Sh.

paul bharti high school

Name : Rohit
Class:9th
Rollno:1
Subject:S.Sc
Submitted to:Soniya mam
Submitted by:Rohit

Introduction
Disaster, as defined by the United Nations, is a
serious disruption of the functioning of a
community or society, which involve widespread
human, material, economic or environmental
impacts that exceed the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own
resources [1]. Disaster management is how we deal
with the human, material, economic or
environmental impacts of said disaster, it is the
process of how we “prepare for, respond to and
learn from the effects of major failures” [2].
Though often caused by nature, disasters can have
human origins. According to the International
Federation of Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies
a disaster occurs when a hazard impacts on
vulnerable people. The combination of hazards,
vulnerability and inability to reduce the potential
negative consequences of risk results in disaster [3].

(VULNERABILITY+ HAZARD ) / CAPACITY

= DISASTER [3]

Natural disasters and armed conflict have marked

human existence throughout history and have
always caused peaks in mortality and morbidity.
This article examines the advances in the
humanitarian response to public health over the
past fifty years and the challenges currently faced in
managing natural disasters and armed conflict [4].

Types of Disaster
Natural Disasters
According to the International Federation of Red
Cross & Red Crescent Societies Natural Disasters
are naturally occurring physical phenomena caused
either by rapid or slow onset events that have
immediate impacts on human health and
secondary impacts causing further death and
suffering. These disasters can be [5]:

Geophysical (e.g. Earthquakes, Landslides,

Tsunamis and Volcanic Activity)
Hydrological (e.g. Avalanches and Floods)
Climatological (e.g. Extreme Temperatures,
Drought and Wildfires)
Meteorological (e.g. Cyclones and Storms/Wave
Surges)
Biological (e.g. Disease Epidemics and
Insect/Animal Plagues)
The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk
Reduction characterises Natural Disasters in
relation to their magnitude or intensity, speed of
onset, duration and area of extent e.g. earthquakes
are of short duration and usually affect a relatively
small region whereas droughts are slow to develop
and fade away and often affect large regions [1].

Man-Made Disasters
Man-Made Disasters as viewed by the International
Federation of Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies
are events that are caused by humans which occur
in or close to human settlements often caused as a
results of Environmental or Technological
Emergencies. This can include [3]:

Environmental Degradation
Pollution
Accidents (e.g. Industrial, Technological and
Transport usually involving the production, use or
transport of hazardous materials)
Complex Emergencies
Some disasters can result from multiple hazards, or,
more often, to a complex combination of both
natural and man-made causes which involve a
break-down of authority, looting and attacks on
strategic installations, including conflict situations
and war. These can include [6]:

Food Insecurity
Epidemics
Armed Conflicts
Displaced Populations
According to ICRC these Complex Emergencies
are typically characterized by [6]:

Extensive Violence
Displacements of Populations
Loss of Life
Widespread Damage to both Societies and
Economies
Need for Large-scale, Humanitarian Assistance
across Multiple Agencies
Political and Military Constraints which impact or
prevent Humanitarian Assistance
Increased Security Risks for Humanitarian Relief
Workers
Pandemic Emergencies
Pandemic (from Greek πᾶν pan "all" and δῆμος
demos "people") is an epidemic of infectious
disease that has spread across a large region, which
can occur to the human population or animal
population and may affect health and disrupt
services leading to economic and social costs. It
may be an unusual or unexpected increase in the
number of cases of an infectious disease which
already exists in a certain region or population or
can also refer to the appearance of a significant
number of cases of an infectious disease in a region
or population that is usually free from that disease.
Pandemic Emergencies may occur as a consequence
of natural or man-made disasters. These have
included the following epidemics:[7] [8]

Ebola
Zika
Avian Flu
Cholera
Dengue Fever
Malaria
Yellow Fever
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)
Aspects of Disaster Management
The International Federation of Red Cross & Red
Crescent Societies defines disaster management as
the organisation and management of resources and
responsibilities for dealing with all the
humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular
preparedness, response and recovery in order to
lessen the impact of disasters [3].
Disaster Prevention
"The outright avoidance of adverse impacts of
hazards and related disasters [1]"

UNISDR views Disaster Prevention as the concept

of engaging in activities which intend to prevent or
avoid potential adverse impacts through action
taken in advance, activities designed to provide
protection from the occurrence of disasters [1].
WCPT similarly highlight that while not all
disasters can be prevented, good risk management,
evacuation plans, environmental planning and
design standards can reduce risk of loss of life and
injury mitigation. The HYOGO Framework was
one such Global Plan for natural Disaster Risk
Reduction, which was adopted in 2005 as a 10 year
Global Plan, signed by agreement with 168
Governments which offered guiding principles,
priorities for action and practical means for
achieving disaster resilience for vulnerable
communities [10].

Disaster Preparedness
"The knowledge and capacities developed by
governments, professional response and recovery
organizations, communities and individuals to
effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from,
the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard
events or conditions" [1].
According to ICRC, Disaster Preparedness refers
to measures taken to prepare for and reduce the
effects of disasters, be they natural or man-made.
This is achieved through research and planning in
order to try to predict areas or regions that may be
at risk of disaster and where possible prevent these
from occurring and/or reduce the impact those
disasters on the vulnerable populations that may be
affected so they can effectively cope. Disaster
preparedness activities embedded with risk
reduction measures can prevent disaster situations
and also result in saving maximum lives and
livelihoods during any disaster situation, enabling
the affected population to get back to normalcy
within a short time period [3].

