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Structural Engineering
Read our Lecture sheet carefully then practice this MCQ sheet
Introduction:
When a body is subjected to a system of loads and as a result of this some deformation takes
place. If the resistance is set up against this deformation, then the body is known as & structure
The structural analysis deals with the determination of loads and other forces to which the
various parts of the structure are subjected. The structural design deals with the selection of
proper material and selection of proper size and shape of each member

A steel structure has the following advantages:

1. It possesses high strength

2. It has long service life

3. It is gas and water tight

4. It can be readily disassembled or replaced.

5. It can be readily transported from the place of manufacture to the work site.

6. It can resist high loads with comparatively light weight and smaller dimensions.

Notes: 1. A structure may be one dimensional, two dimensional and three dimensional. If the
width and thickness of a structure is small in comparison to its length, it is known as one
dimensional structure. A dimensional structure is also called a surface structure A three
dimensional structure is also called a space structure and may have any shape.

2. A structure in which the member is represented by a line, is called a skeleton structure.

3. A structure large in two dimensions and small in third dimension, is called a surface.

Important Terms
The following terms are important in the design of structures

• Dead load: The self weight of the structure along with all the super-imposed loads
permanently attached to the structure, is called dead load. The dead loads do not
change their position or magnitude with time.
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• Live load: The load on a structure other than the dead load is called live load. The live
loads change their position and magnitude with time, such as weight of the furniture. It
is expressed as uniformly distributed static load.
• Working stress or permissible stress: The allowable stress to which a structural member
can be subjected, is called working stress or permissible stress. It may be developed in
the member without causing structural damage to it.
• Bearing stress: When a load is exerted or transferred from one surface to another in
contact, the stress is known as bearing stress. It is calculated on the net projected area
of contact.
• Factor of safety: The ratio of yield stress of the material to the working stress, is called
factor of safety The value of factor of safety is decided keeping in view the average
strength of material, value of design loads, value of maternal forces and variation in
temperature and settlement of supports It may be noted that for a greater value of
factor of safety, a large cross-section of has to be adopted.
• Modulus of elasticity: The ratio of longitudinal stress to the longitudinal strain within the
elastic region, is known as modulus of elasticity
• Shear modulo of elasticity or model of rigidity: The ratio of shear stress to shear strain
within the elastic region, is known as shear modulus of elasticity or modulus of rigidity
• Bulk modulus of elasticity: The rate of hydrostatic stress (or volumetric stress) to the
volumetric strain within the elastic region, is called bulk modulus of elasticity.
• Poisson’s ratio. The rate of transverse strain (or lateral strain) to the longitudinal strain
under an axial load, is known as Poisson's ratio its value for steel, within the elastic
region, varies from 0.25 to 0.33
• Fatigue strength: The strength at which steel fails under repeated applications of load,
known as fatigue strength.
• Impact strength. The impact strength of steel is the measure of its ability to absorb
energy at high rates of loading.

Riveted Joints
A rivet is a round bar of steel or wrought iron provided with a head on one side and tail on the
other side. The portion between the head and tail is called as body or shank of the rivet. The
size of the rivet is expressed by the diameter of shank. When two or more parts are riveted, the
tail end of the rivet is also formed as head by the process of forging. The process consists of
joining two or more than two members by means of rivet by giving the final shape of rivets on
both sides to act as a permanent fastener. The rivets may be driven into the members either
*cold or hot. When a cold rivet is used, then the process of joining the members is called cold
riveting and when a hot rivet is used, the process is known as hot riveting. The cold riveting
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process is used for structural joints while hot riveting is used to make leak proof joints. The cold
driven rivets need large pressure to form the head and complete the driving. The strength of
the rivet increases in the cold driving. The diameter of cold driven rivets ranges from 12 to 22
mm and for structural steel works, the diameter of hot driven rivets is 16 to 30 mm. The hot
driven rivets are classified as power driven shop rivets, power driven field rivets and hand
driven rivets. The rivet hole is kept 1.5 mm larger than the size of the rivets upto 24 mm and 2
men larger than the diameter of rivet more than 24 num.

Though these are many types of rivet heads, yet the snap head and counter sunk heads s
usually employed for structural work. The snap head is also termed as button head.

The following are the two types of riveted joints depending upon the manner in which the
structural members are connected.

Though these are many types of rivet heads, yet the snap head and counter sunk heads are
usually employed for structural work. The snap head is also termed as button head.

The following are the two types of riveted joints depending upon the manner in which the
structural members are connected:

1. Lap joint A lap joint is that in which one member is placed above the other and they are
connected by means of rivets.

2. Butt joint. A butt joint is that in which the two members are kept in alignment butting (ie.
"touching) each other and a cover (i.e. strap) plate is placed either on one side or on both sides
of the main members. The cover plate is then riveted together with the main members.

The butt joints may be single cover butt joint or double cover butt joints. Depending upon the
number of rows of rivets, the butt joints may be single riveted or double riveted. It may also be
triple riveted or quadruple riveted.

When the rivets in the various rows are arranged opposite to each other, then the joint is said
to be chain riveted. On the other hand, when the rivets in the adjacent rows are staggered in
such a way riveted. When the number of rivets (in zig-zag riveting) increases successively from
the outermost row to the inner most row, then it is called a diamond riveting.

The following are some important terms used in riveted joints:

1. Nominal diameter. It is the diameter of the shank of a rivet before riveting.

2. Effective diameter or gross diameter. It is the diameter of the hole it fills after riveting.
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3. Pitch. It is the center-to-center distance of two adjacent rivets measured parallel to the
direction of force.

4. Diagonal pitch. It is the diagonal distance between the centers of two rivets in the adjacent
row.

5. Staggered pitch or alternate pitch or reeled pitch. It is the distance measured along one rivet
line from the center of a rivet on it to the center of the adjoining rivet on the adjacent parallel
rivet line. In other words, it is the distance between the centers of two consecutive rivets in a
zig-zag riveting, measured parallel to the direction of stress in the member.

6. Gauge line or rivet line. It is the line along which the rivets are placed. The perpendicular
distance between the adjacent gauge lines is known as gauge.

