4 marks 5*questions as per SCERT

Geography
Forest and Wildlife Resources (4M)

1) What is Bio-diversity? Why is Bio-diversity important for Human lives? (OR) Why is
biodiversity important for human lives?
Ans) Importance of biodiversity for Humans life:
1) The existence of various plants and animals in a particular area is called
Biodiversity.
2) Biodiversity ensures the Ecological Balance
3) It supports our life system - air, water and soil.
4) It provides humans with food, medicines, wood and fibers etc.
5) Without biodiversity human existence won’t be possible
6) It makes Our Planet safe.
7) Thus, it is important to maintain biodiversity

2) How have human activities affected the depletion of Flora and Fauna? Explain
Ans) The reasons for the depletion:
1) Deforestation for agricultural expansion
2) Deforestation due to shifting cultivation
3) Large scale development of river valley projects,
4) Mining activities
5) Habitat destruction,
6) Hunting and poaching
7) Over Exploitation of forest products etc.

3) Write a note on good practice towards conservation of forest and wildlife?

Ans) Good practices towards conserving forest and wild life:
1. Worshiping of trees and animals.
2) Formation of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and bio reserves to protect
endangered species.
3. Punishable penal codes on killing animals.
4. Community programs like Van mahotsav etc. to bring awareness among the
people about the importance of wildlife.
5. Regulated and Planned Cutting of Trees.
6. Control over Forest Fire.
7. Afforestation and Reforestation

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 4) Distinguish between Reserved Forests and Protected Forests
Ans) The distinction between Reserved Forests and Protected Forests is:
Reserved Forests Protected Forests
1) These forests are under strict 1) These forests are less strictly regulated
government protection compared to Reserved Forests.
2) Activities like logging, grazing, and 2) Certain rights, like grazing or collecting
hunting are usually prohibited minor forest products, might be granted to
local communities
3) They are meant to conserve flora 3) They also meant to conserve flora and
and fauna fauna.

Minerals and Energy Resources (4M)

1) Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?
Ans)
1) Solar energy is an inexhaustible source of energy produced from sunlight.
2) It has bright future in India because of the following reasons.
3) Many parts of the country received sunlight on 300 days annually
4) So it becomes possible to generate 20MW solar energy per sq.km in such areas.
5) It is easy to establish solar plants in urban and rural areas
6) It is also becoming popular as used for cooking, heating water, lighting, etc.....
7) It is also a renewable source of energy
8) Thus the Solar energy has a bright future in India.

2) Why do we need to conserve mineral resources? (Or) Explain the importance of

conservation of minerals?
Ans) we need to conserve mineral resources because:
1) Minerals are finite and non-renewable; excessive use can lead to exhaustion.
2) The rate of formation of minerals is very slow in comparison to the rate of
consumption
3) Conserving minerals ensures availability for future generations.
4) Mining and processing minerals harm the environment; conservation reduces this.
5) Efficient use of minerals and conservation helps in maintaining a balanced and
sustainable economy.

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 3) Distinguish between the Ferrous Minerals and Non-Ferrous Minerals.
Ans) Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals
Ferrous minerals Non-ferrous minerals
1) The metallic minerals having 1. The metallic minerals not
iron content are called Ferrous having iron content are called
minerals Non-Ferrous Minerals
2) Ex: Iron ore, Manganese, Nickel, 2. Ex. Copper, Bauxite, Lead,
Cobalt Zinc, Gold

4) Distinguish between conventional and Non-conventional sources of Energy.

