Remaining IT Work: Chapter – 24,25 and Brain Developer

CHAPTER 24: Preventing Accidents and Emergencies

A. Select the correct option.
1. c. Both a and b
2. b. Manmade hazard
3. b. Meteorological, geological, and biological
4. c. Both a and b
5. a. Civil disturbances

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. Asphyxiation
2. Accidental release
3. Protective equipment
4. Blocked
5. An accident

C. Answer the following questions.

1. An accident at a workplace is an event that is an unplanned, unintended, and unexpected. It can happen
due to various factors that a person faces at the workplace. Such accidents can cause minor to severe physical
injury or even result in death. This may either be due to a risk that has not been identified or identified but not
properly controlled.
A workplace emergency is an unforeseen situation that threatens the employees, customers, or public. It
disrupts the company’s operations and even sometimes causes physical or environmental damage. The
hazards leading to accidents and emergencies may be natural or manmade.
2.Slips, Trips, and Falls: Slips and trips can result in falls. Slips can occur due toslippery floor, leaks from
materials or debris left in walkways, uneven floor orworking surfaces, protruding nails and boards, bunched up
floor mats oruneven carpeting, holes or depressions in working surfaces, or uneven stairs.

Getting Caught in or Between Hazards: Sometimes minor cave-ins, such as being pulled into orcaught in
machinery and equipment or being compressed or crushed between rolling, sliding,or shifting objects also
happen at the workplace.
Struck by Moving Equipment or Objects or Walking into Objects: Collisions could occur withheavy equipment
or any moving object kept either at the same level or from an object fallingfrom the above. A working person
can also accidentally walk into an object and get injured.
Vehicle-Related Accidents: Accidents due to a crash or impact injuries are also quite frequent inworkplaces.
These often involve cars, lorries, or even small vehicles, such as forklift trucks, and attimes result in serious
injuries.

3.Slips, Trips, and Falls: Slips and trips can result in falls. Slips can occur due to slippery floor,leaks from
materials or debris left in walkways, uneven floor or working surfaces.

Getting Caught in or Between Hazards: Sometimes minor cave-ins, such as being pulled into orcaught in
machinery and equipment or being compressed or crushed between rolling, sliding, orshifting objects also
happen at the workplace.
Struck by Moving Equipment or Objects or Walking into Objects: Collisions could occur withheavy equipment
or any moving object kept either at the same level or from an object fallingfrom the above. A working person
can also accidentally walk into an object and get injured.
Vehicle-Related Accidents: Accidents due to a crash or impact injuries are also quite frequentin workplaces.
These often involve cars, lorries, or even small vehicles, such as forklift trucks,and at times result in serious
injuries.
Fire and Explosions: Accidents also happen because of fire or other explosive substances. In suchcases,
problems may not only occur from direct contact with fires, but also because ofasphyxiation, which is caused
due to the smoke generated from the fires.
4.Mention some preventive measures that can be taken to prevent accidents at the workplace.
Some of the preventive measures, to prevent accidents, are:
•Employers must provide workers with protective equipment, such as safety goggles andother gear they need,
to avoid dangerous exposure.
•Reminding employees to be vigilant.
•Removing clutter and putting it out of the way so that people would not step on itand fall accidently.
•Effective procedures for dealing with employee grievances can help reduce the risk offights in the workplace;
which could otherwise, result in nasty injuries.
• Good training, clear signage, and access to the necessary safety equipment can all be a big help.
• Regular risk assessments are also important.

5. Even when organisations take appropriate workplace safety precautions and measures to avoid injuries,
accidents can happen. In such cases, how employers respond to these accidents can make all the difference.
When an injury occurs, the person in charge should follow proper protocols to handle a work-related injury or
illness. Some such protocols are as follows:

Care for the Affected Employee: The employees’ safety comes first and getting an injured employee
preliminary treatment quickly is crucial.
• A proper evaluation of the situation should be done.
• An employee, who is trained in first-aid, should attend to the injured person right away.
• In an emergency situation, an ambulance should be called. In non-emergency situations, the injured
employee should be taken to a medical care facility at the earliest.
• The family of the employee should be notified immediately about the situation.

