BOAZ BIKERI

T020/302242/2023 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

NUMBER SYTEMS AND CODES

NUMBER SYSTEMS

1.Define and differentiate the following systems:

(a)decimal (base 10)

It Uses ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

Its Positional value increases by powers of 10 from right to left

(b) binary (base 2)

it Uses two digits: 0 and 1.

Its Positional value increases by powers of 2 from right to left.

(c)Hexadecimal (base16)

Uses sixteen digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A (10), B (11), C (12), D (13), E (14), F (15).

Positional value increases by powers of 16 from right to left.

Provide detailed steps and examples for the following conversions:

(d)Decimal to binary

Divide the decimal number by 2.

Write down the remainder (0 or 1).

The binary number is the sequence of remainders read from bottom to top.

Example: convert 2310 to binary

23÷2=11 remainder 1

11÷2=5 remainder 1

5÷2=2 remainder 1

2÷2=1 remainder 0

1÷2=0 remainder 1

We read from top to bottom as: 2310=101112

(e)Decimal to hexadecimal

Divide the decimal number by 16.

Write down the remainder (0–9 or A–F).

Continue dividing the quotient by 16 until it becomes 0.

The hexadecimal number is the sequence of remainders read from bottom to top.

Example: Convert 25410 to hexadecimal

254÷16=15 remainder 14(E)

15÷16=0 remainder 15(F)

Read top to bottom 25410 = FE16

(f)Binary to hexadecimal and vice versa

Binary to hexadecimal

Group the binary digits into groups of 4 from right to left (add leading 0s if needed).
Convert each group of 4 binary digits into its hexadecimal equivalent.

Example; convert 110101102 to hexadecimal

11010110=11010110

1101=D,0110=6

110101102=D616

Hexadecimal to binary

Convert each hexadecimal digit into its 4-bit binary equivalent.

Example: convert 3F16 to binary

3=0011, F=1111

3F16=001111112

CODES

Explain the structure and purpose of:

(a)Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)

STRUCTURE

In BCD, each decimal digit (0–9) is represented by a 4-bit binary number.

Unlike binary, BCD does not compact numbers into a single binary representation but maintains

each decimal digit as a separate binary group.

PURPOSE

To make binary representations more human-readable and compatible with decimal systems.

Useful in applications where numerical data must be displayed or entered by humans.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

ASCII uses 7 or 8 bits to represent characters (letters, numbers, punctuation, control codes).

Extended ASCII uses 8 bits, allowing 256 unique characters (128 standard and 128 extended).

Purpose:

Standardizes text representation for data communication, enabling compatibility between

systems.

Essential for text processing, file formats, and communication protocols

(b) Discuss practical applications of these codes. For example, describe how BCD is used in

digital clocks and how ASCII enables data communication in computers.

Applications of BCD

Digital Clocks and Timers:

How it works: Each digit of the time (e.g., 12:34) is encoded separately in BCD (e.g., 0001 0010

for "12").

Why use BCD: It simplifies the conversion between binary and decimal for display purposes.

Electronic Meters (e.g., electricity meters):

How it works: Numerical readings are stored and displayed using BCD to maintain accuracy and

simplify decoding.

Applications of ASCII

Data Communication in Computers:

How it works: ASCII enables systems to encode text for transmission. For example, typing "Hi"

sends

01001000
01001000 (H) and

01101001

01101001 (i) across networks.

Why use ASCII: Universally recognized standard for text representation.

Text File Storage (e.g., Notepad):

How it works: Characters in a file are stored as their ASCII equivalents, ensuring compatibility

across devices and software.

Highlight the significance of codes in data storage, processing, and communication.

`Data Storage:

Codes enable efficient representation of numerical and textual data for storage.

For example:

BCD: Used in financial systems to avoid rounding errors in decimal calculations.

ASCII: Stores text in readable formats for word processing and software development.

Data Processing:

Codes are essential for manipulation, computation, and transformation of data.

For example:

BCD: Facilitates arithmetic operations in calculators and POS systems.

ASCII: Allows software to process strings for searching, sorting, and data manipulation.

Data Communication:

Codes ensure data integrity and understanding across devices.

BCD: Transmits numerical data efficiently in telecommunication systems.

ASCII: Powers email systems, web pages, and APIs for seamless interaction

Provide at least two examples where each code type is used in everyday devices

CD Examples:

Digital Watches: Time (hours and minutes) is represented in BCD for display on digital

interfaces.

Fuel Pumps: The price and quantity are processed and displayed in BCD for accuracy.

ASCII Examples:

Smartphones: ASCII encodes SMS messages, ensuring characters are correctly transmitted and

displayed.

Internet Browsers: ASCII represents HTML and JavaScript text for rendering web pages.

These codes are foundational in ensuring that human and machine systems work seamlessly

together for accurate and efficient data handling.

SIGNALS AND LOGIC SYSTEMS

SIGNALS

Compare analog and digital signals, emphasizing their characteristics, advantages, and

limitations.

Characteristics
Feature Analog Signals Digital Signals

Representation Continuous waveforms that vary smoothly.Discrete levels, typically represented

by 0s and 1s.

Amplitude Infinite possible values within a range. Finite set of levels, typically two

(e.g., High and Low).

Time Continuity Continuous in time and value. Discrete in both time and value.

Noise Sensitivity Highly sensitive to noise, leading to degradation. Robust against noise,

with better signal integrity.

2. Advantages

AnalogDigital

Capable of representing real-world signals like sound and light directly. Easier to process,

store, and replicate without quality loss.

Requires less bandwidth for simple signals. Allows error correction and encryption.

3. Limitations

AnalogDigital

Susceptible to distortion and noise interference. Requires higher bandwidth to represent

signals accurately.

Difficult to process, store, and transmit. Needs conversion (analog-to-digital) for many real-

world applications.