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 9 PHYSICS FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION SOLUTION

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Force And Laws Of Motion

Class 9th Physics Lakhmir Singh And Manjit Kaur Solution

Very Short Answer Type Questions-pg-55

1. What name is given to the product of mass and velocity of a body?…
2. What will be the momentum of a body of mass m which is moving with the velocity?…
3. Name the physical quantity which is considered to be a measure of the quantity of motion…
4. What is the SI unit of momentum?
5. State whether momentum is scalar or vector.
6. What is the total momentum of the bullet and the gun before firing?…
7. Name the physical quantity whose unit is kg m/s.
8. What is the usual name of the forces which cannot produce motion in a body but only change…
9. Name the unbalanced force which slows down a moving bicycle when we stop pedaling it.…
10. State whether the following statement is true of false. Unbalanced forces acting on a body…
11. When a ball is dropped from a height, its speed increases gradually. Name the force which…
12. Name the property of bodies (or objects) to resist a change in their state of rest or of…
13. What is the other name of Newtons first law of motion?
14. The mass of object A is 6 kg whereas that of another object B is 34 kg. Which of the two…
15. Name the scientist who gave the laws of motion.
16. State whether force is a scalar or a vector quantity.
17. With which physical quantity should the speed of a running bull the multiplied so as to…
18. Fill in the following blanks with suitable words: (a) is a measure of the inertia of a…
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 Questions Based On High Order Thinking Skills (hots)-pg-77
1. Why are car seat-belts designed to stretch somewhat in a collision?…
2. The troops (soldiers) equipped to be dropped by parachutes from an aircraft are called…
3. Why would an aircrafts be unable to fly on the moon?
4. Explain why it is possible for a small animal to fall from a considerable height without…
5. A boy of mass 50 kg running at 5 m/s jumps on to a 20 kg trolley travelling in the same…
6. A girl of mass 50 kg jumps out of a rowing boat of mass 300 kg on the bank, with a…
7. A truck of mass 500 kg moving at 4 m/s collides with another truck of mass 1500 kg moving…
8. A ball X of mass 1 kg travelling at 2 m/s has a head-on collision with an identical ball Y…
9. A heavy car A of mass 2000 kg travelling at 10 m/s has a head-on collision with a sports…
10. A man wearing a bullet-proof vest stands still on roller skates. The total mass is 80 kg.…

Short Answer Type Questions-pg-55

1. Explain why, it is easier to stop a tennis ball than a cricket ball moving with the same…
2. Explain the meaning of the following equation: P = m v Where symbol have their usual…
3. Explain how, a karate player can break a pile of tiles with a single blow of his hand.…
4. Calculate the momentum of a toy car of mass 200 g moving with a speed of 5 m/s.…
5. What is the change in momentum of a car weighing 1500 kg when its speed increases from 36…
6. A body of mass 25 kg has a momentum of 125 kg. m/s. Calculate the velocity of the body.…
7. Calculate the momentum of the following: (a) an elephant of mass 2000 kg moving at 5 m/s…
8. Which of the two, balanced forces or unbalanced forces, can change the shape of an object?…
9. Describe the term inertia with respect to motion.
10. State Newtons first law of motion. Give two examples to illustrate Newtons first law of…
11. On what factor does the inertia of a body depend? Which has more inertia, a cricket ball…
12. Why do the passengers in a bus tend to fall backward when it starts suddenly?…
13. Explain why, a person travelling in a bus falls forward when the bus stops suddenly.…
14. Give reason for the following: When a hanging carpet is beaten with a stick, the dust…
15. When a tree is shaken, its fruits and leaves fall down. Why?
16. Explain why, it is dangerous to jump out of a moving bus.
17. What is the momentum in kg. m/s of a 10 kg car travelling at (a) 5 m/s (b) 20 cm/s, and…

Long Answer Type Questions-pg-56

1. Define momentum of a body, on what factors does the momentum of a body depend?…
2. Calculate the change in momentum of a body weighing 5 kg when its velocity decreases from…
3. | Define the term force.

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 4. State the various effects of force.
5. Give one example each where: (a) A force moves a stationary body. (b) A force stops a…
6. What do you understand by the terms balanced forces and unbalanced forces? Explain with…
7. What type of forces - balanced or unbalanced - act on a rubber ball when we press it…
8. What happens to the passengers travelling in a bus when the bus taken a sharp turn? Give…
9. Why are road accidents at high speeds very much worse than road accidents at low speeds?…

Multiple Choice Questions (mcqs)-pg-56

1. When a toothpaste tube is squeezed, its shape changes. The force responsible for this is…
2. The inertia of an object tends to cause an object: A. To increase its speed B. To decrease…
3. When we talk of force acting on a body, it usually means: A. Electrical force B. Balanced…
4. A passenger in a moving train tosses a coin which falls behind him. This shows that the…
5. When a hanging carpet is beaten with stick, the dust particles start coming out of it.…
6. A water tanker filled up to two-thirds of its tank with water is running with a uniform…
7. If we release a magnet held in out hand, it falls to the ground. The force which makes the…
8. The inertia of a moving object depends on: A. Momentum of the object B. Speed of the…
9. When a rubber balloon held between the hands is pressed, its shape changes. This happens…
10. Which of the following effect cannot be produced by unbalanced force acting on a body? A.…

Questions Based On High Order Thinking Skills (hots)-pg-57

1. A plastic ball and a clay ball of equal masses, travelling in the same direction with…
2. A moving bicycle comes to rest after sometimes if we stop pedaling it. But Newtons first…
3. A man throws a ball weighing 500 g vertically upwards with a speed of 10 m/s. (i) What…
4. A car is moving on a level road. If the driver turns off the engine of the car, the cars…
5. There are two types of forces X and Y. The forces belonging to type X can produce motion…