Secure the Scene and Evacuation: In case of a serious accident, access to the accident site should be blocked
to avoid any further damage. The site of a serious accident needs to be secured as quickly as possible to
preserve the physical evidence for investigative purposes.
If there is a potential of the other employees being affected, an evacuation of the premises should be carried
out to prevent further injuries or fatalities. The operations of the workplace need to be shut down in such
emergencies.
Proper Reporting of the Accident: After ensuring the employees’ safety, proper paperwork and
documentation must be completed. The accident’s report should be completed to help investigate the
accident and the required documents for processing the claim from the insurance company should be filled in.
CHAPTER 25: Protecting Health and Safety
A. Select the correct option.
1. c. Both a and b
2. a. Radiation
3. b. Identifying possible hazards before accidents occur
4. c. Both a and b
5. b. Fruits and nuts

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. Hazard
2. Unhealthy
3. Health program
4. Long-term
5. Mental

C. Answer the following questions.

1. Every workplace has its own unique environment and equipment. It is important that all potential
emergency situations, like accidents, injuries, and health issues should be anticipated and identified so as to
be prepared with a proper response plan, when and if such incidences occur. This will result in controlling the
threats to human life and damage to property. It should not be just a one-time activity but an ongoing
process. Proper planning will result in an effective safety and health program at the workplace.

2. Three examples of workplace hazards are:

• Improperly fitted or guarded moving parts that can hit a person
• Getting hit by sharp edges, corners, or parts that are protruding out from the equipment
• Working at potentially hazardous places, like heights where there is possibility of a fall, or narrow places
where one could get trapped.

3. At the workplace, emergencies may arise due to several hazards. Often, the best protection in an
emergency is to move out from where one is and shift to a safer place. When there are emergencies, like fires,
hazardous chemical spills, radiation leakages, terrorism threats, or some health crisis, the workplace may need
to be evacuated. For example, when a building catches fire, everyone in it must leave it and move out to a pre-
decided safe area.

4. Three tips for healthy living of working people are:

• Eating Healthy: It is said, ‘You are what you eat’. Having a healthy breakfast in the morning, lunch that is
nutritious and avoiding junk and fried food are some of the key factors in maintaining one’s health.
• Having Adequate Amount of Water: While working, one tends to lose track of the amount of water
consumed. Drinking adequate amount of water is extremely essential to maintain the body temperature and
other important functions of the body.
• Limit Drinks with Caffeine: Office goers often get into the habit of having tea, coffee, or other caffeinated
beverages frequently and in large amounts.

5. The availability of healthy food at the workplace, like fresh fruits and dry fruits, healthy snacks, juices, and
healthy food in the canteen as well as during official programs and meetings can establish a culture of eating
healthy at the workplace. This would, in turn, result in employees making healthy food choices in their
personal life too.
SECTION 4: APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS (UNSOLVED)
1. An electric safety program should be established by all organisations and followed properly. • Electrical
installations should be done and maintained by a competent person and checked regularly.
• Extension cables, plugs, sockets, and other flexible leads and their connections that are particularly prone to
damage should be visually checked, maintained, and where necessary, replaced before using any equipment.
• Correct cable connectors or couplers should be used to join cables together; taped joints should not be
allowed.
• Electrically powered equipment should be used.
• A fuse protects the device from over current. It is designed to ‘blow’ and cut off the electricity when the
current exceeds its rated capacity.
• It is important to ensure that the correct fuse is used for all appliances.
• Employees working in areas where there are potential electrical hazards must be provided with appropriate,
safe, and tested protective equipment.

2. Rahul should ask the mall manager to have stairways/Handrails in order to reduce the risk of such injuries,
stairwells should have handrails, be kept clear of clutter, well lit, and free from any unsecured objects, like
rugs and carpets. The first and last stair should always be well marked.
They should also provide ladders and accessible step stools can help reduce the chances of a fall by helping
employees reach heights safely. Availability of these, reduces the chances of employees using unstable objects
or other furniture to climb.

