VmIm {- [cos (wt+wt- - coswt-(wt-wt+ )]} 3 Apparent Power = S 11
p= VmIm [cos ( -cos (2wt ) 4 S=P±jQ 12
Therefore
p= VmIm [cos ( -cos (2wt- )] 5 Where P is the active power and Q is the reactive
power.
Thus the average power VmImcos ( 6
P= xVm Imcos ( 7 S= 13

P = VI cos watts 8 S= 14

S= VI (cos +jsinφ) 15

IJERTV2IS110313 www.ijert.org 1946

 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2013

4. Power Factor The tariff is the rate of supplying electricity to various

Power Factor is the cosine of the phase angle between types of consumer’s i.e. Domestic consumers,
the applied voltage and the current drawn from the Commercial consumers, Agricultural consumers and
circuit. It varies from zero to unity. The power factor Industrial consumers [4]. Electricity charges for both
can be explained by the vectorial and sinusoidal industrial and commercial facilities consist of energy
relations of power triangle as shown in figure 2. The charge or the Kilowatt-hour charge which is directly
term cosϕ is known as power factor of the circuit. If the proportional to the fuel used in producing and
circuit is inductive, the current is lags behind the delivering that energy and demand rate i.e. kilowatt or
voltage and the power factor is called lagging power KVA charge. This is usually related to the capital
factor and if the circuit is capacitive then current leads investment that must be made to build the generation,
the voltage and power factor is said to be leading power transmission and distribution facilities for delivering
factor [7]. electrical energy to the consumers [15]. Electrical
The low power factor’s problem can be solved by energy companies in the world incurred losses due to
connecting power factor improvement capacitors in low power factor at the receiving ends especially for
delta or star to the plant distribution system. Power the bulk power consumers. To reduce the losses that
factor correction capacitors reduce the total current associated with low power factor in a certain level,
drawn from the distribution system and subsequently many countries in the world are undergoing power
increase the system's capacity by raising the power sector reform in order to make electricity to be more
factor level [13]. reliable. The tariff for various classes of electricity
Active power consumers who use a certain amount of electric energy
ϕ is directly proportional to Kilowatt-hour (kWh) and
maximum (KW) or (KVA) demand [2].
Reactive Power Monthly bill = N (κ x KVA + y x KWh) 17
Apparent Where k is the charge per KVA maximum demand
assessed and y is the charge per Kwh of energy
RT

consumed.
K= N38.50k
∂ =N756. 00k
IJE

Figure2.0: Power Triangle

5.1 Power Factor Correction
Power factor improvement can be achieved by
Power factor is expressed as shown in equation 16
connecting static capacitors in parallel with the
cosϕ = 16 equipment that is operating at a lagging power factor.
This results in a reduction of customer demand and energy
charges [8]. Static capacitors have several benefits such
4.1 Advantages of power factor Improvement as small losses or loss free, high efficiency, reliable,
i. It lowers transmission and distribution lines, low capital cost, low maintenance cost and easy to
transformers and alternators coppers losses. install [4]. In three phase power system, capacitors can
ii. Voltage improvement by lowering the terminal be connected in star or delta for power factor correction
voltage drop at the transmission and distribution lines, as shown in figure 3 and figure 4. The value of the
transformers, alternators, bus bar etc. static capacitors required for power factor improvement
iii. Reduction of KVA demand charge for the large can be determined as follows:
electricity consumers if a power factor penalty is
introduced or the utility charges for maximum KVA
demand is enforced.
iv. Power factor improvement reduces load current.
v. Power factor correction reduces KVA loading of
electrical equipment such as transformers and
alternators which may relieve an overloaded system or
release capacity for additional growth of load.
vi. Power factor correction improves plant efficiency.
Vii. Reduced overloading of cables, transformers,
switchgears, alternators etc.
5.0 Tariff
Figure 3: Delta Connection of capacitors

IJERTV2IS110313 www.ijert.org 1947

 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2013

26

Capacitor Cost/KVA = KW (Tanϕ1-Tanϕ2) A 27

If capacitor/KVA is represented by K where A is
a fixed amount for loss free capacitor/KVA.
5.2 Depreciation
Depreciation is the loss in value resulting from the use
of machinery and equipment during the period. During
a specific period, the cost of using a capital good is the
depreciation or loss of the value of that good, not its
purchase price. The depreciation rate is the rate of such
a loss in value [11].
Figure 4: Star Connection of capacitors Annual Depreciation Charges =