Minimisation of loss of life and damage to

property through facilitation of effective disaster
response and rehabilitation services when required.
Preparedness is the main way of reducing the
impact of disasters. Community-based
preparedness and management should be a high
priority in physical therapy practice management
[10].

Disaster Response / Relief

"The provision of emergency services and public
assistance during or immediately after a disaster in
order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure
public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs
of the people affected" [1].

Focused predominantly on immediate and

short-term needs, the division between this
response/relief stage and the subsequent recovery
stage is not clear-cut. Some response actions, such
as the supply of temporary housing and water
supplies, may extend well into the recovery stage.
Rescue from immediate danger and stabilization of
the physical and emotional condition of survivors
is the primary aims of disaster response/relief,
which go hand in hand with the recovery of the
dead and the restoration of essential services such
as water and power [3][10].

Coordinated multi-agency response is vital to this

stage of Disaster Management in order to reduce
the impact of a disaster and its long-term results
with relief activities including [3]:

Rescue
Relocation
Provision Food and Water
Provision Emergency Health Care
Prevention of Disease and Disability
Repairing Vital Services e.g. Telecommunications,
Transport
Provision Temporary Shelter
Disaster Recovery
Vulnerability of communities often continues for
long after the initial crisis is over. Disaster Recovery
refers to those programmes which go beyond the
provision of immediate relief to assist those who
have suffered the full impact of a disaster and
include the following activities [3] [10]:

Rebuilding Infrastructure e.g. Homes, Schools,

Hospitals, Roads
Health Care and Rehabilitation
Development Activities e.g. building human
resources for health
Development Policies and Practices to avoid or
mitigate similar situations in future

How Physiotherapists Can Contribute

The WCPT provide advice on how
physiotherapists can most effectively contribute in
disaster situations highlighting the role for the
profession in the aspects of disaster management
described above.

●​Disaster Management - How Individual

Physical Therapists Can Contribute

Disaster Management Guidelines

 Responding Internationally to Disasters: Do’s
and Don’ts
When disasters strike, there is always a huge
amount of goodwill from rehabilitation
professionals around the world who wish to use
their skills to support those affected. This brief
guidance informs those who are considering
responding internationally to a disaster either as
individuals or as part of a team. It highlights key
questions to consider before departing, whilst
working in the disaster area and on returning
home. Responses to these questions considered are
presented as “Do’s and Dont's” which are
exemplified by recommended practices and those
to avoid in the real case studies below. The
guidance note is not intended to be a step-by-step
or technical guide, nor is it exhaustive, and does
not supersede any specific guidance provided by
your own global professional body.
Health Care in Danger: The Responsibilities of
Health-Care Personnel Working in Armed
Conflicts and Other Emergencies'

A Guidance Document in simple language for

health personnel, setting out their rights and
responsibilities in conflict and other situations of
violence. It explains how responsibilities and rights
for health personnel can be derived from
international humanitarian law, human rights law
and medical ethics.

The document gives practical guidance on:

The Protection of Health Personnel, the Sick and

the Wounded
Standards of Practice
The Health Needs of Particularly Vulnerable
People
Health records and transmission of medical records
"Imported" Health Care (including Military
Health Care)
Data Gathering and Health Personnel as witnesses
to violations of International Law
Working with the Media
Rehabilitation in Sudden Onset Disasters.
The role of rehabilitation professionals in
responding to sudden onset disasters, such as
earthquakes or tsunamis, is evolving rapidly and
they increasingly find themselves at the forefront of
emergency response teams.

This manual is designed for Physiotherapists and

Occupational Therapists who provide
rehabilitation in the immediate aftermath of a
sudden onset disaster. It was developed to support
volunteers on the UK International Emergency
Trauma Register but with the aim of being relevant
to all rehabilitation professionals interested in rapid
deployment to austere environments
Minimum Technical Standards and
Recommendations for Rehabilitation: Emergency
Medical Teams

This document is the result of collaboration

between a working group of rehabilitation experts
convened by WHO and external consultations. It is
thus based on collective experience in rehabilitation
during responses to recent large-scale emergencies
and also on published data. In time, the minimum
standards for rehabilitation in emergencies will be
part of a broader series of publications based on the
Classification and minimum standards for foreign
medical teams in sudden onset disaster.

The purpose of this document is to extend these

standards for physical rehabilitation and provide
guidance to Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) on
building or strengthening their capacity for and
work in rehabilitation within defined coordination
mechanisms. The standards and recommendations
given in this document will ensure that EMTs,
both national and international, will better prevent
patient complications and ensuing impairment and
ensure a continuum of care beyond their departure
from the affected area.
Communicable Disease Control in Emergencies -
A Field Manual

This manual is intended to help health

professionals and public health coordinators
working in emergency situations prevent, detect
and control the major communicable diseases
encountered by affected populations
Management of Limb Injuries in Disater and
Conflict - A Field Manual

The WHO Emergency Medical Team (EMT)

Initiative helps countries and NGOs to set up
teams that will be able to maintain agreed
standards of quality and self-sufficiency, resulting
in better patient care. With more teams striving to
reach these standards, clear guidance on best
practice is needed, particularly for managing
patients with limb injuries, which make up the
majority of cases. The consensus-based Field
Guide—Management of Limb Injuries during
disasters and conflicts and the complementary
open-access online resources gathered here are
aimed at providing that guidance. It draws on the
expertise of the International Committee of the
Red Cross, which has a long history of delivering
care to patients and protecting them in conflict.
This field guide will be regularly updated as new
controversies are raised and evidence grows.

Resources
The WCPT provide a comprehensive set of
resources relating to disaster management, the role
of the physiotherapy profession, advice for
volunteering and the existing organisations
involved:

WCPT Disaster Management Resources