Ans) Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy
Conventional sources of energy Non-conventional sources of energy
1) They are used as energy 1. They are used in recent times
resources for many years
2. Ex: firewood, cattle dung cake, 2) Ex: solar power, wind energy,
coal, petroleum etc. tidal power….
3) They make the use of non- 3. They use renewable resources
renewable energy resources
4. They are expensive 4) They are comparatively cheaper
5) They can generate a lot of 5. They cause very little or no
pollution pollution

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe (4M)

1) How did Germany achieve unification?
Ans) Unification of Germany:
1) Nationalist feelings were wide spread among middle class Germans.
2) They tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation as a nation
state.
3) Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for Germany unification.
4) The chief minister of Prussia Otto Von Bismarck was the architect of the process of
unification.
5) He is particularly well known for his “ Iron and Blood” policy
6) Prussia fought three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France.
7) Finally it achieved victory and completed the process of unification of Germany.
8) In Jan, 1871 the Prussian king William-I was proclaimed German emperor.

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2) How was the nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe
Ans)
1) Nationalism in Britain was not the result of sudden revolution it was the result of a
long process.
2) Britain was not a nation-state before the 18th century.
3) The region was in fact inhabited by different ethnic groups.
4) Each group had its own cultural and political conditions.
5) Britain accomplished their goals in parliamentary process
6) The British Flag, national anthem are promoted.
7) So unlike the rest of Europe England got it’s unification due to the decisions of the
people not by the movements.

3) Observe the Map and Answer the following

1) Name the Sea located between Europe and Africa?

Ans) Mediterranean sea
2) Name the biggest empire in this map?
Ans) Russian Empire
3) Vienna belongs to which country?
Ans) Austria
4) Mention any one Island in Atlantic Ocean
Ans) Greenland, Iceland, Bermuda.
5) Write any two African countries that share their boundaries with Mediterranean
Sea.
Ans) Morocco, Libya, Egypt
6) Name any two Empires on the given map?
Ans) Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire

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4) Observe the Map and Answer the following.

1) This map shows the unification of one country. Name that country?
Ans) Germany
2) Write two names of seas you have observed in the map?
Ans) North Sea, Baltic Sea
3) Name any one sea that was located to North in this map
Ans) North Sea
4) Name the Empire that was located to South in this map
Ans) Austrian Empire
5) Who was the chancellor of Prussia during the unification?
Ans) Otto Van Bismarck
6) Who was the first emperor of the German Empire?
Ans) Kaiser William-I

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5) Observe the Map and Answer the following.

1) This map belongs to a country before its unification. Name that country?
Ans) Italy
2) King Victor Emmanuel-II belonged to which state
Ans) Sardinia-Piedmont
3) Name One Island located in this map.
Ans) Sardinia, Sicily
4) Name the sea located in this map
Ans) Mediterranean Sea

The Age of Industrialization (4M)

1) How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of Cotton and Silk
textiles from Indian Weavers?
Ans) The East India Company adopted various steps to ensure regular supplies of
cotton and silk textiles.
1. After establishment of political power, the East India Company could assert a
monopoly right to trade.
2. Eliminated the existing traders and brokers connected with cloth trade
3. And established direct control over the weaver.
4. Appointed Gomasthas to supervise weavers, examine the quality of the cloth
and collect supplies.
5. Weavers were given advances and were offered a loan to buy raw material
6. Those who took advance or loans could not contact any other trader.
7. The weavers had to sell at a price dictated by the Company
8. All these steps ensure a regular supply of cotton and silk textiles.

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2) Why did some industrialists in 19th century Europe prefer hand labor over
machines?
Ans) Some industrialists in nineteenth – century Europe prefer hand labor over
machines because-
1) In Victorian Britain, there was plenty of human labor was available at low
wages
2) Machines were costly, ineffective, difficult to repair, and needed huge capital
investments.
3) In seasonal industries only seasonal labor was required.
4) Certain products, especially those with intricate designs and specific shapes
could only be made by hand
5) Example, 500 varieties of hammers and 45 kinds of axes required human skill
only
6) In Victorian Britain, the upper classes – the aristocrats preferred hand made
products
7) Because they were better finished and individually designed.
8) So industrialist prefers hand labor over machines.