Very Short Answer Type Questions-pg-74

1. Which physical quantity corresponds to the rate of change of momentum?…
2. State the relation between the momentum of a body and the force acting on it.…
3. What is the unit of force?
4. Define one Newton force.
5. What is the relationship between force and acceleration?
6. If the mass of a body and the force acting on it are both doubled, what happens to the…
7. Name the physical quantity whose unit is Newton.
8. Which physical principle is involved in the working of a jet airplane?…
9. Name the principle on which a rocket works.
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 10. Is the following statement true or false : A rocket can propel itself in a vacuum.…
11. What is the force which produces an acceleration of 1 m/s^2 in a body of mass 1 kg?…
12. Find the acceleration produced by a force of 5 N acting on a mass of 10 kg.…
13. A girl weighing 25 kg stands on the floor. She exerts a downward force of 250 N on the…
14. Name the physical quantity which makes it easier to accelerate a small car than a large…
15. Fill in the following blanks with suitable words: (a) To every action, there is an . and…

Short Answer Type Questions-pg-74

1. Explain the meaning of the following equation: F = m a Where symbols have their usual…
2. To take the boat away from the bank of a river, the boatman pushes the bank with an oar.…
3. Why does a gunman get a jerk on firing a bullet?
4. If action is always equal to reaction, explain why a cart pulled by a horse can be moved.…
5. Explain how a rocket works.
6. Do action and reaction act on the same body or different bodies? How are they related in…
7. If a man jumps out from a boat, the boat moves backwards. Why?
8. Why is it difficult to walk on a slippery road?
9. Explain why, a runner presses the ground with his feet before he starts his run.…
10. A 60 g bullet fired from a 5 kg gun leaves with a speed of 500 m/s. Find the speed…
11. A 10 g bullet travelling at 200 m/s strikes and remains embedded in a 2 kg target which is…
12. A body of mass 2 kg is at rest. What should be the magnitude of force which will make the…
13. A body of mass 5 kg is moving with a velocity of 10 m/s. A force is applied to it so that…
14. A car of mass 2400 kg moving with a velocity of 20 m s-1 is stopped in 10 seconds on…
15. For how long should a force of 100 N act on a body of 20 kg so that it acquired a velocity…
16. How long will it take a force of 10 N to stop a mass of 2.5 kg which is moving at 20 m/s?…
17. The velocity of a body of mass 10 kg increases from 4 m/s to 8 m/s when a force acts on it…
18. A gun of mass 3 kg fires a bullet of mass 30 g. The bullet takes 0.003 s to move through…
19. Draw a diagram to show how a rocket engine provides a force to move the rocket upwards.…
20. Name the laws involved in the following situations: (a) The sum of products of masses and…

Long Answer Type Questions-pg-75

1. State and explain Newtons second law of motion.
2. A 1000 kg vehicle moving with a speed of 20 m/s is brought to rest in a distance of 50…
3. Explain why, a cricket player moves his hands backwards while catching a fast cricket…
4. A 150 g ball, travelling at 30 m/s, strikes the palm of a players hand and is stopped in…
5. State Newtons third law of motion and give two examples to illustrate the law.…

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 6. Explain why, when a fireman directs a powerful stream of water on a fire from a hose pipe,…
7. State the law of conservation of momentum.
8. Discuss the conservation of momentum in each of the following cases: (i) A rocket taking…
9. If a balloon filled with air and its mouth unties, is released with its mouth in the…
10. An unloaded truck weighing 2000 kg has a maximum acceleration of 0.5 m/s2. What is the…

Multiple Choice Questions (mcqs)-pg-76

1. The rocket work on the principle of conservation of: A. Mass B. Energy C. Momentum D.…
2. An object of mass 2 kg is sliding with a constant velocity of 4 m/s on a frictionless…
3. The physical quantity which makes it easier to accelerate a small car than a large is…
4. According to the third law of motion, action and reaction: A. Always act on the same body…
5. The unit of measuring momentum of a moving body is: A. m s-1 B. kg m s-1 C. kg m s-2 D.…
6. A boy of mass 50 kg standing on ground exerts a force of 500 N on the ground. The force…
7. A Honda City car, A Maruti Alto car, A Tata Nano car and a Mahindra Scorpio car, all are…
8. The acceleration produced by a force of 5 N acting on a mass of 20 kg in m/s2 is: A. 4 B.…
9. Which of the following situations involves the Newtons second law of motion? A. A force…
10. A fielder pulls his hands backwards after catching the cricket ball. This enables the…

Very Short Answer Type Questions-pg-55

Question 1.
What name is given to the product of mass and velocity of a body?

Answer:
The quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of its mass and velocity is called as momentum. It is also defined as
the impetus gained by a moving object.

Question 2.
What will be the momentum of a body of mass ‘m’ which is moving with the velocity?

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 Answer:
Mass of the object = m

Let, the Velocity of the object be 'v'

Since, Momentum = Mass ×Velocity

Hence, Momentum = mv

Question 3.
Name the physical quantity which is considered to be a measure of the quantity of motion of a body.

Answer:
Momentum is considered to be a measure of the quantity of motion of a body. It is the product of the mass and velocity of an object,
quantified in kilogram-meters per second. It is dimensionally equivalent to impulse, the product of force and time, quantified in Newton -
seconds.

Question 4.
What is the SI unit of momentum?