Active Power (KW) 28

o a
ϕ2
ϕ1 Percentage annual depreciation charges= x% 29
Apparent Reactive Power (Kvar)
Power (KVA) Salvage Value= 30
b
5.3 Interest
RT
Nominal interest rate is the annual percentage increase
in the nominal value of a financial asset [12].
c
Figure5: Power Triangle Annual interest on capital cost =
IJE

The leading KVar supplied by power factor correction

equipment is given by bc as shown in figure.5. Initial Cost x 31
bc = ac-ab
=Kvar1-Kvar2 18 Annual interest on capacitor cost =y% 32
= oaTanϕ1-oaTanϕ2 19
Percentage annual saving in interest and depreciation
= oa (Tanϕ1-Tanϕ2) 20 rate = (x+y) % 33
= KW (Tanϕ1-Tanϕ2) 21 =Z% 34
Percentage annual saving in interest and depreciation
The value of capacitance needed for power factor on the capacitor
correction is stated below = Z% KW (Tanϕ1-Tanϕ2) A 35
bc = IcV 22

23
Capacitive reactance Xc

24

25

IJERTV2IS110313 www.ijert.org 1948

 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2013

Source:EEP computer application software

Figure.7:Main Template
6.1Result Template
Figure.6: Independent Power plant and the off taker The function of the main template is to accept the
The power plant has a combined installed capacity of necessary data such as frequency, input power, old and
10 megawatts (MW) comprising of 2 units of 2MW new power factor, type of capacitor connection and
diesel reciprocating engines and 4 units of 1.5MW gas daily working hours just as it reflects in fig. 8. All this
reciprocating engines. The 10MW independent power data is required for calculation of annual cost before
is supplying public utilities based on the agreed tariff power factor correction, annual Cost after power factor
regime. The two outgoing feeders have separate energy correction and annual saving.
RT
meters for their respective monthly reading. To reduce
the effect of penalty tariff introduced by the by the
independent power plant, the off taker had to be
operating at a power factor above 0.8, this can only be
IJE

achieved with the application of power factor device

.Hence this paper actually studied the effect of
installing power factor correction device in any power
system.

6.0 Estimation of KVAR required for power factor

improvement.
Estimation of capacitive KVAR required for power
factor improvement at a given load can be achieved
with application of EEP power factor correction
application software as shown in figures 7&8. The
static capacitor rating must be carefully selected having
considered rated voltage of the power system and the Source:EEP computer application software
system over voltages. Figure.8:Result Template
6.1Main Template 7.0 Power losses in Electrical Power Systems:
The function of the main template is to accept the Power losses in electrical transmission and distribution
necessary data such as frequency, input power, old and systems can be reduced by connecting static capacitors
new power factor, type of capacitor connection and either in star or delta to the system. This will result in
daily working hours just as it reflects in fig. 7. All this an increase in the system power factor. The total power
data is required for calculation of annual cost before loss in any electrical system is a summation of
power factor correction, annual Cost after power factor alternators losses, transformers losses, bus bar losses
correction and annual saving. and cable losses. The reduction can only be achieved
by reducing the current flowing in the alternators,
transformers, bus bars and cables. The power loss is
expressed as shown in equation 36

IJERTV2IS110313 www.ijert.org 1949

 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2013

P= 36 drastically reduce the terminal voltage at the receiving

end i.e. transformers, switchgears and motor control
centers. The formula for calculating voltage drop in
% Power loss reduction =
electrical cable is shown in equation 45.
= 37
45
= 38
The size of cables is selected by dividing the rated load
current by different correction factors, K1, K2, K3,
= (1- 39
K4, and K5-------

= {1-( ) 2}*100% 40 = 46

Where K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 ------ are correction factors

= (1- 41
K1 is the Correction factors for ambient air
temperatures other than 30 °C to be applied to the
= {1-( 100% 42
current-carrying capacities for cables in the air
Ground Temperature Correction Factor K2=0. 93
Soil Correction Factor for Air K3 = 1.00
= {1-( 100% 43
Group Factor for Ground K4= 1.00
Cable Laying Depth Factor K5 = 0.98
RT

7.1 Current Reduction Total derating Factor= 0.91

Power factor correction reduces the current drawn from K1xK2xK3xK4 =1. 0x0.93 x1. 0x1.0x0.91 = 0.91
the electrical power system and increases the system's 47
IJE

capacity by raising the power factor to a certain level.