3) Why did Industrial production in India increase during the First World War?
Ans) Industrial production increased in India during WWI due to following reasons.
1) The British mill was busy with war production to meet the needs of the
army.
2) With the decline of Manchester imports suddenly, Indian mills had a vast
home market to supply.
3) As the war prolonged, Indian mills got huge demand to supply jute bags,
clothes for army uniform, tents and other leather boots.
4) It was a good opportunity for Indian industries to fill in the empty with
their products.
5) The increased demands of variety of products led to the setting up of new
factories and old ones organized multiple shifts
6) Overall, the First World War gave a boost to Indian industries.

4) Why the East India Company appointed Gomasthas to supervise weavers in India?
Ans)
1) To remove the involvement of middlemen and gain direct control over the
weavers.
2) To make sure weavers worked for them and fulfilled orders as needed by the
Company.
3) To monitor production and ensure high-quality output according to company
requirements.
4) To avoid Competition from other traders and ensure monopoly over the trade.

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 5) Explain what is meant by Proto-Industrialization?
Ans) The importance of proto-industrialization:
1) proto-industrialization means the phase before industrialization
2) Even before factories began in England and Europe there was large-scale
industrial production for an international market
3) But these goods were produced within their family farms, not in factories.
4) Many historians refer to this phase as “Proto Industrialization”.
5) It was controlled by merchants, most of the goods were produced in the
countryside
6) poor peasants and artisans were working for merchants
7) At each stage of production 20 to 25 workers were employed by each
merchant
8) This means that each clothier was controlling hundreds of workers.

6) “Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny” - Why?

Ans) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny because:
1) Fear of Job Loss: The machine reduced the demand for manual labor which
threatened their jobs.
2) Economic Struggles: Many women workers relied on spinning; by the use of
machine they lost their income.
3) Resistance to Change: Workers saw the technology as harmful to their
traditional way of life.
4) that is why the women workers attacked Spinning Jenny.

Gender, Religion and Caste (4M)

1) “Caste has still not disappeared from contemporary India”. Give any three examples
to Justify the statement
Ans)
1) Caste inequalities are still continuing in India.
2) Caste inequalities have not completely disappeared
3) The dominance of the upper castes still continues in the villages
4) Even today, most of the people marry within their caste only.
5) Eating with members of certain castes and attending weddings are still taboo in
Some villages
6) Despite constitutional prohibition, untouchability has not ended completely.
7) Education is not easily available to the low castes.
8) Economic status is also closely linked to the caste system.

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2) Explain the various forms that communalism can take in politics?
Ans) Communalism in politics can take several forms:

1. Everyday Beliefs and Stereotypes: The most common form of communalism is

religious prejudices and stereotypes in everyday life. These beliefs may include a
sense of superiority of one religion over another.
2. Political Dominance: A communal mindset can lead to a quest for political
dominance by one's religious community.
3. Political Mobilization: Political leaders often use sacred symbols, religious
leaders, and emotional appeals to unite followers of one religion, especially during
elections.
4. 4. Communal Violence: Communalism can sometimes leading to violence, riots, and
massacres between religious groups

3) How does caste affect politics in India?

Ans)
1) Political parties consider the caste composition of voters to select candidates.
2) Governments often include representatives from different castes to maintain social
balance and representation
3) Caste-based mobilization has allowed historically disadvantaged communities, like
Dalit’s and OBCs, to voice their demands for equality and access to resources.
4) Caste can divert attention from national issues such as development and
corruption.
5) It can also lead to social tensions.
6) Thus we can say caste can affect politics

4) What is secularism? Why is it necessary to have secularism in India?

Ans) Secularism:
1) Secularism means that the state has no official religion.
2) In a secular state, people of all religions are treated equally
3) Everyone is free to practice, propagate, and follow any religion...

5) Why secularism is necessary in India:

Ans)
1) India is a multi-religious country with diverse faiths. Secularism ensures harmony and
unity among various religious communities.
2) It protects the rights of minorities and prevents majoritarian dominance.
3) It upholds the principle of equality, ensuring that the state does not favor or
discriminate against any religion.
4) It counters communalism and prevents its negative impact on democracy

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6) Observe the given Bar Graph. Analyze the graph.