Answer:
The SI unit of momentum is kilogram meter per second and it is symbolized as kg m/s

Question 5.
State whether momentum is scalar or vector.

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 Answer:
Momentum is a vector quantity. For a particle with mass, the momentum equals mass times velocity, and velocity is a vector quantity
while mass is a scalar quantity. A scalar multiplied by a vector is a vector.

Question 6.
What is the total momentum of the bullet and the gun before firing?

Answer:
When we fire a bullet from a gun, its veleocity is zero before firing, hence momentum is also zero.

Question 7.
Name the physical quantity whose unit is kg m/s.

Answer:
Momentum is defined to be ‘mass x velocity’, so it is a vector, in the same direction as the velocity.

Mass is measured in kilograms, kg, and velocity is measured in metres per second, m/s. These are the standard SI units of these
quantities. Hence, the SI unit of momentum is kg m/s.

Question 8.
What is the usual name of the forces which cannot produce motion in a body but only change its shape?

Answer:
Balanced Forces cannot produce motion, but can change the shape of the body.

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 Question 9.
Name the unbalanced force which slows down a moving bicycle when we stop pedaling it.

Answer:
.It is frictional force which slows down the bicycle and gradually stops the cycle when we stop pedaling it.

Question 10.
State whether the following statement is true of false.

Unbalanced forces acting on a body change its shape.

Answer:
False: Balanced forces acting on a body change its shape.

Question 11.
When a ball is dropped from a height, its speed increases gradually. Name the force which causes this change its speed.

Answer:
When a ball is thrown towards the ground from the height h then, acceleration due to gravity acts on the body in the same direction of the
motion of the body.

Hence acceleration of the body increases.

Question 12.
Name the property of bodies (or objects) to resist a change in their state of rest or of motion.

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 Answer:
The intrinsic property of material body which resists a change in its state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line is called
inertia. Inertia is a natural tendency of the body.

Question 13.
What is the other name of Newton’s first law of motion?

Answer:
Newton's first law of motion is also called as the law of inertia. An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion
with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Question 14.
The mass of object A is 6 kg whereas that of another object B is 34 kg. Which of the two objects, A or B, has more inertia?

Answer:
Since, mass is directly proportional to inertia. Hence, Ball B, which is heavier than Ball A and thus having a greater mass, will also have a
greater inertia.

Question 15.
Name the scientist who gave the laws of motion.

Answer:
Sir Issac Newton gave laws of motion which constitute three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics.

Question 16.
State whether force is a scalar or a vector quantity.
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 Answer:
Force is defined as the product of mass and acceleration. We know, that mass is a scalar quantity while acceleration is a vector quantity
whose direction and magnitude both can be specified. The product of a scalar and vector always yield a vector quantity. Hence, force is a
vector quantity.

Question 17.
With which physical quantity should the speed of a running bull the multiplied so as to obtain its momentum?

Answer:
Since momentum is equal to the product of mass and velocity. Hence, mass of bull should be multiplied to its speed in order to find its
Momentum.

Question 18.
Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:

(a) …………… is a measure of the inertia of a body.

(b) When a running car stops suddenly, the passengers are jerked …………..

(c) When a stationary car starts suddenly, the passengers are jerked …………

(d) Newton’s first law of motion is also called Galileo’s law of …………..

(e) If there were no unbalanced force of …… and no ………..resistance, a moving bicycle would go on moving forever.

Answer:
(a) Mass

(b) Forward

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 (c) Backward

(d) Inertia

(e) Friction; Air

Questions Based On High Order Thinking Skills (hots)-pg-77

Question 1.
Why are car seat-belts designed to stretch somewhat in a collision?

Answer:
When a car is moving with a high velocity, its momentum is also high and the people in the vehicle are also in the same momentum. We
know that momentum is inversely proportional to time. So if the momentum is bought to 0 at a short time then force acting on a body is
very large. So when a car meets with an accident, the person falling front with the presence of stretchable seat belt as these elastic seat
belt reduce the momentum in more time to reduce the force.

Question 2.
The troops (soldiers) equipped to be dropped by parachutes from an aircraft are called paratroopers. Why do paratroopers roll on
loading?

Answer:
When you hit the ground, the ground exerts a force up on you to stop you. The force which it exerts depends on how long the collision
lasts. You have no control over your mass or the speed you hit the ground, but you can increase the time and reduce the rate of change in
momentum and rolling is one such trick. Hence, we would get less hurt.

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 Question 3.
Why would an aircrafts be unable to fly on the moon?

Answer:
An aircraft needs air due to following reasons:

(i) Air moving under the wings of aircraft is strong enough to hold it up, and

(ii) Air burns the fuel in aircraft engines.

Since there is no air on moon, an aircraft cannot fly on the moon.

Question 4.
Explain why it is possible for a small animal to fall from a considerable height without any injury being caused when it reaches the
ground.

Answer:
The amount of downward force on a falling object depends on its weight. The greater the mass, the greater the force will be, and,
therefore, the greater the terminal velocity. It is important to understand, that acceleration due to gravity is the same for all objects; it is
the drag factor that causes the variations with weight and shape.

A large person will fall faster than a small person due to the greater weight of the large person in relation to the cross-sectional area as
compared to the small person.For a very light person, the drag will eventually become equal to the weight of the person and therefore
very small animals such as mice when dropped from large height will escape un hurt.

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 Question 5.
A boy of mass 50 kg running at 5 m/s jumps on to a 20 kg trolley travelling in the same direction at 1.5 m/s. What is their common
velocity?