This will allow extra loads to be served by the same
power system. Some electrical equipment such =IZL
transformers, cables, alternators, distribution and Where Z =Impedance, Ω/km
transmission lines which might have been thermally L=Distance
overloaded when operating at low power factor will I=Full load current
now be operating optimally with application of power Due to power factor improvement, the new voltage
factor improvement which is the best option of drop can be estimated by using equation x
reducing current flowing through these equipment to a % Voltage Drop = x100% 47
certain level [15]. Power factor improvement is the
appropriate and economic way to reduce current and
overloading of cables, transformers, alternators, and
transmission and distribution lines. This is illustrated
by the relationship shown in equation 44

44

Current reduction will reduce the sizes of cable and bus

bar to be connected in power distribution systems.

7.2 Voltage Improvement

Power factor improvement will optimize a circuit
voltage, for this reason it is necessary to install static
capacitors in star or delta for power factor
improvement. Power factor improvement will affect the
voltage drop in any electrical cable, thus this will

IJERTV2IS110313 www.ijert.org 1950

 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2013

Figure.9 illustrates application of EEP application

software for selection of cables.

Figure.10 illustrates %voltage drop in a cable having

considered the different power factor and correction
factors.

8.0 Result and discussions

Table1:Total annual cost per year without application of

power factor improvement.

Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

RT

Active Power(kw) 6300 6500 7000 7800 8000

Old Maximum KVA 8750 9155 9210.5 10000 10126.6
IJE

Old Power Factor (Cosϕ1) 0.72 0.71 0.76 0.78 0.79

KVA Demand Charge (N:K) 8750 6921126.8 6963157.9 7560000 7655696.2
Unit Consumed/Year(Kwh) 55188000 56940000 61320000 68328000 70080000
Energy Charge /Year(N:K) 1931580000 1992900000 2146200000 2391480000 2452800000
Total Annual Cost(N:K) 1938195000 1999821127 2153163158 2399040000 2460455696

Table.1 shows the total annual cost per year without

application of power factor improvement.The table
illustrates the KVA demand charge,unit consumed
,energy charge and total annual cost per year for an
independent power plant as shown in figure6.

IJERTV2IS110313 www.ijert.org 1951

 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2013

Table.2: The annual saving after the saving incured from application of power factor
improvement is also analysed.
power factor improvement device has been applied.
Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Active Power (Kw) 6300 6500 7000 7800 8000
New Max KVA 6847.8 6989.2 7526.9 8387 8602.2
New Power (Cosϕ2) 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93
Tariff Charge/KVA 756 756 756 756 756
Tariff Charge/Kw 35 35 35 35 35
Capacitor Cost/KVA 60 60 60 60 60
Leading Kvar 3388.484 3877.952 3219.557 3175.038 3046.875

Annual Interest 8% 8% 8% 8% 8%
& Depreciation
KVA Demand Charge 5176956.5 5283871 5690322.6 6340645.2 6503225.8
Unit Consumed/Year 55188000 56940000 61320000 68328000 70080000
Energy Charged/Year 1931580000 1992900000 2146200000 239148000 2452800000

Total Annual cost 1936756957 1998183871 2151890323 2397820645 2459303226

Capital cost of Capacitor 203309.1 232677 193173.4 190502.3 182812.5

Annual Depreciation /Capacitor 16264.72 18614.17 15453.87 15240.18 14625

Annual Cost before 1938195000 1999821127 2153163158 2399040000 2460455696

Power factor correction
RT

Annual Cost after 1936773221 1998202485 2151905776 2397835885 2459317851

power factor correction
Annual Saving 1421778.8 1618641.6 1257381.4 1204114.7 1137845.4
IJE

Table.2 illustrates the annual saving after the

power factor improvement device has been applied by
the consumers of the power plant shown figurey. The
table also illustrates different parameters that have to
do with power factor correction such as Capital cost of
the capacitor, annual Depreciation /Capacitor, annual
cost before power factor correction, the annual cost
after power factor correction and annual saving.

