4.

Bar Element 2-D

Element stiffness matrix:
𝑙2 𝑙𝑚 −𝑙 2 −𝑙𝑚
𝐸𝐴 𝑙𝑚 𝑚2 −𝑙𝑚 −𝑚2 ]
𝑘= [
𝐿 −𝑙 2 −𝑙𝑚 𝑙2 𝑙𝑚
−𝑙𝑚 −𝑚2 𝑙𝑚 𝑚2
𝑋𝑗 −𝑋𝑖 𝑌𝑗 −𝑌𝑖
Where 𝑙 = cos𝜃 = , 𝑚 = sin𝜃 =
𝐿 𝐿

The element stress in 2D is written as:

𝑢𝑖
𝐸 𝑣𝑖
𝜎 = [−𝑙 −𝑚 𝑙 𝑚] {𝑢 }
𝐿 𝑗
𝑣𝑗

Example 4.1:
A framework consisting of two bars (𝑬(𝑵/𝒎𝟐 ), 𝑨(𝒎𝟐 ), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑳(𝒎)) subjected to the load is
shown in the figure.
Determine:
1. The displacement of node 2.
2. The stress of each bar.

Initial point Terminal point

Element Links 𝜽 𝒍(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽) 𝒎(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽) L
x y x y
𝐿 𝐿 1 1
1 1_2 0 0 60° L
√2 √2 √2 √2
𝐿 𝐿 2𝐿 1 1
2 2_3 0 120° − L
√2 √2 √2 √2 √2
 1
Element 1: 𝜃 = 60°, 𝑙 = 𝑚 =
√2

1 1 −1 −1
𝐸𝐴 1 1 −1 −1
[𝑘1 ] = [ ] (𝑁⁄𝑚)
2𝐿 −1 −1 1 1
−1 −1 1 1
1 1
Element 1: 𝜃 = 120°, 𝑙 = − ,𝑚 =
√2 √2

1 −1 −1 1
𝐸𝐴 −1 1 1 −1
[𝑘2 ] = [ ] (𝑁⁄𝑚)
2𝐿 −1 1 1 −1
1 −1 −1 1
The global stiffness matrix:
[𝐾] = [𝑘1 ] + [𝑘2 ]
1 1 −1 −1 0 0
1 1 −1 −1 0 0
𝐸𝐴 −1 −1 2 0 −1 1
[𝐾] = (𝑁⁄𝑚)
2𝐿 −1 −1 0 2 1 −1
0 0 −1 1 1 −1
[0 0 1 −1 −1 1 ]
The finite element equations system for the whole structure:
[𝐾]{𝑢} = {𝐹}

1 1 −1 −1 0 0 𝑢1 𝐹1𝑥
1 1 −1 −1 0 0 𝑣1 𝐹1𝑦
𝐸𝐴 −1 −1 2 0 −1 1 𝑢2 𝐹2𝑥
= 𝐹
2𝐿 −1 −1 0 2 1 −1 𝑣2 2𝑦
0 0 −1 1 1 −1 𝑢3 𝐹3𝑥
[0 0 1 −1 −1 1 ] {𝑣3 } {𝐹3𝑦 }