Answer:
Using conservation of momentum

MV + mv = (M + m) v'

Where:

M - Mass of the boy - 50kg

m - Mass of the trolley - 20kg

V- Velocity of the boy - 5m/s

v - Velocity of the trolley - 1.5m/s

v' - common velocity - x

(50+20) x = (50x5 +20x1.5)

x= 4m/s.

Hence, the common velocity is 4m/s.

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 Question 6.
A girl of mass 50 kg jumps out of a rowing boat of mass 300 kg on the bank, with a horizontal velocity of 3 m/s. With what velocity does
the boat begin to move backwards?

Answer:
Mass of girl, m1= 50kg

Mass of the boat, m2= 300kg

Velocity of the girl, v1= 3m/s

v2=? we have to find it

We know,

According to Law of conservation of momentum,

= m1v1 + m2v2= 0 (As no initial velocity is applied)

⇒50 × 3+ 300 × v2 =0

v2 = - 150/300

= (- 0.5m/s)

Since, the boat is moving in backward direction the velocity (v2) will be 0.5m/s in the backward direction.

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 Question 7.
A truck of mass 500 kg moving at 4 m/s collides with another truck of mass 1500 kg moving in the same direction at 2 m/s. What is their
common velocity just after the collision if they move off together?

Answer:
Let

m1=500,

m2=1500

u1=4m/s

u2=2m/s

v1=v2 (since after collision they stuck together)

According to law of conservation of momentum,

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

500 x 4 + 1500 x 2 = (500 + 1500) v

5000 = 2000v

v = 5000/2000

v = 2.5m/s
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 Question 8.
A ball X of mass 1 kg travelling at 2 m/s has a head-on collision with an identical ball Y at rest. X stops and Y moves off. Calculate the
velocity of Y after the collision.

Answer:
Mass of ball X, m1 = 1 kg

Mass of ball Y, m2 = 1kg

According to conservation of momentum,

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

1*2 + 1*0 = 1*0 + 1*v2

2 + 0 = 0 + v2

v2 = 2 m/s

Question 9.
A heavy car A of mass 2000 kg travelling at 10 m/s has a head-on collision with a sports car B of mass 500 kg. If both cars stop dead on
colliding, what was the velocity of car B?

Answer:
Applying conservation of momentum,

P1 = P2
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 Mass of car A be 2000kg

Mass of car B be 500kg

Velocity of car A before impact = Va = 10m/s

Velocity of car B before impact = Vb=?

Velocity of car A after impact = 0

Velocity of Car B after impact = 0

2000 Va + 500Vb = 2000×0 + 500×0

2000 × 10 + 500Vb = 0

Vb = - 20000/500 = - 40m/s

Negative sign shows that direction of Va and Vb are opposite.

Question 10.
A man wearing a bullet-proof vest stands still on roller skates. The total mass is 80 kg. A bullet of mass 20 grams is fired at 400 m/s. It is
stopped by the vest and falls to the ground. What is then the velocity of the man?

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 Answer:
m - Mass of bullet

= 0.02 kg

M - Mass of man

= 80 kg

u - Initial velocity of bullet

= 400 m/s

U - Initial velocity of man

= 0 m/s

v - Final velocity of bullet

= 0 m/s

V - Final velocity of man

Using conservation of momentum

Initial momentum = Final momentum

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 M*u+M*U=m*v+M*V

0.02 * 400 + 80 * 0 = 0.02 * 0 + 80 * V

8 = 80 * V

V = 0.1 m/s

Therefore, the man moves with a velocity of 0.1 m/s

Short Answer Type Questions-pg-55

Question 1.
Explain why, it is easier to stop a tennis ball than a cricket ball moving with the same speed.

Answer:
We know that

Momentum, p = mv

As from question, balls have same speed.

pαm

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 Since cricket ball has more mass than the tennis ball.

So, cricket ball has more momentum than the tennis ball.

That is why it is easier to stop a tennis ball than a cricket ball moving with the same speed.

Question 2.
Explain the meaning of the following equation:

P=m×v

Where symbol have their usual meaning

Answer:
.P = mv, shows the method to calculate the momentum of an object. Where, p represents momentum

m, mass of object and v, velocity of the object.

It shows that the momentum of an object is the product of its mass and velocity.

Question 3.
Explain how, a karate player can break a pile of tiles with a single blow of his hand.

Answer:
In doing so, the entire momentum of the hand is reduced to zero in very short interval of time. As a result, very large force is delivered to
the pile of tiles which breaks it in a single blow.

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 Question 4.
Calculate the momentum of a toy car of mass 200 g moving with a speed of 5 m/s.

Answer:
Given: Mass of car, m =200g

Velocity of car, v =5 m/s

Now, 1 kg = 1000 g

Thus, mass of car, m = 0.2kg

Momentum of the car, p= mass × velocity

= 0.2kg × 5 m/s

= 1 kg-m/s

Question 5.
What is the change in momentum of a car weighing 1500 kg when its speed increases from 36 km/h to 72 km/h uniformly?

Answer:
The formula of change in momentum= mv - mu,

Where m = mass i.e. 1500kg,

v = final velocity i.e. 72 km/hr,

u = initial velocity i.e. 36 km/hr.

We will change the v and u to m/s

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 i.e. 72 X 5/18=20 m/s and 36 X 5/18=10 m/s.

Hence, change in Momentum= mv - mu

= 1500X20 - 1500X10

=1500[20 - 10]

= 1500 X 10

= 15000 kg m/s

Question 6.
A body of mass 25 kg has a momentum of 125 kg. m/s. Calculate the velocity of the body.