Figure.10:Annual cost before and after application of power

factor improvement.
The figure compares and constracts annual cost before
Figure 11 shows the annual saving per year
and after application of power factor correction.The

IJERTV2IS110313 www.ijert.org 1952

 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2013

Time Old PF Desired PF % Power Table4: Effect of power factor correction on I and S
Loss
Reductio Before Application of power factor improvement
P(KW
0 0.78 0.82 9.518144
Old )@41
2 0.79 0.86 15.61655 Time PF 5V Q(Kvar) S(KVA) I (A)
4 0.8 0.88 17.35537 0 0.78 6000 4813.7 7692.3 10701.9
6 0.82 0.9 16.98765 2 0.79 5560 4315.1 7038 9791.56
8 0.85 0.92 14.63847 4 0.8 6500 4875 8125 11303.9
10 0.88 0.94 12.35853 6 0.82 6800 4746.5 8292.7 11537.2
12 0.86 0.91 10.68712 8 0.85 7000 4338.2 8235.3 11457.3
14 0.84 0.93 18.41831 10 0.88 7250 3913.1 8238.6 11462
18 0.88 0.95 14.19391 12 0.86 7500 4450.2 8720.9 12133
20 14.05165 14 0.84 7800 5038.3 9285.7 12918.7
0.89 0.96
18 0.88 7900 4264 8977.3 12490
22 0.87 0.97 19.55574
20 0.89 8000 4098.6 8988.8 12505.6
24 0.86 0.94 16.29697
22 0.87 7650 4335.4 8793.1 12233.4
Table 3: Hourly reduction of power losses
24 0.86 7600 4307.2 8735.7 12153.4
The table shows the hourly reduction in power losses
in the independent power plant shows in figure 6 with
The table shows the effect of power correction on
application of power factor correction device.
current and apparent power before application of power
factor correction.
RT

Table 5: Effect of power factor correction on I and S

after application of power factor improvement.
IJE

After Application of power factor improvement

P(KW) Desired
T @415V PF Q(Kvar) S(KVA) I (A)
0 6000 0.82 4188.07 7317.1 10180
2 5560 0.86 3299.08 6465.1 8994.5
4 6500 0.88 3856.8 7558.1 10515
6 6800 0.9 2896.78 7391.3 10283
8 7000 0.92 2982 7608.7 10586
10 7250 0.94 2631.5 7712.8 10730
12 7500 0.91 3417.2 8241.8 11466
14 7800 0.93 3082.77 8387.1 11669
18 7900 0.95 2596.64 8315.8 11569
20 8000 0.96 2333.21 8333.3 11594
22 7650 0.97 1917.28 7886.6 10972
Figure 12 shows the hourly power loss reduction with 24 7600 0.94 2758.41 8085.1 11248
application of power factor improvement.
Table 6 shows the effect of power correction on
current and apparent power after application of power
factor correction.

IJERTV2IS110313 www.ijert.org 1953

 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2013

Table6: Voltage drops in a cable with application of

power factor improvement.
The shows the voltage improvement by considering a
unit (2MW) in the power plant as shown in fig. 6. To
Active Desired
Power Power Voltage Size of
(Kw) factor Drop% cable(XLPE LV)
2000 0.8 0.74 6x500mm2
2000 0.82 0.71 6x500mm2
2000 0.84 0.68 6x500mm2
2000 0.86 0.66 6x500mm2
2000 0.88 0.63 6x500mm2
2000 0.9 0.6 6x500mm2
Figure 13 illustrate power factor per hour. 2000 0.92 0.57 6x500mm2
2000 0.94 0.53 6x500mm2
2000 0.96 0.49 6x500mm2
2000 0.98 0.44 6x500mm2
improve voltage in a power system, the system must
be operating at unity or near unity power factor. In
order to achieve this, power factor improvement
device must be connected in parallel with the system.
RT
From Table 3, voltage drop is inversely proportional to
power factor.
IJE

Figure 14 shows the effect of power factor on apparent

power.The figure shows that with application of power
factor improvement there will be total reduction in
apparent power of the power sysytem.