Ans)
1) The bar graph shows the percentage of women in national parliaments in different
regions.
2) Nordic countries have the highest representation of women in parliament at 42.3%,
significantly above the world average.
3) India has only 11.8% women in parliament, far below the world average and all other
regions.
4) Regions like the Americas (29.5%) and Europe (26.4%) have higher representation,
5) While the Arab States (18.6%) and the Pacific (11.8%) has lower rates.
6) This graph highlights large disparities between regions
7) Women’s equal participation and leadership in political and public life are essential to
achieving the Sustainable Development.

7)
Analyze the graph.

Ans)
1) This graph shows the population distribution of different religious communities in
India according to the 2011 Census
2) Hinduism: The majority, with 79.8% of the population
3) Islam: The second-largest community, accounting for 14.2%.
4) Christianity: Representing 2.3% of the population.
5) Sikhism: Making up 1.7%.
6) Other religions like Buddhist, Jain, etc. about 2%

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7) The graph highlights that India has a diverse religious population, with Hindus forming
the majority.

Outcomes of Democracy (4M)

1) How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate

government?
Ans) Democracy ensures an accountable, responsive, and legitimate government by
the following means:
1 Accountability:
Democracy allows citizens to elect their leaders and hold them accountable through
regular, free, and fair elections.
2 Responsiveness:
Democracies encourage governments to be Responsive to the needs and expectations
of citizens.
3 Legitimacy:
A democratic government is considered legitimate because it represents the will of the
people.
4, such a government fosters trust and cooperation among its citizens.

2) Appreciate democratic government is better than all other forms of governments right.
Ans)
1) Democracy produces an accountable, responsive government.
2) It gives the citizen the right to decision-making.
3) These decisions are made according to norms and procedures
4) And must be acceptable to the people.
5) People have the right to elect their own government.
6) The elected candidate is thought to be capable to fulfill the needs and demands of
people
7) It is a legitimate government
8) It promotes transparency.

3) What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities?
Ans)
1) Democracy develops in mechanism in which negotiation takes place among
various groups to find out a solution.
2) People of different communities have a chance to raise their voice about any
government decision.
3) Democracy works on the principle of majority decision hence minorities are given
special privileges
4) Thus, the democracies accommodate social diversities

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 4) "Democracy can't reduce inequality of incomes between different citizens." Support
or Oppose your answer
Ans) Democracy can't reduce inequality of incomes between different citizens,
because
1 Unequal Wealth Distribution:
Even in democratic countries, a small number of people may control a large share of the
nation’s resources, leaving the majority with limited access to basic amenities.
2 Limited Efforts on Economic Policies:
Democratically elected governments may not always prioritize reducing inequality,
focusing instead on other political or social goals
3 Structural Challenges:
Deep-rooted social and economic disparities require more than just democratic
governance to resolve; comprehensive policies and structural reforms are essential.
4 Economic Gaps:
Thus, while democracy promotes political participation and freedom, it alone cannot
bridge economic gaps among citizens.

5) Explain the “Right to Information”?

Ans)
The Right to Information (RTI) is a law that gives citizens the power to get information
about government activities.

1. It promotes transparency, allowing people to know how the government works and
how public money is spent.
2. Citizens can ask questions by filing an RTI application with government offices.
3. The government must respond within a set time, usually 30 days.
4. RTI ensures accountability, helping reduce corruption and making democracy
stronger.

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 Development (4M)

1) Why do we use averages? Are there any illustrations to their use? Illustrate with your
own examples related to development.
Ans)
Per capita income is the average income of people in a country.
It is calculated by dividing the total income of the country by its population

1) It is used by the World Bank to classify countries as rich, middle-income, or

poor.
2) It uses average income because different countries have different population.
3) Per capita income shows how much money, on average, a person earns.
4) A higher per capita income usually indicates a better standard of living.
5) Limitations for Average Income:
a) However, Averages hide disparities among the people
b) It does not show distribution of income
c) Per capita income also ignores the health and education indicators

2) Mention any four characteristics of development.