3. Most office systems are computerised now and staring at computer screens for hours while working causes
eyestrain and damage to them in the long run. Rohit can suggest the following points:
• Atleast an arms-length distance should be maintained from the screen. One must also look away from the
screen at regular intervals to reduce eyestrain and long-term damage to the eyes.
• One should take short breaks every half an hour, performing desk exercises or even having standing desks at
the workplace.

4. Office desks, copy machines, computer screens, and keyboards as well as mobile screens are some of the
places that have a lot of microbes, which may cause infections. Vandana can ask the employees to clean all the
objects used at the workplace regularly, using surface disinfectants and sanitising wipes. One must wash one’s
hands regularly with soap to stay healthy and germ-free.

5. Kalpana can educate employees with work-life balance and can also encourage physical fitness to refresh
themselves by working out and staying energised for the entire day. She can inform employees that drinking
adequate amount of water is extremely essential to maintain the body temperature and other important
functions of the body.

SECTION 5: SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (UNSOLVED)

1. An electric shock is a shock that occurs when a person comes in contact with a source of electrical energy. A
person experiences a shock when this electrical energy flows through the body.
An arc fault is initiated by the passing of the current between the two conducting metals through ionised gas
or vapour, which is caused by a flashover or other conductive material.
An arc fault results in a massive electrical explosion. This results in an arc flash, which is the light and heat
from the explosion and an arc blast, which is a pressure wave that follows.

2. The first aid kit should include basic equipment for administering first aid for injuries. In order to know what
contents are actually needed inside a first aid kit, a risk assessment of the workplace is required. The kits must
be identifiable with a white cross on a green background and made of a material that will protect its contents
from dust, moisture, and contamination.
3. The preferable scenario is, of course, to prevent accidents by providing adequate safety equipment and
putting the right procedures, including training, in place.
Some of the preventive measures, to prevent accidents, are:
• Employers must provide workers with protective equipment, such as safety goggles and other gear they
need, to avoid dangerous exposure.
• Reminding employees to be vigilant.
• Removing clutter and putting it out of the way so that people would not step on it and fall accidently.

4. Preparing a proper emergency action plan, which should include the following: • There should be an
emergency evacuation plan ready for emergencies.
• There should be clearly marked and well lit, unobstructed evacuation routes and emergency exits.
• Employees should be able to have an access to lists with names and telephone numbers of emergency
contacts.
• Procedures for employees to shut down critical plant operations, operate fire extinguishers, or perform
other essential services before evacuating should be clearly communicated as a part of the emergency plan.
• Employees should be trained in first-aid procedures.
• Practice drills for emergency action plans should be regularly conducted.
• Make sure emergency/ fire alarms are recognised by all the employees.
• Employers should have a reporting system in place for all accidents and dangerous incidents.

5. Try to juggle the roles and responsibilities at work and home can lead to exhaustion and mental stress. This
may impact the quality of life and also have an adverse effect on the physical health. One great way to beat
stress is to do things one enjoys. These may include spending time with family or friends, watching movies,
listening to music, reading books, and exercising. A healthy work-life balance can help to avoid future mental
and physical health issues.

SECTION 6: LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (UNSOLVED)

1. The first few minutes after an accident or emergency are extremely important. In a lot of cases, the
recovery of the victims and their lives depend on the first-aid provided at the scene of the accident. In such a
situation, a person who is trained in first-aid can stop the condition of the affected person from becoming
worse and even save lives. Prompt, properly administered first aid care can mean the difference between life
and death, rapid versus prolonged recovery, and temporary versus permanent disability. It is important to
have qualified first-aiders at the workplace. There are nationally accredited training courses as well as certain
other equivalent courses available to empower people to become qualified first-aiders. Only employees
trained in first aid should assist a victim. As part of their emergency training, employees should know how to
respond during an injury or illness situation, while not causing any further damage.
2. An electric safety program should be established by all organisations and followed properly.
• Electrical installations should be done and maintained by a competent person and checked regularly.
• Extension cables, plugs, sockets, and other flexible leads and their connections that are particularly prone to
damage should be visually checked, maintained, and where necessary, replaced before using any equipment.
• Correct cable connectors or couplers should be used to join cables together; taped joints should not be
allowed.
• Socket outlets should not be overloaded by the use of adaptors.
• Electrically powered equipment should be used.
• Fixed electrical equipment should have a clearly identified switch to cut off power in an emergency.
• A fuse protects the device from over current. It is designed to ‘blow’ and cut off the electricity when the
current exceeds its rated capacity.