7. Margin. It is the distance between the center of rivet hole to the nearest edge of the plate.

8. Tacking rivets. The tacking rivets are those rivets which are used to connect long lengths of
members as in the members of roof trusses. These are provided at suitable distances so that
the members may act as one unit.

DESIGN OF STEEL COMPRESSION MEMBERS A structural member loaded axially in compression

is generally called a compression member. Vertical compression members in buildings are
called columns, posts or stanchions. A compression member in roof trusses is called struts and
in a crane is called a boom. Columns which are short are subjected to crushing and
behave like members under pure compression. Columns which are long tend to
buckle out of the plane of the load axis.

THEORY OF COLUMNS

Euler’s formula for critical load for a pin-ended column subjected to axial load is

Where, L = length of column between the hinged ends, E = modulus of elasticity,

and I = moment of inertia of the column section. The column will become unserviceable if the
loads are larger than . In the Euler equation, it is assumed that stress is proportional to

strain, therefore, Critical Stress = Where, A= area of cross-

section, and r = radius of gyration about the bending axis = slenderness ratio
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VARIOUS END CONDITIONS

Columns with length L and effective length are shown in

figurebelow:
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Slenderness ratio
The slenderness ratio ( i .e. the ratio of effective length of the column to its least radius of gyration)
should not exceed the values given in the following table.
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Maximum slenderness ratio

Sl Types of members Maximum

no slenderness
ratio (l/r)
1 For compression members which carry dead loads and superimposed loads 180

2 For compression members which carry compressive load due to wind or 250
seismic forces only
3 For members carrying mainly tension in a roof truss or a bracing system 350
4 Tension members (other than pre-tensioned members) 400
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Deflection of Beams is the representation of deflection of the structure from its original unloaded
position. Beams are widely used in different types of structures. Therefore, it is very important to know
how to predict the deflection of beams when different types of load and their load combinations are
applied.

It is very important to limit the deflection of beams as too much deflection might cause damage to other
parts of the structures. If too much deflection of the beam is allowed, it will fail the serviceability
criteria; even though the stresses acting in the beam are low and safe, the structure will fail to serve the
purpose of its construction. Let us know more about the deflection of beams discussed in the upcoming
sections.

What is the Deflection of Beams?

The deflection is measured from the beam's original neutral surface to the deformed beam's neutral
surface. The configuration assumed by the deformed neutral surface is known as the elastic curve of the
beam.

Deflection of Beams Definition

Deflection of beams is the transverse deformation that occurs due to the shear force and bending
moment. The deflection of beams due to the shear force is insignificant compared to the deflection of
beams due to the bending moment. Therefore, the deflection of beams due to shear force is ignored.

Let us now see the slope and deflection of beams in brief.

• The slope of a Beam: The slope of a beam is the angle between deflected beam to the actual
beam at the same point.

• Deflection of Beam: Deflection is defined as the vertical displacement of a point on a loaded

beam. Many methods determine the slope and deflection at a section in a loaded beam.

The maximum deflection occurs where the slope is zero. The maximum deflection position is found by
equating the slope equation to zero. Then the value of x is substituted in the deflection equation to
calculate the maximum deflection. "Deflection of Beams" is an essential topic in the "Strength of
Materials" subject.
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Moment of Inertia: Read our Lecture sheet carefully

MCQ
1) Principal planes are subjected to

A. Normal stresses only

B. Tangential stresses only
C. Normal stresses as well as tangential stresses
D. None of these

2) Shear strain energy theory for the failure of a material at elastic limit, is due to

A. Rankine
B. Guest or Trecas
C. St. Venant
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D. Von Mises

3) At yield point of a test piece, the material

A. Obeys Hooke's law

B. Behaves in an elastic manner
C. Regains its original shape on removal of the load
D. Undergoes plastic deformation

4) The maximum magnitude of shear stress due to shear force F on a rectangular section of
area A at the neutral axis, is

A. F/A
B. F/2A
C. 3F/2A
D. 2F/3A ENE

5) A compound truss may be formed by connecting two simple rigid frames, by

A. Two bars
B. Three bars
C. Three parallel bars
D. Three bars intersecting at a point

6) In the truss, the force in the member AC is

A. 6.25 t compressive
B. 8.75 t tensile
C. t tensile
D. t compressive

7) Maximum principal stress theory for the failure of a material at elastic point, is known

A. Guest's or Trecas' theory

B. St. Venant's theory
C. Rankine's theory
D. Von Mises' theory

8) The ratio of the area of cross-section of a circular section to the area of its core, is

A. 4
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B. 8
C. 12
D. 16

9) A truss containing j joints and m members, will be a simple truss if

A. m=2j-3
B. j = 2m-3
C. m=3j-2
D. j = 3m-2

10) For beams breadth is constant,

A. Depth d M
B. Depth d3
C. Depth d
D. Depth d 1/M

11) Flat spiral springs

A. Consist of uniform thin strips

B. Are supported at outer end
C. Are wound by applying a torque
D. All the above

12) The ratio of lateral strain to axial strain of a homogeneous material, is known

A. Yield ratio
B. Hooke's ratio
C. Poisson's ratio
D. Plastic ratio

13) A steel rod of sectional area 250 sq. mm connects two parallel walls 5 m apart. The nuts at
the ends were tightened when the rod was heated to 100°C. If steel= 0.000012/C. E Esteel=0.2
MN/mm², the tensile force developed at a temperature of 50°C, is

A. 80 N/mm²
B. 100 N/mm 2
C. 120 N/mm²
D. 150 N/mm2
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14) In case of principal axes of a section

A. Sum of moment of inertia is zero

B. Difference of moment inertia is zero
C. Product of moment of inertia is zero
D. None of these

15) The forces in the members of simple trusses, may be analysed by

A. Graphical method
B. Method of joints
C. Method of sections
D. All the above

16) The moment of inertia of a triangular section (height h, base b) about its base, is

A. bh7/12
B. bh/12
C. bh³/12
D. b³h/12

17) Maximum shear stress theory for the failure of a material at the elastic limit, is known