Answer:
Given: mass of the body, m =25 kg

Let the velocity of the body be v m/s

Momentum of the body, p =125 kg. M/s

Now, p = m×v
125 = 25(v)

v = 5 m/s
Hence, the velocity of the body is 5 m/s

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 Question 7.
Calculate the momentum of the following:

(a) an elephant of mass 2000 kg moving at 5 m/s

(b) a bullet of mass 0.02 kg moving at 400 m/s

Answer:
As we know,

Momentum, p = mv

Where, m is the mass of the body

V is the velocity of the body,

(a) m = 2000 kg

v = 5 m/s

p = (2000) × (5)

= 10000 kg m/s

(b) m = 0.2 kg

v = 400 m/s

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 p = (0.2) × (400)

= 80 kg m/s

Question 8.
Which of the two, balanced forces or unbalanced forces, can change the shape of an object? Give an example to illustrate your answer.

Answer:
Balanced forces can change the shape of the object.

Example: Squeeze a rubber ball between the palms of your hands. What do you observe? The shape of the rubber ball changes. The force
applied on the ball is equal and opposite, so, the resultant of this force does not move the object, this is balanced force.

Question 9.
Describe the term ‘inertia’ with respect to motion.

Answer:
Inertia can easily be described as the reluctance or resistance of a body to change its state of motion i.e. if a body is at rest, it will
continue to remain at rest if an external force is not applied to change its state of rest whereas if a body is in motion, it will continue to
remain in motion if an external force is not applied to change its state of motion.

Question 10.
State Newton’s first law of motion. Give two examples to illustrate Newton’s first law of motion.

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 Answer:
Newton's first law of motion, also referred to as the law of inertia states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays
in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

For example,

(i) When a bus suddenly starts, the passengers sitting or standing in the bus tend to fall backward. This is due to inertia of rest and can
be explained as follows: when the bus suddenly starts, the lower part of the body of the passenger which is in contact with the bus
moves along with the bus while the upper part of the body tends to retain its state of rest due to inertia. As a result, the passenger falls
backward.

(ii)A rider on a running horse is thrown forward when the horse stops suddenly due to inertia of motion.

Question 11.
On what factor does the inertia of a body depend? Which has more inertia, a cricket ball or a rubber ball of the same size?

Answer:
Inertia of a body depends on its mass. A cricket ball has more mass than a rubber ball, hence it has more inertia.

Question 12.
Why do the passengers in a bus tend to fall backward when it starts suddenly?

Answer:
When a bus suddenly starts, the passengers sitting or standing in the bus tend to fall backward. This is due to inertia of rest and can be
explained as follows: when the bus suddenly starts, the lower part of the body of the passenger which is in contact with the bus moves
along with the bus while the upper part of the body tends to retain its state of rest due to inertia. As a result, the passenger falls
backward.

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 Question 13.
Explain why, a person travelling in a bus falls forward when the bus stops suddenly.

Answer:
When moving bus suddenly stops, the passengers sitting or standing in the bus are thrown forward. This is due to inertia of motion and
can be explained as follows: when the moving bus suddenly stops, the lower part of the body of the passenger contact with the bus
suddenly comes to rest while the upper part of the body tends to retain its state of motion due to inertia. As a result, the passenger is
thrown forward.

Question 14.
Give reason for the following:

When a hanging carpet is beaten with a stick, the dust particles start coming out of it.

Answer:
When a blanket is given a sudden jerk, the dust particles in it fall off due to inertia at rest. Dust particles were at rest on the carpet.
However when you beat the carpet, you are forcing the dust to move along with the carpet. Due to the dust having inertia, it doesn't move,
or rather, it resists motion. This is why dust comes out of a carpet when it is beaten with a stick.

Question 15.
When a tree is shaken, its fruits and leaves fall down. Why?

Answer:
When a branch of a tree is vigorously shaken the fruits and seeds in It fall down due to inertia of rest. The tree was at rest (at first), when
the tree is shaken the branches of the tree gains motion but the fruits and leaves tends to be in rest due to inertia of rest and hence they
fall down.

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 Question 16.
Explain why, it is dangerous to jump out of a moving bus.

Answer:
The man jumping out from a moving bus possesses the inertia of motion. As the man lands on the ground, feet come to rest immediately
while the upper part of body continue to move due to inertia of motion and hence the person may fall forward. Hence, it is dangerous to
jump out of a moving bus.

Question 17.
What is the momentum in kg. m/s of a 10 kg car travelling at

(a) 5 m/s (b) 20 cm/s, and (c) 36 km/h?

Answer:
As we know,

Momentum, p = m × v

Where, m is the mass of the body

v is the velocity of the body,

Here, m = 10 kg

(a) v = 5 m/s

p = (10) × (5)

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 = 50 kg m/s

(b) v = 20 cm/s = 0.2 m/s

p = (10) × (0.2)

= 2 kg m/s

(c) v = 36 km/h = 10 m/s

p= (10) × (10)

= 100 kg m/s

Long Answer Type Questions-pg-56

Question 1.
Define momentum of a body, on what factors does the momentum of a body depend?

Answer:
Momentum is defined as amount of motion a body contains. Mathematically it is defined as the product of mass and velocity. So the
factors on which momentum of a body depends are its mass and velocity.

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 Question 2.
Calculate the change in momentum of a body weighing 5 kg when its velocity decreases from 20 m/s to 0.20 m/s.

Answer:
The formula of change in momentum= mv - mu,

Where m=mass i.e. 5kg

v=final velocity i.e. 0.2 m/s

u=initial velocity i.e. 20m/s

Hence, change in Momentum= mv - mu

= 5 (0.2 - 20)

= 5(-19.8)

= -99 kg m/s

99 kg m/s decreases

Question 3.
| Define the term ‘force.’