3. The different types of accidents that can occur at a workplace includes:

• Slips, Trips, and Falls: Slips and trips can result in falls. Slips can occur due to slippery floor, leaks from
materials or debris left in walkways, uneven floor or working surfaces, protruding nails and boards, bunched
up floor mats or uneven carpeting, holes or depressions in working surfaces, or uneven stairs.
• Getting Caught in or Between Hazards: Sometimes minor cave-ins, such as being pulled into or caught in
machinery and equipment or being compressed or crushed between rolling, sliding, or shifting objects also
happen at the workplace.
• Struck by Moving Equipment or Objects or Walking into Objects: Collisions could occur with heavy
equipment or any moving object kept either at the same level or from an object falling from the above. A
working person can also accidentally walk into an object and get injured.
• Vehicle-Related Accidents: Accidents due to a crash or impact injuries are also quite frequent in workplaces.
These often involve cars, lorries, or even small vehicles, such as forklift trucks, and at times result in serious
injuries.
• Fire and Explosions: Accidents also happen because of fire or other explosive substances. In such cases,
problems may not only occur from direct contact with fires, but also because of asphyxiation, which is caused
due to the smoke generated from the fires.

4. Preparing a proper emergency action plan, this should include the following: • There should be an
emergency evacuation plan ready for emergencies.
• There should be clearly marked and well lit, unobstructed evacuation routes and emergency exits.
• Employees should be able to have an access to lists with names and telephone numbers of emergency
contacts.
• Procedures for employees to shut down critical plant operations, operate fire extinguishers, or perform
other essential services before evacuating should be clearly communicated as a part of the emergency plan.
• Employees should be trained in first-aid procedures.
• Practice drills for emergency action plans should be regularly conducted.

5. In the event of an emergency, such as a fire or chemical spill, which requires evacuation, always consider
the following points:
• The first person to notice the emergency should activate the emergency alarm or inform a senior officer and
proceed to leave the building immediately.
• On noticing a hazard, be safe and then alert the emergency control personnel of your organisation as soon
as possible. If unsafe, then, on reaching a safe location and distance, alert the personnel and call the relevant
emergency services, like the fire department with the information about the emergency and its location.
Medical services, like hospitals and ambulance can also be called if there are any injured people that require
medical attention.
• On hearing an evacuation alarm, or on instruction of emergency control personnel, all personnel should
immediately stop all the activities and follow the evacuation procedure. Do not attempt to collect personal
items except for your wallet or purse. If there is an emergency kit nearby, take it with you.
• Shut down any hazardous equipment or processes, if practical, without endangering yourself or others.
• In the case of a fire, before opening a door, feel it for heat. If it is hot, do not touch or open it. Stay low if
there is smoke in the room or passageway. Do not break windows unless absolutely necessary for ventilation
and escape.
• If it is safe to leave, close doors, but do not lock them.
• Use a fire extinguisher only if it is safe to do so and you know how to use it.
• In case of a fire, do not use a lift to evacuate a building.
• Follow the directions given by the emergency control personnel and assist with the general evacuation, if
directed to do so by them.
• Help with the evacuation of the disabled personnel.
• All the people in the building should walk quickly to the nearest exit and ask the others to do the same.
• In case there is a designated evacuation area, move calmly towards it and do not leave the evacuation
assembly area until the ‘All Clear’ has been given.
• Do not return to the building until it has been declared safe.
• Remain calm, do not panic, and proceed calmly and without pushing others towards the exit. If the exit is
blocked or crowded, use a secondary exit.
• Alert others to the nature and location of emergency on your way out.
• Assist any person in immediate danger, but only if you are safe to do so.