A. Guest's or Trecas' theory

B. St. Venant's theory
C. Rankine's theory
D. Haig's theory

18) Total strain energy theory for the failure of a material at elastic limit, is known

A. Guest's or Trecas' theory

B. St. Venant's theory
C. Rankine's theory
D. Haig's theory

19) The locus of reaction of a two hinged semi-circular arch, is

The locus of the reaction of a two
A. Straight line hinged semi-circular arch is a straight
B. Parabola line whereas the locus of the reaction
C. Circle of a two-hinged parabolic arch is a
parabolic curve.
D. Hyperbola
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20) The ratio of maximum shear stress to average shear stress of a circular beam, is

A. 2/3
B. 3/2
C. 4/3

21) P=4 EI/L is the equation of Euler's crippling load if

A. Both the ends are fixed

B. Both the ends are hinged
C. One end is fixed and other end is free
D. One end is fixed and other end is hinged

22) The shape factor of standard rolled beam section varies from

A. 1.10 to 1.20
B. 1.20 to 1.30
C. 1.30 to 1.40
D. 1.40 to 1.50

23) In plastic analysis, the shape factor for a circular section, is

A. 1.5
B. 1.6
C. 1.7
D. 1.75

24) The assumption in the theory of bending of beams is:

A. Material is homogeneous
B. Material is isotropic
C. Young's modulus is same in tension as well as in compression
D. All the above

25) The equivalent length of a column of length L., having both the ends hinged, is

A. 21
B. L
C. L/2
D. L
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26) Gradually applied static loads do not change with time their

A. Magnitude
B. Direction
C. Point of application
D. All the above

27) The yield moment of a cross section is defined as the moment that will just produce the
yield stress in

A. The outer most fibre of the section

B. The inner most fibre of the section
C. The neutral fibre of the section
D. The fibre everywhere

28) Beams composed of more than one material, rigidly connected together so as to behave as
one piece, are known as

A. Compound beams
B. Indeterminate beams
C. Determinate beams
D. Composite beams

29) The equivalent length of a column of length L, having both the ends hinged, is

A. 21
B. L
C. L

30) In a simply supported slab, alternate bars are curtailed at

A. 1/4th of the span

B. 1/5th of the span
C. 1/6th of the span
D. 1/7th of the span

31) If L is the effective span of a R.C.C. beam which is subjected to maximum shear max at the
ends, the distance from either end over which stirrups for the shear, are provided, is

A. (1/2) (1-3/4max)
B. (L/3) (1-5/qmax)
C. (1/2) (1-5/max)
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D. (1/2) (1-2/max)

32) A material is said to be perfectly elastic if

A. It regains its original shape on removal of the Load

B. It regains its original shape partially on removal of the load
C. It does not regain its original shape at all
D. None of these

33) Pick up the correct statement from the following:

A. The moment of inertia is calculated about the axis about which bending takes place
B. If tensile stress is less than axial stress, the section experiences compressive stress
C. If tensile stress is equal to axial stress, the section experiences compressive stress
D. All the above

34) The ratio of maximum and average shear stresses on a rectangular section, is

A. 1
B. 1.25
C. 1.5
D. 2.5

35) In plastic analysis, the shape factor for rectangular section, is

A. 1.4
B. 1.5
C. 1.6
D. 1.7

36) In plastic analysis, the shape factor for a triangular section, is

A. 1.5
B. 1.34
C. 2.34
D. 2.5

37) The equivalent length is of a column of length having both the ends fixed, is

A. 2 L
B. L
C. L/2
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D. L

38) Maximum strain theory for the failure of a material at the elastic limit, is known as

A. Guest's or Trecas' theory

B. St. Venant's theory
C. Rankine's theory
D. Haig's theory

39) A body is said to be in equilibrium if

A. It moves horizontally
B. It moves vertically
C. It rotates about its C.G.
D. None of these

40) The maximum deflection due to a load W at the free end of a cantilever of length L and
having flexural rigidity El, is

A. WL3/2EI
B. WL2/3EI
C. WL3/2EI
D. WL3/3EI

41) The ratio of moments of inertia of a triangular section about its base and about a centroidal
axis parallel to its base, is

A. 1.0
B. 2.0
C. 3.0

42) Inertia of a rectangular section of width and depth about an axis passing the moment of
through C.G. and parallel to its width is

A. BD2/6
B. BD6
C. BD/12/
D. B2D/6

43) Stress may be defined as

A. Force per unit length

B. Force per unit volume
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C. Force per unit area

D. None of these

44) A steel bar 5 m x 50 mm is loaded with 250,000 N. If the modulus of elasticity of the
material is 0.2 MN/mm² and Poisson's ratio is 0.25, the change in the volume of the bar is:

A. 1.125 cm³
B. 2.125 cm³
C. 3.125 cm³
D. 4.125 cm²

45) The vertical reaction for the arch is

A. wa/21
B. wl/a
C. wa/l
D. wa²/21

46) Pick up the correct statement from the following:

A. For a uniformly distributed load, the shear force varies linearly

B. For a uniformly distributed load, B.M. curve is a parabola
C. For a load varying linearly, the shear force curve is a parabola
D. All the above

47) A simply supported beam carries varying load from zero at one end and w other end. If the
length of the beam is a, the maximum bending moment will be at the

A. wa/27
B. wa²/27
C. w²a
D. wa²

48) A square column carries a load P at the centroid of one of the quarters of the square. If a is
the side of the main square, the combined bending stress will be

A. p/a2
B. 2p/a
C. 3p/a2
D. 4p/a
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49) The eccentricity (e) of a hollow circular column, external diameter 25 cm, internal diameter
15 cm for an eccentric load 100 t for non-development of tension, is

A. 2.75 cm
B. 3.00 cm
C. 3.50 cm
D. 4.25 cm

50) The maximum deflection due to a load W at the free end of a cantilever of length L and
having flexural rigidity El, is

A. WL3/2EI
B. WL2/3EI
C. WL3/2EI
D. WL3/3EI

41) The ratio of moments of inertia of a triangular section about its base and about a centroidal
axis parallel to its base, is