Answer:
A push or pull is a force. Or in other words we can say that force is the capacity to do work or cause any physical change.

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 Question 4.
State the various effects of force.

Answer:
The Effects of Forces are - force acting on an object may cause the object to change shape, to start moving, to stop moving, to
accelerate or decelerate.

When two objects interact with each other they exert a force on each other, the forces are equal in size but opposite in direction.

Question 5.
Give one example each where:

(a) A force moves a stationary body.

(b) A force stops a moving body.

(c) A force changes the speed of a moving body.

(d) A force changes the direction of a moving body.

(e) A force changes the shape (and size) of a body.

Answer:
The required examples of forces are:

(a) While pushing a table, a stationary object is moved through force.

(b) When brakes are applied in order to stop the bicycle.

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 (c) While hitting a moving football changes its direction, here the force changes the direction of a moving object.

(d) When we push a slowly moving bicycle its speed increases gradually.

(e) Applying force on a rubber ball changes its shape. Here a force tends to change the shape of an object.

Question 6.
What do you understand by the terms “balanced forces” and “unbalanced forces”? Explain with examples.

Answer:
Forces that are equal in size but opposite in direction are called balanced forces. Balanced forces do not cause a change in motion.
When balanced forces act on an object at rest, the object will not move. For example- If you push against a wall, the wall pushes back
with an equal but opposite force. Neither you nor the wall will move.

Forces that cause a change in the motion of an object are unbalanced forces. Unbalanced forces are not equal and opposite. For
example- Suppose that one of the teams in tug of war pulls harder than the other team. The forces would no longer be equal. One team
would be able to pull the other team in the direction of the larger force.

Question 7.
What type of forces – balanced or unbalanced - act on a rubber ball when we press it between our hands? What effect is produced in the
ball?

Answer:
When we press the rubber ball between our hands an equal and opposite force acts and only the shape of the ball is changed, hence we
can conclude that the balanced forces acts on it. As an effect of force the shape of the ball changes, it gets a little compressed.

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 Question 8.
What happens to the passengers travelling in a bus when the bus taken a sharp turn? Give reasons for your answer.

Answer:
When the bus takes a sharp turn the passengers travelling in a bus tends to fall due to the Inertia of direction. While the bus is moving the
passengers exist the Inertia of motion in the direction the bus is moving but when it takes sharp turn the body of the passengers opposes
the change, hence they tends to fall.

Question 9.
Why are road accidents at high speeds very much worse than road accidents at low speeds?

Answer:
This is because of the momentum. When a car or a vehicle moves in a slow speed its momentum is less due to which the damage due to
the accident is less but when a car or vehicle moves at a high speed then damage due to accident is very large so it is advised to drive
cars at slow speeds to be in control and prevent damage and if the damage occurs then the damage will be less.

Multiple Choice Questions (mcqs)-pg-56

Question 1.
When a toothpaste tube is squeezed, its shape changes. The force responsible for this is an example of:

A. Balanced forces

B. Centripetal forces

C. Unbalanced forces

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 D. Centrifugal forces

Answer:
Since, balanced forces are forces that produce no change in motion but can change its shape.

Question 2.
The inertia of an object tends to cause an object:

A. To increase its speed

B. To decrease its speed

C. To resist a change in its state of motion

D. To decelerate due to friction

Answer:
Since, Inertia is the resistance of any physical object to any change in its state of motion; this includes changes to its speed, direction, or
state of rest.

Question 3.
When we talk of force acting on a body, it usually means:

A. Electrical force

B. Balanced force

C. Unbalanced force

D. Nuclear force

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 Answer:
Since, Forces that cause a change in the motion of an object are unbalanced forces.

Question 4.
A passenger in a moving train tosses a coin which falls behind him. This shows that the motion of train is:

A. Accelerated B. Uniform

C. Retarded D. along circular track

Answer:
Since, when the coin is tossed the train accelerates forward whereas coin due to inertia tends to move with the same velocity when
tossed.

Question 5.
‘When a hanging carpet is beaten with stick, the dust particles start coming out of it’. This phenomenon can be best explained by making
use of:

A. Newton’s third law of motion

B. Newton’s law of gravitation

C. Newton’s first law of motion

D. Newton’s second law of motion

Answer:
Since, due to inertia of rest the dust particles come out of the carpet when beaten with stick.

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 Question 6.
A water tanker filled up to two-thirds of its tank with water is running with a uniform speed. When the brakes are suddenly applied, the
water in its tank would:

A. Move backward

B. Move forward

C. Rise upwards

D. Remain unaffected

Answer:
This happens due to the Inertia of motion that water exist at that moment.

Question 7.
If we release a magnet held in out hand, it falls to the ground. The force which makes the magnet fall down is an example of:

A. Balanced force

B. Unbalanced force

C. Magnetic force

D. Muscular force

Answer:
Since, unbalanced forces are the forces that cause a change in the motion of an object.

Question 8.
The inertia of a moving object depends on:

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 A. Momentum of the object

B. Speed of the object

C. Mass of the object

D. Shape of the object

Answer:
Since, The heavier the body more the Inertia it exists.

Question 9.
When a rubber balloon held between the hands is pressed, its shape changes. This happens because:

A. Balanced forces act on the balloon

B. Unbalanced forces act on the balloon

C. Frictional forces act on the balloon

D. Gravitational forces act on the balloon

Answer:
As the balanced forces cause the change in shape of an object without bringing a change to its motion.

Question 10.
Which of the following effect cannot be produced by unbalanced force acting on a body?