Boundary conditions:
𝑢1 = 𝑣1 = 𝑢3 = 𝑣3 = 0; 𝐹2𝑥 = 𝑃1 ; 𝐹2𝑦 = 𝑃2

Apply the boundary conditions, we obtain the finite element equations system in brief form
as:
𝐸𝐴 2 0 𝑢2 𝑃
[ ] { } = { 1}
2𝐿 0 2 𝑣2 𝑃2
Solving the above equations system, we obtain the displacement at node 2
𝑢2 𝐿 𝑃1
{𝑣 } = { } (𝑚)
2 𝐸𝐴 𝑃2
 The axial stress in each bar element is
0
𝐸 1 𝐿 0 1
𝜎1 = ∙ [−1 −1 1 1] {𝑃 } = (𝑃1 + 𝑃2 ) (𝑁/𝑚2 )
𝐿 √2 𝐸𝐴 1 √2𝐴
𝑃2
𝑃1
𝐸 1 𝐿 𝑃2 1
𝜎2 = ∙ [1 −1 −1 1] { }= (𝑃1 − 𝑃2 ) (𝑁/𝑚2 )
𝐿 √2 𝐸𝐴 0 √2𝐴
0
Note: Be careful with variables E, A, and L. If any of them differ, they must be multiplied
directly with the element stiffness matrix [𝑘𝑖 ] before summing all the element stiffness matrices
to the global stiffness matrix. If these variables are real numbers, they should be represented in
numerical form within the matrix.
Unit converter table:
Variables Before After
E 1 𝑀𝑃𝑎 1 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
E 1 𝐺𝑃𝑎 103 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
A 1 𝑚2 106 𝑚𝑚2

5. Beam Element
Element stiffness, displacement and loads matrixes:

12 6𝐿 −12 6𝐿 𝑣1 𝐹𝑦1
𝐸𝐼 6𝐿 4𝐿2 −6𝐿 2𝐿2 𝜃 𝑀
𝑘= 3[ ]; {𝑢} = {𝑣1 } ; {F} = { 1 }
𝐿 −12 −6𝐿 12 −6𝐿 2 𝐹𝑦2
6𝐿 2𝐿2 −6𝐿 4𝐿2 𝜃2 𝑀2
The shape functions:
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑁1 = 1 − 3 + 2 ; 𝑁2 = 𝑥 − 2 + 2
𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿 𝐿
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑁3 = 3 2 − 2 3 ; 𝑁4 = − + 2
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
The displacement (deflection) can be expressed in matrix form as:
𝑣(𝑥) = 𝑁1 (𝑥)𝑣𝑖 + 𝑁2 (𝑥)𝜃𝑖 + 𝑁3 (𝑥)𝑣𝑗 + 𝑁4 (𝑥)𝜃𝑗

The angular displacement (deflection) can be expressed in matrix form as:

𝜃(𝑥) = 𝑁1′ (𝑥)𝑣𝑖 + 𝑁2′ (𝑥)𝜃𝑖 + 𝑁3′ (𝑥)𝑣𝑗 + 𝑁4′ (𝑥)𝜃𝑗

𝑁 ′ (𝑥) is derivative of 𝑁(𝑥)

Some cases of the equivalent nodal load vectors for beam structure:
 Example 5.1:
Determine the displacement and rotational angle of the right end.

The structure has only one element, therefore, the element stiffness matrix is also the global
stiffness matrix.
12 6𝐿 −12 6𝐿
𝐸𝐼 6𝐿 4𝐿2 −6𝐿 2𝐿2
[𝐾] = [𝑘𝑒 ] = 3 [ ]
𝐿 −12 −6𝐿 12 −6𝐿
6𝐿 2𝐿2 −6𝐿 4𝐿2
The finite element equations system:

12 6𝐿 −12 6𝐿 𝑣1 𝐹𝑦1
𝐸𝐼 6𝐿 4𝐿2 −6𝐿 2𝐿2 𝜃 𝑀
[ ] {𝑣1 } = { 1 }
𝐿3 −12 −6𝐿 12 −6𝐿 2 𝐹𝑦2
6𝐿 2𝐿2 −6𝐿 4𝐿2 𝜃2 𝑀 2

Boundary conditions:
𝑣1 = 𝜃1 = 0,
𝑝𝐿 𝑝𝐿2
𝐹𝑦2 = − , 𝑀2 =
2 12
The brief system of the finite element equations:
𝑝𝐿
𝐸𝐼 12 𝑣 −
−6𝐿 2 2
[ ]{ } = { 2 }
𝐿3 −6𝐿 4𝐿2 𝜃2 𝑝𝐿
12
Solve the above equations system, we obtain:
𝑝𝐿4
𝑣2 −
{𝜃 } = 8𝐸𝐼
2 𝑝𝐿3
−
{ 6𝐸𝐼 }