A. 1.0
B. 2.0
C. 3.0

42) Inertia of a rectangular section of width and depth about an axis passing the moment of
through C.G. and parallel to its width is

A. BD2/6
B. BD6
C. BD/12
D. B2D/6

43) Stress may be defined as

A. Force per unit length

B. Force per unit volume
C. Force per unit area
D. None of these
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44) A steel bar 5 m x 50 mm is loaded with 250,000 N. If the modulus of elasticity of the
material is 0.2 MN/mm² and Poisson's ratio is 0.25, the change in the volume of the bar is:

A. 1.125 cm³
B. 2.125 cm³
C. 3.125 cm³
D. 4.125 cm²

45) The vertical reaction for the arch is

A. wa/21
B. wl/a
C. wa/l
D. wa²/21

46) Pick up the correct statement from the following:

A. For a uniformly distributed load, the shear force varies linearly

B. For a uniformly distributed load, B.M. curve is a parabola
C. For a load varying linearly, the shear force curve is a parabola
D. All the above

47) A simply supported beam carries varying load from zero at one end and w other end. If the
length of the beam is a, the maximum bending moment will be at the

A. wa/27
B. wa²/27
C. w²a
D. wa²

48) A square column carries a load P at the centroid of one of the quarters of the square.

If a is the side of the main square, the combined bending stress will be

A. p/a2
B. 2p/a
C. 3p/a2
D. 4p/a
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49) The eccentricity (e) of a hollow circular column, external diameter 25 cm, internal diameter
15 cm for an eccentric load 100 t for non-development of tension, is

A. 2.75 cm
B. 3.00 cm
C. 3.50 cm
D. 4.25 cm

61) The maximum bending moment for a simply supported beam with a uniformly distributed
load w/unit length, is

A. WI/2
B. W12/4
C. WP/8
D. WI/12

62) In a shaft, the shear stress is not directly proportional to

A. Radius of the shaft

B. Angle of twist
C. Length of the shaft
D. Modulus of rigidity

63) If the shear stress in a R.C.C. beam is

A. Equal or less than 5 kg/cm², no shear reinforcement is provided

B. Greater than 4 kg/cm², but less than 20 kg/cm², shear reinforcement is provided
C. Greater than 20 kg/cm², the size of the section is changed
D. All the above

64) On piles, the drop must be at least

A. 80 cm
B. 100 cm
C. 120 cm
D. 140 cm

65) If a bent tendon is required to balance a concentrated load W at the centre of the span L,
the central dip h must be at least

A. WL/P
B. WL/2P
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C. WL/3P
D. WL/4P

66) The diameter of main bars in R.C.C. columns, shall not be less than

A. 6 mm
B. 8 mm
C. 10 mm
D. 12 mm

67) Minimum spacing between horizontal parallel reinforcement of the same size should not be
less than

A. One diameter
B. 2.5 diameters in sportla
C. 3 diameters
D. 3.5 diameters

68) In a simply supported slab, alternate bars are curtailed at

A. 1/4th of the span

B. 1/5th of the span
C. 1/6th of the span
D. 1/7th of the span

69) Total pressure on the vertical face of a retaining wall of height h acts parallel to free surface
and from the base at a distance of

A. h/4
B. h/3/
C. h/2
D. 2h/3

70) The minimum clear cover for R.C.C. columns shall be

A. Greater of 40 mm or diameter
B. Smaller of 40 mm or diameter
C. Greater of 25 mm or diameter
D. Smaller of 25 mm or diameter
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71) Distribution of shear intensity over a rectangular section of a beam, follows:

A. A circular curve
B. A straight line
C. A parabolic curve
D. An elliptical curve

72) If the sides of a slab simply supported on edges and spanning in two directions are equal,
the maximum bending moment is multiplied by

A. 0.2
B. 0.3
C. 0.4
D. 0.5

73) Lapped splices in tensile reinforcement are generally not used for bars of size larger than

A. 18 mm diameter
B. 24 mm diameter
C. 30 mm diameter
D. 36 mm diameter

74) After pre-stressing process is completed, a loss of stress is due to

A. Shrinkage of concrete
B. Elastic shortening of concrete
C. Creep of concrete
D. All the above

75) If the size of a column is reduced above the floor, the main bars of the columns, are

A. Continued up
B. Bent inward at the floor level
C. Stopped just below the floor level and separate lap bars provided
D. All the above

76) In a combined footing for two columns carrying unequal loads, the maximum hogging
bending moment occurs at

A. Less loaded column

B. More loaded column
C. A point of the maximum shear force
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D. A point of zero shear force

77) The advantage of a concrete pile over a timber pile, is

A. No decay due to termites

B. No restriction on length
C. Higher bearing capacity
D. All the above

78) The diameter of transverse reinforcement of columns should be equal to one-fourth of the
diameter of the main steel rods but not less than

A. 4 mm
B. 5 mm
C. 6 mm
D. 7 mm

79) The thickness of the topping of a ribbed slab, varies between

A. 3 cm to 5 cm
B. 5 cm to 8 cm
C. 8 cm to 10 cm
D. 12 cm to 15 cm

80) A ribbed slab is provided for

A. A plain ceiling
B. Thermal insulation
C. Acoustic insulation
D. All the above

81) An R.C.C. column is treated as short column if its slenderness ratio is less than

A. 30
B. 35
C. 40
D. 50

82) An R.C.C. roof slab is designed as a two way slab if

A. It supports live loads in both directions

B. The ratio of spans in two directions is less than 2
C. The slab is continuous over two supports
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D. The slab is discontinuous at edges

83) The maximum area of tension reinforcement in beams shall not exceed

A. 0.15%
B. 1.5%
C. 4%
D. 1%

84) Minimum spacing between horizontal parallel reinforcement of different sizes, should not
be less than

A. One diameter of thinner bar

B. One diameter of thicker bar
C. Twice the diameter of thinner bar
D. None of these

85) If the diameter of longitudinal bars of a square column is 16 mm, the diameter of lateral ties
should not be less than Civil EHICLE