Figure5 shows the percentage of voltage drop in a

cable.Voltage drop is inversely proportional to power
factor.

9.0 Conclusion
The low power factor in any electrical power system
causes an increase in KVA demand charge the
electricity consumers by the utilities. Hence, in order to
Figure 15 shows the effect of power factor correction ensure most favorable conditions for a power system in
on the current drawn from the electrical power system. both engineering and economic perspective, it is
The figure compares the effect of current before and important for any power system with different
after application of power factor correction. equipment such as alternators, transformers,
switchgears, and transmission and factory or very close
to unity power factor. With this, total reduction in the
cost of electricity can be achieved in economic and
efficient way. Having analyzed different cases from

IJERTV2IS110313 www.ijert.org 1954

 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2013

this research work, it has been established that in order [12] U.A Bakshi and U V Bakshi “Basic Electrical
to have good performance of the electric power system, Engineering Technical Publication” Pune 2009, Second
it is important to operate the system between the power Edition.
factor of 0.8 and 1.0. This will reduce power losses and [13]. Osama A. Al-Naseem and Ahmad Kh. Adi “Impact of
Power Factor Correction on the Electrical Distribution
improve terminal voltage without the need Network of Kuwait”The Online Journal on Power and
To install additional auxiliaries such as transformer Energy Engineering (OJPEE) Vol. (2) – No. (1)
cables, switchgears, alternators, bus bars etc. Hence Reference Number: W10-0030 173
power factor improvement results in: [14] A Choudhury, H.R. Jariwala Samarjit
a) Improve voltage drop. Bhattacharyya,”Case Study On Power Factor Improvement”,
b) Improved plant efficiency and reliability. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
c) Reduced overloading (Current Reduction) of cables, Vol. 3 No.12 December 2011, 8372-8378
transformers, switchgear, bus bar etc. [15]IEEE “IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power
d) Reduced power losses in power system Distribution for industrial Plants”, IEEE Standards Board,
December 2, 1993, pp.400-650
e) Reduced electricity charge per month or annum.
10. References
[1] Robert Ehimen Okonigene, and christopher Omondaigbe
“Electrical Energy Consumption Pattern of Flour Mill in
Nigeria” The Pacific Journal of Science and
Technology,us,2009,pp.514-519.
[2] John Bird “Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology’’
Newnes publications, Oxford, second edition ,2003,pp.400-
500.
[3]Basic Electrical Engineering with numerical problems
Volume 1, TaTa McGraw- Hill Publishing Company Limited
,2006, pp. 220-250.
[4] Gupta “A course in Electrical power” "A Course on
RT
Electrical,S.K.Kataria and Sons,Fourteenth Edition,208-
221,2012.
[5] Otokpa, D.O. And Ajeibi, “Electric Energy Tariffs in a
IJE

Deregulated Economy for Self Reliance and Sustainable

Development In Nigeria’’ B.C International Journal of
Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 6, June-
2013 3046
[6] Samarjit Bhattacharyya, Dr. A Choudhury, Prof H.R.
Jariwala, “Case Study On Power Factor Improvement’’
International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
(IJEST) Vol. 3 No.12 December 2011, 8372-8378
[7] Sapna Khanchi, Vijay Kumar Garg, Power Factor
“Improvement of Induction Motor by Using Capacitors”,
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology
(IJETT) – Volume 4 Issue 7- July 2013
[8] Khaled M. Fetyan, “Investigating the Effect of Using
Capacitors Pumping Station on the Harmonic
Contents’’,World Academy of Science, Engineering and
Technology 78 2013,
[9] Omeish Taufik & Omeish Faraj “Effect Of Low Power
Factor In Libyan Electrical Distribution System”CIRED.
May 2003
[10] Mohamed A. EL-HADIDY, Samir A. EZZ EL-
ARAB,Dalal H. HELMI, & Mohamed T. IBRAHIM “The
Impact Of Capacitor Bank Installation On The Performance
Of Distribution Systems ”. May 2007
[11] Hossein Seifi • Mohammad Sadegh Sepasian
Electric Power System Planning Issues, Algorithms and
Solutions,Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London ,New
York,2011

IJERTV2IS110313 www.ijert.org 1955