A. Change in speed of the body

B. Change in shape of the body

C. Change in direction of motion of the body

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 D. Change in state of rest of the body

Answer:
Since, only the balanced forces can cause the change in shape of the body.

Questions Based On High Order Thinking Skills (hots)-pg-57

Question 1.
A plastic ball and a clay ball of equal masses, travelling in the same direction with equal speeds, strike against a vertical wall. From which
ball does the wall receive a greater amount of momentum?

Answer:
The amount of momentum that an object has depends on two physical quantities: the mass and the velocity of the moving object in the
frame of reference.

We know,

p=m×v

where p is the momentum, m is the mass and v is the velocity.

Since, in the above case both the mass and velocity of clay ball and plastic ball are same and they are travelling in the same frame of
reference their momentum will be equal.

Thus, the wall will receive equal momentum from both plastic and clay ball.

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 Question 2.
A moving bicycle comes to rest after sometimes if we stop pedaling it. But Newton’s first law of motion says that a moving body should
continue to move forever, unless some external force acts on it. How do you explain the bicycle case?

Answer:
There is an external force of friction between the tyres and the road and in the axles of the bicycle acting which resists the motion and
hence tends to stop the cycle.

Question 3.
A man throws a ball weighing 500 g vertically upwards with a speed of 10 m/s.

(i) What will be its initial momentum?

(ii) What would be its momentum at the highest point of its flight?

Answer:
(i) The momentum, p = mv.

The values of mass and velocity are given as

Mass, m =500g = 0.5 kg

Initial velocity, u = 10 m / s

Initial Momentum = mu

= 0.5 ×10 = 5 kg m/s

(ii) At the highest point, the velocity of the ball will be zero. So, its momentum is zero.
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 Question 4.
A car is moving on a level road. If the driver turns off the engine of the car, the car’s speed decreases gradually and ultimately it comes to
a stop. A student says that two forces act on the car which brings it to a stop. What could these forces be? Which of these two forces
contributes more to slow down and stop the car?

Answer:
These forces would be the air friction and the friction between the tires and the road which would tend to bring the car at rest. Frictional
force would contribute more in stopping the car.

Question 5.
There are two types of forces X and Y. The forces belonging to type X can produce motion in a stationary object but cannot change the
shape of the object. On the other hand, forces belonging to type Y cannot produce motion in a stationary object but can change the
shape of the object. What is the general name of the forces such as (a) X, and (b) Y?

Answer:
(a) Unbalanced forces as these forces are not opposite in direction and equal in size always cause a change in motion.

(b) Balanced forces as balanced forces can cause an object to stay at rest or at constant velocity but don't change the motion of the
object rather may change the shape.

Very Short Answer Type Questions-pg-74

Question 1.
Which physical quantity corresponds to the rate of change of momentum?

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 Answer:
Force is the rate of change of momentum. The SI unit of force is the Newton and it's symbol is 'N'.

Question 2.
State the relation between the momentum of a body and the force acting on it.

Answer:
Consider a body of mass m, initial velocity of magnitude u, a force F acts on the body to a final velocity of magnitude v. We have from
Newton's second law F= m(v-u)/t or F = (mv-mu)/t. mu is the initial momentum of the body and mv is the final momentum of the body.

Force = rate of change of momentum.

F = DP/Dt or Dp = F x Dt

The FDt is called the impulse of the force F.

The change in momentum can be calculated by the area under the graph of force against time.

F = D (mv)/Dt

= m/Dt x Dv.

Question 3.
What is the unit of force?

Answer:
The SI unit of force is the Newton and it's symbol is 'N'.
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 Question 4.
Define one Newton force.

Answer:
The force which when applied on a body of mass of 1 kg provides the acceleration of 1 m/s2 is known as 1 Newton force.

1 Newton force = 1 kg m/s2

Question 5.
What is the relationship between force and acceleration?

Answer:
Newton's second law of motion describes the relationship between force and acceleration.

The force is defined as the rate of change of momentum of a body

OR in mathematical terms,

F= dP/dt

where P is momentum that is equal to m*v, where m is mass of the body and v is its velocity.

Putting this value, we get

F= d (mv)/dt

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 If the mass of the body is constant not variable then m is constant and can be taken out

F= m (dv/dt)

Now rate of change of velocity with respect to time is acceleration, a

So, F = ma

Question 6.
If the mass of a body and the force acting on it are both doubled, what happens to the acceleration?

Answer:
The acceleration would remain the same. It can be explained as-

We know, F=ma a=F/m

When both Force and Mass are doubled it means

A = 2F/2m

= F/m

Hence, acceleration remains constant.

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 Question 7.
Name the physical quantity whose unit is ‘Newton’.

Answer:
'Newton' is the unit of force which can be defined as the rate of change in Momentum.

Question 8.
Which physical principle is involved in the working of a jet airplane?

Answer:
Simply by Newton's third law I.e. conservation of momentum. The jet engine exerts force rearwards by throwing high velocity jet of air
and as a reaction the plane moves forward.

Question 9.
Name the principle on which a rocket works.

Answer:
It relates with the principle of Newton's 3rd law of motion stated as "for every action there is a equal and opposite reaction". When the
force on with holds the rocket then, the rocket pushes itself through the ground and hence, this is the principle on which a rocket works
and flies into space.

Question 10.
Is the following statement true or false :

A rocket can propel itself in a vacuum.

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 Answer:
True: Rockets and engines in space behave according to Isaac Newton's third law of motion: Every action produces an equal and
opposite reaction. When a rocket shoots fuel out one end, this propels the rocket forward — no air is required.