Ans) Four characteristics of development are:
1) Different Goals for Different People:
Different persons can have different developmental goals.
For instance, a rich family might value quality education, while a poor family might
prioritize basic healthcare.
2) Conflicting Goals:
What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may
even be destructive for the other.
For example, building a dam might generate electricity but also displace local
communities.
3) Material and Non-Material Needs:
Development includes not only better income but also factors like freedom, security,
and respect in society
4) Focus on Sustainability:
True development must also focus on sustainability; ensuring resources are available
for future generations.

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3) List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed
around you.
Ans) Here are a few examples of environmental degradation observed commonly:

1. Air Pollution: Factories, vehicles, and burning of waste increase smoke and harmful
gases in the air. This makes breathing unhealthy and causes diseases.
2. Water Pollution: Waste from factories, homes, and garbage is often dumped into
rivers and lakes, making the water unsafe to use.
3. Deforestation: Cutting down forests for farming, buildings, or roads reduces trees,
affecting wildlife and causing soil erosion.
4. Waste Mismanagement: Improper disposal of plastics and other non-biodegradable
waste leads to land and water pollution, harming animals and plants.
5. These issues reduce the quality of air, water, and land and harm living beings.

4) What do you mean by per capita income of a country? How can it be used to compare
two countries
Ans)
Per capita income is the average income of people in a country.
It is calculated by dividing the total income of the country by its population.
For comparison between two countries:

1. Per capita income shows how much money, on average, a person earns. A higher
per capita income usually indicates a better standard of living.
2. It is used by organizations like the World Bank to classify countries as rich, middle-
income, or poor.
3. However, Averages hide disparities among the people
4. It does not reflect income distribution.
5. It also ignores the health and education indicators

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5) Why income is not an adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens
are able to use?
Ans)
1. Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live
well
2. So, income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and
services that citizens are able to use.
3. For example, normally, your money cannot buy you a pollution-free environment or
ensure that you get unadulterated medicines
4. Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases, unless the whole
of your community takes preventive steps.
5. Quality of life also depends on non-material aspects like a clean environment, safety,
and social harmony, which cannot be bought with money.
6. Therefore, not only money other indicators like health, education, and quality of life
must be considered to measure development.

6) Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

Ans)
Sustainable development means that development should meet the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
needs.
The issue of sustainability is important for development because:

1) Overuse of resources like water, soil, and forests can lead to their depletion,
leaving nothing for future use.
2) Sustainable development reduces pollution and environmental harm
3) Sustainability supports steady economic and social growth over time
4) It ensures a balance between economic growth, social welfare, and
environmental health.
5) Sustainable development maintaining a healthy planet for all living beings.

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7) Per capita income of select states.
State income for 2018-19 ( in Rs)
Haryana 2,36,147
Kerala 2,04,105
Bihar 40,982
a) Answer the following questions:
1) Which state has highest per capita income?
Ans) Haryana
2) Which state has lowest per capita income?
Ans) Bihar
3) What is per capita income?
Ans) Per capita income is the average income in a country. It is calculated by dividing
the total income of the country by its population.
4) According to the given per capita income which state is developed?
Ans) Haryana. (However other factors of like health, education etc. also is considered
to measure true development)
(OR)
b) Analyze the given Table
Ans)
1) Haryana has the highest per capita income of ₹2,36,147
2) Kerala comes next with a per capita income of ₹2,04,105
3) Bihar has the lowest per capita income at ₹40,982.
4) Haryana and Kerala are economically better off than Bihar
5) Kerala is slightly lower than Haryana, but known for its higher literacy rate and
better healthcare facilities, making it over-all development

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 8) Table 1.6 Some Data regarding India and its neighbors for the year 2019
Country Gross National Life Mean years HDI Rank in
Income(GNI) per Expectancy schooling of the World
capita (2011 PPP) at birth people aged 25 (2018)
and above
Sri lanka 12707 77 10.6 73
India 6681 69.7 6.5 130
Myanmar 4961 67.1 5.0 148
Pakistan 5005 67.3 5.2 154
Nepal 3457 70.8 5.0 143
Bangladesh 4976 72.6 6.2 134

1) What is the Rank of India?