A. 4 mm
B. 5 mm
C. 6 mm
D. 8 mm

86) The radius of a bar bend to form a hook, should not be less than

A. Twice the diameter

B. Thrice the diameter
C. Four times the diameter
D. Five times the diameter

87) The maximum diameter of a bar used in a ribbed slab, is

A. 12 mm
B. 6 mm
C. 20 mm
D. 22 mm

88) If 'W' is weight of a retaining wall and 'P' is the horizontal earth pressure, the factor of
safety against sliding, is

A. 1.0
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B. 1.25
C. 1.5
D. 2.0

89) If the permissible compressive stress for a concrete in bending is C kg/m², the modular ratio
is

A. 2800/C
B. 2300/2C
C. 2800/3C
D. 2800/C2

90) In a pre-stressed member it is advisable to use

A. Low strength concrete only

B. High strength concrete only
C. Low strength concrete but high tensile steel
D. High strength concrete and high tensile steel

91) A T-beam behaves as a rectangular beam of a width equal to its flange if its neutral axis

A. Remains within the flange

B. Remains below the slab
C. Coincides the geometrical centre of the beam
D. None of these

92) A foundation is called shallow if its depth, is

A. One-fourth of its width

B. Half of its width
C. Three-fourth of its width
D. Equal to its width

93) As per IS: 456, the reinforcement in a column should not be less than

A. 0.5% and not more than 5% of cross-sectional area

B. 0.6% and not more than 6% of cross-sectional area
C. 0.7% and not more than 7% of cross-sectional area
D. 0.8% and not more than 8% of cross-sectional area
A. 94) A part of the slab may be considered as the flange of the T-beam if Flange has
adequate reinforcement transverse to beam
B. It is built integrally with the beam
 Page 28 of 49

C. It is effectively bonded together with the beam

D. All the above

95) For initial estimate for a beam design, the width is assumed

A. 1/15th of span
B. 1/20th of span
C. 1/25th of span
D. 1/30th of span

96) The transverse reinforcements provided at right angles to the main reinforcement

A. Distribute the load

B. Resist the temperature stresses
C. Resist the shrinkage stress
D. All the above

97) The width of the rib of a T-beam, is generally kept between

A. 1/7 to 1/3 of rib depth

B. 1/3 to 1/2 of rib depth
C. 1/2 to 3/4 of rib depth
D. 1/3 to 2/3 of rib depth

98) If 'H' is the overall height of a retaining wall retaining a surcharge, the width of the base slab
usually provided, is

A. 0.3 H C. 0.5 H
B. 0.4 H D. 0.7 H

99) The floor slab of a building is supported ratio of the end and intermediate spans is kept on
reinforced cement floor beams. The ENGINEER

A. 0.7
B. 0.8
C. 0.9%
D. 0.6

100) The percentage of minimum reinforcement of the gross sectional area in slabs, is

A. 0.10%
B. 0.12%
C. 0.15%
 Page 29 of 49

D. 0.18%

101) The amount of reinforcement for main bars in a slab, is based upon

A. Minimum bending moment

B. Maximum bending moment
C. Maximum shear force
D. Minimum shear force

102) Bottom bars under the columns are extended into the interior of the footing slab to a
distance greater than

A. 42 diameters from the centre of the column

B. 42 diameters from the inner edge of the column
C. 42 diameters from the outer edge of the column
D. 24 diameters from the centre of the column

103) The thickness of base slab of a retaining wall generally provided, is

A. One half of the width of the stem at the bottom

B. One-third of the width of the stem at the bottom
C. One fourth of the width of the steam at the bottom
D. Width of the stem at the bottom

104) An under-reinforced section means

A. Steel is provided at the underside only

B. Steel provided is insufficient
C. Steel provided on one face only
D. Steel will yield first

105) The live load to be considered for an accessible roof, is

A. Nil
B. 75 kg/m³
C. 150 kg/m²
D. 200 kg/cm²

106) The live load to be considered for an inaccessible roof, is

A. Nil
B. 75 kg/m²
 Page 30 of 49

C. 150 kg/cm²
D. 200 kg/m²

107) The horizontal portion of a step in a stairs case, is known as

A. Rise
B. Flight
C. Winder
D. Tread

108) The Young's modulus of elasticity of steel, is

A. 150 KN/mm²
B. 200 KN/mm2
C. 250 KN/mm2
D. 275 KN/mm²

109) The maximum shear stress (qmax) in a rectangular beam is

A. 1.25 times the average

B. 1.50 times the average
C. 1.75 times the average
D. 2.0 times the average

110) A pre-stressed concrete member

A. Is made of concrete
B. Is made of reinforced concrete
C. Is stressed after casting
D. Possesses internal stresses

111) In favourable circumstances a 15 cm concrete cube after 28 days, attains a maximum

crushing strength

A. 100 kg/cm³
B. 200 kg/cm²
C. 400 kg/cm²

112) Distribution reinforcement in a simply supported slab, is provided to distribute

A. Load
B. Temperature stress
C. Shrinkage stress
 Page 31 of 49

D. All the above

113) If the effective length of a 32 cm diameter R.C.C. column is 4.40 m, its slenderness ratio, is

A. 40
B. 45
C. 50
D. 55

114) The system in which high tensile alloy steel bars (silica manganese steel) are used as pre-
stressing tendons, is known as

A. Freyssinet system
B. Magnel-Blaton system
C. C.C.L. standard system
D. Lee-McCall system

115) The length of the lap in a compression member is kept greater than bar diameter x
(Permissible stress in bar / Five times the bond stress) or

A. 12 bar diameters
B. 18 bar diameters
C. 24 bar diameters
D. 30 bar diameters

116) The anchorage value of a hook is assumed sixteen times the diameter of the bar if the
angle of the bend, is

A. 30°
B. 40°
C. 45
D. All the above

117) If W is the load on a circular slab of radius R. the maximum circumferential moment at the
centre of the slab, is