Question 11.
What is the force which produces an acceleration of 1 m/s2 in a body of mass 1 kg?

Answer:
Newton produces an acceleration of 1 m/s2 in a body of mass 1 kg.

1 Newton force = 1 kg m/s2

Question 12.
Find the acceleration produced by a force of 5 N acting on a mass of 10 kg.

Answer:
Force, F= 5N

Mass, m=10 kg

Let, the acceleration be 'a'

We know,

F =ma

a= F/m

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 =5/10

= 0.5 m/s2

Question 13.
A girl weighing 25 kg stands on the floor. She exerts a downward force of 250 N on the floor. What force does the floor exert on her?

Answer:
250N (Due to the 3rd law of motion)

Question 14.
Name the physical quantity which makes it easier to accelerate a small car than a large car.

Answer:
Mass of the car would make it easier to accelerate a small car than a large car. Since, mass is inversely proportional to acceleration.
Hence, lesser the mass more the acceleration it would have.

Question 15.
Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:

(a) To every action, there is an ………. and ……..reaction.

(b) Momentum is a ……..quantity. Its unit is …………….

(c) Newton’s second law of motion can be written as Force = mass × …………… or Force = …………….. or change of …………

(d) Forces in a Newton’s third law pair have equal …………… but act in opposite …………
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 (e) In collisions and explosions, the total ………… remains constant, provided that no external ………… acts.

Answer:
(a) equal; opposite (As per Newton’s third law)

(b) Vector; kg m/s (As momentum is the product of mass and velocity and velocity is a vector quantity)

(c) Acceleration; rate; momentum

(d) Magnitude; directions (Conservation of momentum)

(e) Momentum; force; (Explained in conservation of momentum)

Short Answer Type Questions-pg-74

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of the following equation:

F=m×a

Where symbols have their usual meaning.

Answer:
F is the net force applied,

m is the mass of the body,

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 And a is the body's acceleration. Thus, the net force applied to a body produces a proportional acceleration. This states that the rate of
change of momentum of a body, is directly proportional to the force applied and this change in momentum takes place in the direction of
the applied force.

Question 2.
To take the boat away from the bank of a river, the boatman pushes the bank with an oar. Why?

Answer:
Pushing of the river bank is an action, the river thus pushes back the boat in the forward direction as a reaction in accordance with the
Newton's third law of motion which states that every action has a equal and opposite reaction.

Question 3.
Why does a gunman get a jerk on firing a bullet?

Answer:
This is because when the bullet is fired from the gun, it moves forwards and exerts a force on the gun; an equal amount of force is
exerted on the bullet by the gun. This is because according to third law of motion, when a force is applied on a body, the body exerts an
equal and opposite force on another body.

Question 4.
If action is always equal to reaction, explain why a cart pulled by a horse can be moved.

Answer:
When horse is moving forward it applies a backward effort towards the ground, meaning that when the horse push the ground backwards
from his feet then the ground also exerts a forward push on the horse. That is why the horse moves and so the cart along with it.

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 Question 5.
Explain how a rocket works.

Answer:
Rockets are great examples of how forces make things move. ... This can be explained by the force what's often called "action and
reaction" (another name for Newton's third law of motion). During the launching of rocket the hot exhaust gas firing down act as the
action force creating an equal and opposite force as the reaction that speeds the rocket up.

Question 6.
Do action and reaction act on the same body or different bodies? How are they related in magnitude and direction? Are they
simultaneous or not?

Answer:
Action and reaction always acts on two different bodies.

For example: A boatman jumps out of the boat and then boat goes backwards. Here jumping of boatman is action and backward motion
of boat is reaction.

They are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. And yes they are simultaneous.

Question 7.
If a man jumps out from a boat, the boat moves backwards. Why?

Answer:
This can be explained by Newton's Third law: The mutual forces of action and reaction between two bodies are equal, opposite and
collinear.

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 Jumping off the boat is the action, and as a result the boat moves backward is the reaction. This is the reason why boat moves backward
when the man jumps out of the boat.

Question 8.
Why is it difficult to walk on a slippery road?

Answer:
You push backward with your feet. Newton's third law: the ground pushes you forward. But that interaction is friction. Reduce friction and
it doesn't matter how strong your legs are, the surface is incapable of pushing you accordingly. The coefficient of static friction is very
low so it is easy to slide your foot rather than push. Accordingly, the ground doesn't push back.

Question 9.
Explain why, a runner presses the ground with his feet before he starts his run.

Answer:
According to Newton's third law of motion to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. When runners push the ground the
ground also push the runner with an equal and opposite force which he utilizes to run fast. Runners push the ground so he can gain more
reaction force from ground. The harder the runner pushes the ground, the more force he can gain to move forward.

Question 10.
A 60 g bullet fired from a 5 kg gun leaves with a speed of 500 m/s. Find the speed (velocity) with which the gun recoils (jerks backwards).

Answer:
Mass of bullet, m1 = 0.06 kg,

Speed of bullet, v1 = 500m/s

Mass of gun, m2 = 5kg,

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 Velocity of recoil of gun, v2 = ?

By using the law of conservation of momentum,

0.06×500 = 5×v2

v2 = 0.06*500/5

= 6m/s

Hence, the gun recoils with the velocity of 6m/s.

Question 11.
A 10 g bullet travelling at 200 m/s strikes and remains embedded in a 2 kg target which is originally at rest but free to move. At what
speed does the target move off?

Answer:
Mass of bullet, m = 10 g

= 0.01 kg

Speed of bullet, v = 200 m/s

Mass of target, M = 2 kg

Combine speed after hitting target = V

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