Ans) The Rank of India is 130.
2) Which country has highest expectancy at birth?
Ans) Sri lanka has highest expectancy at birth.
3) Who releases HDR?
Ans) UNDP – United Nations Development Programme
4) What is the percapita income of India?
Ans) The percapita income of India is 6681.

Consumer Rights (4M)

1) Explain how the consumers are exploited? (OR) Mention a few factors which cause
exploitation of consumers.
Ans)
1) Unfair Trade Practices : Traders sometimes sell defective goods, use faulty
measurements, or charge more than the stated price
2) Adulteration: Food and edible goods may be mixed with harmful substances to
increase profit.
3) Lack of Consumer Awareness: Many consumers are not aware of their rights,
leading to easy exploitation
4) Market Dominance: Big companies with control over production and advertising
often mislead consumers with false claims

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2) What factors gave birth to the consumer movement in India? Trace its evolution?
Ans)
1) Rampant food shortages, hoarding, and black marketing during the 1960s
2) Adulteration of essential goods like food and edible oils.
3) Lack of legal measures to protect consumers from unfair trade practices and
exploitation
4) In 1960s, it began as a social force primarly addressing issues in ration shops
and public transportation.
5) In 1986, Enactment of the Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) was a landmark
step, providing legal measures to safeguard consumer rights
6) In recent years more consumer organizations have been formed, creating
awareness and helping consumers fight against exploitation.

3) Explain the need for consumer consciousness by giving two examples

Ans) Need for Consumer Consciousness:

1. Example of Adulteration: Many food items like milk or spices may be mixed with
harmful substances to increase profits. Consumer awareness helps people identify
and avoid such products to protect their health.
2. Example of Overcharging: Shopkeepers might sell goods at a price higher than the
printed Maximum Retail Price (MRP). An informed consumer can resist this and
demand fair treatment.

4) What is the rationale behind the enactment of consumer protection Act 1986?
Ans) The Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) of 1986 was enacted for the following
reasons:

1. Protection from Exploitation: Before COPRA, consumers had no legal framework to

protect themselves from unfair trade practices like adulteration, faulty goods, and
overpricing.
2. Awareness of Rights: Consumers were often unaware of their rights, leading to
exploitation in marketplaces. The Act was meant to empower them with rights and
remedies.
3. Easy Redressal: COPRA created a structured system with district, state, and
national consumer courts, making it easier for consumers to seek justice.
4. Encouraging Fair Practices: The Act encourages producers and sellers to follow
ethical business practices, ensuring accountability and fairness.
5. Thus, COPRA was enacted to protect consumers, educate them about their rights,
and provide legal support against exploitation.

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5) Critically examine the progress of consumer movement in India?
Ans) The progress of the consumer movement in India can be critically examined as
follows:
Achievements:

1. Increased Awareness: The movement has helped many consumers become aware
of their rights, such as the right to safety, information, and redressal.
2. Legal Framework: The enactment of the Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) 1986
was a significant milestone, providing legal remedies for consumer grievances.
3. Establishment of Consumer Courts: A three-tier system of consumer courts
(district, state, and national levels) has been established to handle consumer
disputes efficiently.

Challenges:

1) However the consumer redressal process is quite complicated, expensive and time
consuming
2) Filing cases, attending court proceedings make it cumbersome
3) Even after more than 25 years of Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) , a large
section of consumers are unaware of their rights
4) It requires a voluntary effort for the participation of one and all.

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