A. WR2/16
B. 2WR2/16
C. 3WR2/16
D. Zero

118) The angle of repose of a soil is the maximum angle which the outer face of the soil mass
makes
 Page 32 of 49

A. With the horizontal

B. With the vertical
C. With the perpendicular to the inclined plane of the soil
D. None of these

119) For a continuous floor slab supported on beams, the ratio of end span length and
intermediate span length, is

A. 0.6
B. 0.7
C. 0.8
D. 0.9

120) A circular slab subjected to external loading, deflects to form a

A. Semi-hemisphere
B. Ellipsoid
C. Paraboloid
D. None of these

121) If 'W' is the load on a circular slab of radius 'R', the maximum radial moment at the centre
of the slab, is

A. WR2/16
B. 2WR2/16
C. 3WR3/16
D. 5WR2/16

122) The weight of reinforced concrete, is generally taken as

A. 2200 kg/m³
B. 2300 kg/m³
C. 2400 kg/m³
D. 2500 kg/m³

123) As per IS: 1343, total shrinkage for a pre-tensioned beam, is

A. 3.0 x 102
B. 3.0 x 10-3
C. 3.0 × 10-5
D. 3.5 x 10-
 Page 33 of 49

124) For the design of a simply supported T-beam the ratio of the effective span to the overall
depth of the beam is limited to

A. 10
B. 15
C. 20
D. 25

125) High strength concrete is used in pre-stressed member

A. To overcome high bearing stresses developed at the ends

B. To overcome bursting stresses at the ends
C. To provide high bond stresses
D. All the above

126) Design of R.C.C. cantilever beams, is based on the resultant force at

A. Fixed end
B. Free end
C. Mid span
D. Mid span and fixed support

127) The diameter of longitudinal bars of a column should never be less than

A. 6 mm
B. 8 mm
C. 10 mm
D. 12 mm

128) The effective width of a column strip of a flat slab, is

A. One-fourth the width of the panel

B. Half the width of the panels
C. Radius of the column
D. Diameter of the column

129) As the percentage of steel increases

A. Depth of neutral axis decreases

B. Depth of neutral axis increases
C. Lever arm increases
D. Lever arm decreases
 Page 34 of 49

130) The length of lap in tension reinforcement should not be less than the bar diameter x
(actual tension / four times the permissible average bond stress) if it is more than

A. 18 bar diameters
B. 24 bar diameters
C. 30 bar diameters
D. 36 bar diameters

131) The neutral axis of a T-beam exists

A. Within the flange

B. At the bottom edge of the slab
C. Below the slab.
D. All the above

132) A raft foundation is provided if its area exceeds the plan area of the building by

A. 10%
B. 20%
C. 40%
D. 50%

133) The self-weight of the footing, is

A. Not considered for calculating the upward pressure on footing

B. Also considered for calculating the upward pressure on footing
C. Not considered for calculating the area of the footing
D. Both (b) and (c)

134) Top bars are extended to the projecting parts of the combined footing of two columns L
distance apart for a distance of

0.1 L. from the outer edge of column

0.1 L from the centre edge of column
A. Half the distance of projection
B. One-fourth the distance of projection

135) For a ribbed slab

A. Clear spacing between ribs shall not be greater than 4.5 cm

B. Width of the rib shall not be less than 7.5 cm
C. Overall depth of the slab shall not exceed four times the breadth of the rib
 Page 35 of 49

D. All the above

136) Design of a two way slab simply supported on edges and having no provision to prevent
the corners from lifting, is made by

A. Rankine formula
B. Marcus formula
C. Rankine Grashoff formula
D. Grashoff formula

137) For normal cases, stiffness of a simply supported beam is satisfied if the ratio of its span to
its overall depth does not exceed

A. 10
B. 15
C. 20
D. 25

138) If depth of slab is 10 cm, width of web 30 cm, depth of web 50 cm, centre to centre
distance of beams 3 m, effective span of beams 6 m, the effective flange width of the beam, is

A. 200 cm
B. 300 cm
C. 150 cm
D. 100 cm

139) If the bearing capacity of soil is 10 tonnes/cm² and the projection of plain concrete footing
from walls, is a cm, the depth D of footing is

A. D= 0.0775 a
B. D=0.775 av
C. D=0.775 Va
D. D = 0.775 a²

140) Cantilever retaining walls can safely be used for a height not more than

A. 3m
B. 4m
C. 5m
D. 6m

141) The pitch of the main bars in a simply supported slab, should not exceed its effective
depth by
 Page 36 of 49

A. Three times
B. Four times
C. Six times

142) Steel beam theory is used for

A. Design of simple steel beams

B. Steel beams encased in concrete
C. Doubly reinforced beams ignoring compressive stress in concrete Beams if shear exceeds
4 times allowable shear stress

143) Thickened part of a flat slab over its supporting column, is technically known as

A. Drop panel
B. Capital
C. Column head
D. None of these

144) The design of a retaining wall assumes that the retained earth

A. Is dry
B. Is free from moisture
C. Is not cohesive
D. All the above

145) To ensure uniform pressure distribution, the thickness of the foundation, is

A. Kept uniform throughout

B. Increased gradually towards the edge
C. Decreased gradually towards the edge
D. Kept zero at the edge

146) Enlarged head of a supporting column of a flat slab is technically known as

A. Supporting end of the column

B. Top of the column
C. Capital
D. Drop panel

147) The maximum permissible size of aggregates to be used in casting the ribs of a slab, is

A. 5 mm
B. 7.5 mm
 Page 37 of 49

C. 10 mm
D. 15 mm

148) The length of the straight portion of a bar beyond the end of the hook, should be at least

A. Twice the diameter

B. Thrice the diameter
C. Four times the diameter
D. Seven times the diameter

149) A column is regarded as long column if the ratio of its effective length and lateral
dimension, exceeds

A. 10
B. 15
C. 20
D. 25

150) The diameter of the column head support a flat slab, is generally kept

A. 0.25 times the span length

B. 0.25 times the diameter of the column
C. 4.0 cm larger than the diameter of the column
D. 5.0 cm larger than the diameter of the column

