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Test yourself 10.1
I. What is difference between Arrhenius base and Bronsted Lowry base?
Ans. Arrhenius Base:
A base is a substance give hydroxide ions in water. For example, NaOH,
NaOH ------------------------> Na+ + OH-
Bronsted-Lowry concept:
A bbase is a substance that cam be accept a proton (H+) from another substance. For example, HCl
HCl + NH3 --------------------> NH+4 + Cl
II. What do you mean by neutralization reaction according to Arrhenius acid- base concept?
Ans. according to Arrhenius concept acids give H+ ion sin water and bases give OH- ions.
When both acid and base are added in water, acid give H+ ions and base give OH- ions which react with
each other to form water and thus neutralization takes place.
HCl -----------------------------> H+ + Cl-
NaOH ------------------> Na+ + OH-
H+ + OH- ----------------> H2O This is neutralization
III. Prove that water is an amphoteric species?
Ans. water is amphoteric In nature because it reacts with acid it becomes base when it reacts with base it
become an acid as clear from following reactions.
CH3COOH + H2O ----------------> H3O+ + CH3COO-
Acid Base
H2O + NH3 -------------------------> NH4+ + OH-
Acid Base
iv. How can you justify that NH3 is Bronsted Lowry base but not Arrhenius base?
Ans. NH3 can accepts a proton (H+), therefore, it is Bronsted-Lowry base.
NH3 is not giving OH- ions in water, Therefore, it is not Arrhenius base.
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v. State and explain the neutralization reaction according to Lewis concept?
Ans. According to Lewis concept, “A neutralization reaction is donation and acceptance of an electron pair
to form a coordinate covalent bond in an adduct. Acids are electrons pair acceptors while bases are
electron pair donors. Thus, any substance that have empty orbital to accommodate electron pair acts as
Lewis acid while any substance that have unshared or lone pair of electrons act as Lewis base.
Thus the neutralization reaction between BF3 and NH3 is such that NH3 gives electron pair to BF3 to form
an addition compound.
vi. Define and give characteristics of Lewis acid?
Ans. Lewis acid:
Any substance which can accepts pair of electrons is called Lewis acid
Characteristics of Lewis acids:
i. These have incomplete octet.
ii. These are deficient in electrons.
vii. Why BF3 behave as a Lewis acid?
Ans. Because it is electron deficient molecule can accepts a pair of electrons.
viii. Water is amphoteric specie according to Bronsted-Lowry concept. What is its nature according to Lewis
concept?
Ans. according to Lewis concept it is base because it can give lone pair of electrons to Lewis acid.
Test yourself 10.2
I. When acids react with carbonates and bicarbonates which gas evolve out?
Ans. Carbon dioxide is evolved.
Na2SO3 + HCl ------------------> 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
II. Which types of salts produce SO2 gas on reacting with acids?
Ans. Metal sulphates and bisulphates react with acids to form sulphur dioxide gas.
CaSO3 + 2HCl -----------------> CaCl2 + SO2 + H2O
NaHSO3 + HCl --------------------> NaCl + SO2 + H2O
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III. Give the uses of sulphuric acid?
Ans. i) It is used in manufacture of fertilizers like ammonium sulphate, calcium superphosphate etc.
ii) It is used in manufacture of explosives, paints drugs etc.
iii) It is used as electrolyte in lead storage battery.
iv. Name the gas liberated when alkalis react with ammonium salts.
Ans. Ammonium gas is evolved when alkalis react with ammonium salts.
NaHSO3 + HCl ----------------> NaCl + SO2 + H2O
v. Write down the colours of precipitates formed by reaction of aqueous caustic soda with solutions of
copper, Zinc and ferric salts?
Ans. Copper solution will form blue precipitates.
Zinc solution will form white precipitates.
Ferric solution will form brown precipitates.
Vi. Name the alkali used in alkaline batteries?
Ans. Potassium hydroxide is used in alkalis batteries.
Test yourself 10.3
I. Why pure water is not a strong electrolyte?
Ans. Pure water is not strong electrolyte because it ionizes to very small extent at 25 oC and have small
number of H+ and OH- ions.
H2O ----------------> H+ + OH-
It contains only [H+] = 10-7 and [OH-] = 10-7 at 25oC. So it is weak electrolyte.
ii. HCl and H2SO4 are string acids, while their aquimolar solutions have different pH values. Why?
Ans. HCl is a strong and monobasic acid. Its one mole gives one mole of H+ ions on complete ionization.
HCl --------------------> H+ + Cl-
On the other hand, sulphuric acid is strong and dibasic acid. Its one mole gives two moles of H + ions on
complete ionization.
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H2SO4 ----------------> 2H+ + SO42-
From the above equations it is clear that the aqueous solution of H2SO4 contains greater number of H+ ions
than aqueous solution of HCl. Therefore, pH value of H2SO4 solution is smaller than HCl solution.
iii. Why ionic product constant of water is temperature dependent?
Ans. Water Is weak electrolyte. Its ionization is affected by temperature and becomes greater at high
temperature. Therefore it produces greater number of H+ and OH- ions at higher temperature. Due to this
higher concentration, ionic product constant ‘Kw’ increase. Therefore, value of kw is temperature
dependant.
iv. Differentiate between ‘p’ and pH.
Ans. ‘p’ is simply an alphabet but ‘p’ before the symbol means negative logarithm of the symbol. So ‘p’
before H ,means negative logarithm of H+.
Test yourself 10.4
I. Name the types of salts?
Ans. Types of salts are:
i) Neutral salts ii) Acidic salts iii) Basic salts
iv) Double salts v) Mixed salts vi) Complex salts
II. H3PO4 is a weak acid but its salt (Na3PO4) with strong base NaOH is neutral. Explain it.
Ans. Although H3PO4 is a weak acid but its three hydrogen ions are replaceable. Therefore, the strong base
NaOH replaces all the three hydrogen ions from phosphoric acid to form a neutral salt.
H3PO4 + 3NaOH ---------------> Na3PO4 + 3H2O
iii. How the basic salts turns into normal salts. Explain with an example.
Ans. Basic salts are turned into normal salts by reacting them with an acid.
Zn(OH)NO3 + HNO3 --------------------> Zn(NO3)2 + H2O
iv. Na2SO4 is a neutral salt. What are its uses?
Ans. It is used In the manufacture of glass, paper and detergents.
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