151) The minimum thickness of a flat slab is taken

A. L/32 for end panels without drops

B. L/36 for end panels without drops
C. L/36 for interior panels without drop
D. All the above

152) Columns may be made of plain concrete if their unsupported lengths do not exceed their
least lateral dimension

A. Two times
B. Three times
C. Four times
D. Five times

153) The number of treads in a flight is equal to

 Page 38 of 49

A. Risers in the flight

B. Risers plus one
C. Risers minus one
D. None of these

154) The weight of a foundation is assumed as

A. 5% of wall weight
B. 7% of wall weight
C. 10% of wall weight
D. 12% of wall weight

155) The allowable tensile stress in mild steel stirrups, reinforced cement concrete, is

A. 1400 kg/cm²
B. 190 kg/cm²
C. 260 kg/cm²
D. 230 kg/cm²

156) The steel generally used in R.C.C. work, is

A. Stainless
B. Mild steel
C. High carbon steel
D. High tension steel

157) The advantage of reinforced concrete, is due to

A. Monolithic character
B. Fire-resisting and durability
C. Economy because of less maintenance cost
D. All the above

158) Side face reinforcement shall be provided in the beam when depth of the web in a beam
exceeds

A. 50 cm
B. 75 cm
C. 100 cm
D. 120 cm

159) In a singly reinforced beam, the effective depth is measured from its compression edge to
 Page 39 of 49

A. Tensile edge
B. Tensile reinforcement
C. Neutral axis of the beam
D. Longitudinal central axis

160) The maximum ratio of span to depth of a cantilever slab, is

A. 8
B. 10
C. 12
D. 16

161) An R.C.C. column is treated as long if its slenderness ratio is greater than

A. 30
B. 35
C. 40
D. 50

162) The ratio of the breadth to effective depth of a beam is kept

A. 0.25
B. 0.50
C. 0.70
D. 0.75

163) As per I.S. 456- 1978, the pH value of water shall be

A. Less than 6
B. Equal to 6
C. Not less than 6
D. Equal to 7

164) Pick up the correct statement from the following:

A. Lateral reinforcement in R.C.C. columns is provided to prevent the longitudinal

reinforcement from buckling
B. Lateral reinforcement prevents the shearing of concrete on diagonal plane
C. Lateral reinforcement stops breaking away of concrete cover, due to buckling
D. All the above

165) Pick up the incorrect statement from the following:

 Page 40 of 49

A. In the stem of a retaining wall, reinforcement is provided near the earth side
B. In the toe slab of a retaining wall, reinforcement is provided at the bottom of the slab.
C. In the heel slab of a retaining wall, reinforcement is provided at the top of the slab
D. None of these

166) Pick up the assumption for the design of a pre-stressed concrete member from the
following:

A. A transverse plane section remains a plane after bending

B. During deformation limits, Hook's law is equally applicable to concrete as well as to steel
C. Variation of stress in reinforcement due to changes in external loading is negligible
D. All the above

167) Pick up the correct statement from the following:

A. A pile is a slender member which transfers the load through its lower end on a strong
strata
B. A pile is a slender member which transfers its load to the surrounding soil
C. A pile is a slender member which transfers its load by friction
D. A pile is a cylindrical body of concrete which transfers the load at a depth greater than its
width

168) Pick up the true statement from the following:

A. Plain ceiling provides the best property diffusing light

B. In the absence of beams, it is easier to install piping
C. In the absence of beams, it is easier to paint
D. All the above

169) The toe projection of foundation slabs is taken

A. As one third of the base

B. As one sixth of overall height of the wall
C. Equal to heel slab
D. Below ground surface

170) The maximum ratio of span to depth of a slab simply supported and spanning in one
direction, is

A. 35
B. 25
C. 30
 Page 41 of 49

D. 20

171) beam shall be deemed to be a deep beam if the ratio of effective span A continuous to
overall depth, is

A. 2.5
B. 2.0
C. Less than 2
D. Less than 2.5

172) If the loading on a pre-stressed rectangular beam, is uniformly distributed, the tendon to
be provided should be.

A. Straight below centroidal axis

B. Parabolic with convexity downward
C. Parabolic with convexity upward
D. Straight above centroidal axis

173) The width of the flange of a T-beam should be less than

A. One-third of the effective span of the T-beam

B. Distance between the centers of T-beam
C. Breadth of the rib plus twelve times the thickness of the slab
D. Least of the above

174) A pre-stressed concrete member is preferred because

A. Its dimensions are not decided from the diagonal tensile stress
B. Large size of long beams carrying large shear force need not be adopted
C. Removal of cracks in the members due to shrinkage
D. All the above

175) The minimum head room over a stair must be

A. 200 cm
B. 205 cm.
C. 210 cm
D. 230 cm

176) If the diameter of the main reinforcement in a slab is 16 mm, the concrete cover to main
bars is

A. 10 mm
 Page 42 of 49

B. 12 mm
C. 14 mm
D. 16 mm

177) According to I.S.: 456 specifications, the safe diagonal tensile stress for M 150 grade
concrete, is

A. 5 kg/cm³
B. 10 kg/cm²
C. 15 kg/cm²
D. 20 kg/cm²

178) For a circular slab carrying a uniformly distributed load, the ratio of the maximum negative
to maximum positive radial moment, is

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 5

179) If the width of the foundation for two equal columns is restricted, the shape of the footing
generally adopted, is

A. Square
B. Rectangular
C. Trapezoidal
D. Triangular

180) Dimensions of a beam need be changed if the shear stress is more than

A. 10 kg/cm²
B. 15 kg/cm²
C. 20 kg/cm²
D. 25 kg/cm²

181) The minimum cube strength of concrete used for a pre-stressed member, is

A. 50 kg/cm²
B. 150 kg/cm²
C. 250 kg/cm²
D. 350 kg/cm²
 Page 43 of 49

182) Design of R.C.C. simply supported beams carrying U.D.L. is based on the resultant B.M. at

A. Supports
B. Mid span
C. Every section
D. Quarter span

183) The modular ratio 'm' of a concrete may be obtained from the equation. whose
permissible compressive stress is "C", Engineer

A. m = 700/3C
B. m = 1400/3C
C. m = 2800/3C
D. m=3500/3C

184) The minimum number of main steel bars provided in R.C.C. 4

A. Rectangular columns is
B. Circular columns is 6
C. Octagonal columns is 8 st
D. All the above

185) The shear reinforcement in R.C.C. is provided to resist

A. Vertical shear
B. Horizontal shear
C. Diagonal compression
D. Diagonal tension

186) The breadth of a ribbed slab containing two bars must be between

A. 6 cm to 7.5 cm
B. 8 cm to 10 cm
C. 10 cm to 12 cm
D. 12 cm to 15 cm

187) On an absolutely rigid foundation base, the pressure will

A. Be more at the edges of the foundation

B. Be uniform
C. Not be uniform
 Page 44 of 49

D. Be zero at the centre of the foundation

188) For a number of columns constructed in a row, the type of foundation provided, is

A. Footing
B. Raft
C. Strap
D. Strip

189) Piles are usually driven by

A. Diesel operated hammer

B. Drop hammer
C. Single acting steam hammer
D. All the above

190) The minimum thickness of the cover at the end of a reinforcing bar should not be less than
twice the diameter of the bar subject to a minimum of

A. 10 mm
B. 15 mm
C. 20 mm
D. 25 mm

191) A very comfortable type of stairs is

A. Straight
B. Dog legged
C. Geometrical
D. Open new

192) A foundation rests on

A. Base of the foundation

B. Sub-grade
C. Foundation soil
D. Both B and C

193) The effective span of a simply supported slab, is

A. Distance between the centers of the bearings

B. Clear distance between the inner faces of the walls plus twice the thickness of the wall
 Page 45 of 49

C. Clear span plus effective depth of the slab

D. None of these

194) By over-reinforcing a beam, the moment of resistance can be increased not more than

A. 10%
B. 15%
C. 20%
D. 25%

195) A flat slab is supported

A. On beams
B. On columns
C. On beams and columns
D. On columns monolithically built with slab

196) Post tensioning system

A. Was widely used in earlier days

B. Is not economical and hence not generally used
C. Is economical for large spans and is adopted now a days
D. None of these

197) Spacing of stirrups in a rectangular beam, is

A. Kept constant throughout the length

B. Decreased towards the centre of the beam
C. Increased at the ends
D. Increased at the centre of the beam

198) For stairs spanning horizontally, the minimum waist provided is

A. 4 cm
B. 6 cm
C. 8 cm
D. 12 cm

199) If diameter of a reinforcement bar is d, the anchorage value of the hook is

A. 16d
B. 8d
 Page 46 of 49

C. 4d
D. 12d

200) For masonry work with solid bricks, consistency of mortar should be

A. 5 to 8 cm
B. 9 to 13 cm
C. 14 to 18 cm
D. 19 to 23 cm

201) Minimum thickness of stiffening wall for 1 to 3 storeys shall not be less than

A. 10 cm
B. 15 cm
C. 20 cm
D. 30 cm

202) Water retentivity for brick masonry should not be less than

A. 50%
B. 60%
C. 70%
D. 80%

203) For earthquake resistant masonry buildings, the vertical distance between openings one
above the other in a load bearing wall shall not be less than

A. 50 cm
B. 60 cm
C. 75 cm
D. 100 cm

204) The effective height of free standing non-load bearing wall and column respectively will be

A. 1.0H and 1.0H

B. 1.5H and 1.5H
C. 2.0H and 1.5H
D. 2.0H and 2.0H

205) Rich cement mortars are more liable to cracking as compared to lean mortars because rich
mortars have
 Page 47 of 49

A. High shrinkage
B. Less strength
C. Both (A) and (B)
D. None of above

206) The thickness of each leaf of a cavity wall

A. 5 cm
B. 7.5 cm
C. 10 cm
D. 15 cm
 Page 48 of 49

ANSWERS:
1. A 43. C 85. C 127. D 169. A
2. D 44. C 86. A 128. B 170. C
3. D 45. A 87. D 129. B 171. A
4. C 46. D 88. C 130. C 172. B
5. B 47. D 89. C 131. D 173. D
6. D 48. C 90. D 132. D 174. D
7. C 49. D 91. A 133. A 175. C
8. D 50. B 92. D 134. B 176. D
9. A 51. D 93. D 135. D 177. A
10. B 52. B 94. D 136. C 178. B
11. D 53. D 95. D 137. C 179. B
12. C 54. A 96. D 138. C 180. C
13. C 55. D 97. D 139. B 181. D
14. C 56. D 98. D 140. D 182. B
15. D 57. D 99. C 141. D 183. C
16. C 58. A 100. C 142. C 184. D
17. A 59. D 101. B 143. A 185. D
18. D 60. A 102. C 144. D 186. B
19. A 61. C 103. D 145. C 187. C
20. D 62. C 104. D 146. C 188. D
21. A 63. D 105. C 147. C 189. D
22. A 64. C 106. B 148. D 190. D
23. C 65. D 107. D 149. B 191. D
24. D 66. D 108. D 150. A 192. D
25. B 67. A 109. B 151. D 193. B
26. D 68. S 110. D 152. C 194. C
27. A 69. S 111. D 153. C 195. D
28. D 70. C 112. D 154. C 196. D
29. B 71. C 113. D 155. A 197. D
30. C 72. D 114. D 156. B 198. D
31. C 73. D 115. C 157. D 199. D
32. A 74. D 116. C 158. B 200. B
33. D 75. D 117. C 159. B 201. A
34. C 76. D 118. A 160. C 202. C
35. B 77. D 119. D 161. D 203. B
36. C 78. D 120. C 162. B 204. D
37. C 79. B 121. C 163. C 205. A
38. B 80. D 122. D 164. D 206. B
39. D 81. D 123. D 165. D 207.
40. D 82. B 124. C 166. D 208.
41. D 83. C 125. D 167. D 209.
 Page 49 of 49

42. C 84. B 126. A 168. D 210.