1. A Material Noun (Gold, Steel, Wood, Water, Silver etc.

) and an
Abstract Noun (Happiness, Freedom, Sorrow, Illness, Friendship etc.)
are always written in singular forms. These are thus always followed
by singular verbs (or helping verbs).
Example – Gold is getting expensive day by day.
Example – Poverty is just a state of mind.

2. Hyphenated Nouns are never written in plural forms.

Example – The ATM was not delivering five-hundred rupee notes.
Example – The workers of the three-star hotel were ill-mannered.

3. Apostrophe is not used with Possessive Pronouns (mine, his, hers,

yours, ours, theirs).
Example – This pen is yours. (Not your’s)
Example – The bike she drives is mine. (Not my’s or mine’s)

4. Never use Double Apostrophe.

Example – My wife’s brother’s daughter has cleared Bank exams. (X)
Example – The daughter of my wife’s brother has cleared Bank exams.
(✔)
Example – Rohan’s father’s car is lost. (X)
Example – The car of Rohan’s father is lost. (✔)

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5. Use of Pronouns should always be in the following order.
Pronouns: 1st Person –> I, We
2nd Person –> You
3rd Person –> He, She, It, They, Names
a) If different pronouns (persons) are present in the same sentence,
they should be arranged in the 2->3->1 order.
Example – You, She and I need to learn this immediately.
b) If different pronouns (persons) are present in the same sentence and
they have an acceptance of a fault or misdeed, they should be arranged
in the 1->2->3 order.
Example – I, You and Rakesh have made this mistake.
c) If there are plural pronouns (persons) present in the same sentence,
they should be arranged in the 1->2->3 order.
Example – We, You and They have to deal with the situation.

6. If two subjects which are pronouns are compared, both the

pronouns must be written in their Subjective/Nominative forms (I, We,
You, He, She, It, They).
Example – I am as smart as He. (Not “Him”)
Example – She drives better than I. (Not “me”)

7. “It” when used as a subject followed by a pronoun, must have the

pronoun in its Subjective/Nominative form.
Example – It is I who had come to help you. (Not „me‟)
Example – It is He who can solve this riddle. (Not „him‟)

8. Words like “Either, Neither, Any, One, None” when followed by “of
the” are always followed by a Plural Noun and a Singular Helping Verb.
Example – Either of the students is hungry.
Example – None of the books is available.

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9. “Either” is used only when the choice is to be made from two
persons/objects. It is used to mean “One of the two”.
Note - If there are more than two persons/objects for choice, we use
“Any of the” or “One of the”.
Example – Either of the sentences is incorrect. (Here, No. of Sentences
= 2)
Example – One of the sentences is incorrect. (Here, No. of Sentences =
2+)

10. "Neither” is used only when the negation is said for two
persons/objects. It is used to mean “No one of the two”.
Note – If there are more than two persons/objects for negation, we use
“None of the”.
Example – Neither of the boys has come home. (Here, No. of Boys = 2)
Example – None of the boys has come. (Here, No. of Boys = 2+)

11. When “All” is used as a subject for people, it is followed by

“who/that” and not “whom/which”.
Example – All who/that are willing to join the camp can fill the form.

12. When “All” is used as a subject for objects, it is followed by “that‟

and not “who/which/whom”.
Example – All the prizes that I had won have been lost.

13. When two subjects are joined by connectors like “as well as,
alongwith, together with, and not, in addition to, but, besides, except,
rather than, like, unlike, no less than, nothing but”, the helping verb
and the possessive pronoun is always written according to the first
subject.
Example – He alongwith his friends was working hard to complete his
project in time.
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Example – They together with their class teacher were interested in
knowing their results.

14. “Few/ A few/ The few” are always used to denote a countable noun
and mean a small number of quantity.
The difference between these is that “Few” is used to express a
negative message for quantity of something.
(Almost no), “A few” is used to express a small quantity (but some
positively) for a quantity while “The few” is used to express a small but
certain quantity we can show or indicate.
Example – I have few friends here. (A small number but almost no)
Example – I have a few friends here. (A small number but some)
Note – Similarly, “Little/ A little/ The little” are always used to denote
an uncountable noun and mean a small amount.
The difference between these is same as the difference stated above
for “few/ a few/ the few”.
Example – I had little milk to make a dish. (Almost no milk to make a
dish)
Example – I had a little milk to serve guests. (Some milk available to
make a dish)

15. After adjectives that end with “-ior”, we use “to” for comparison
and not “than”.
Example – He is junior than me. (X)
Example – He is junior to me. (✔)

16. Modals or Modal Auxiliary Verbs (Can, Could, May, Might, Must,
Shall, Will, Would, Should, Ought to) are always used in the form of
Helping Verbs to show ability, possibility, permission or obligation.
Also, the main verbs written after these are always written in their first
forms.
Example – I can help you in completing your work.
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Example – Rohit may come home early today.

17. Rules for tenses –

a) A Simple tense, also called as Indefinite tense (Simple
Present/Past/Future) is always written to express a habitual/regular
actions, irregular actions or universal truth that happens for an
indefinite length of time (No beginning or ending known).
Structure:
Simple Present – Subject + Main Verb (I form) + Object („s‟ is written
after main verb for singular subjects)
Example – Rohan eats a sandwich.
Example – They play football.

Simple Past – Subject + Main Verb (II form) + Object

Example – Rohan ate a sandwich.
Example – They played football.

Simple Future – Subject + will/shall + Main Verb + Object

Example – Rohan will eat a sandwich.
Example – They will play football.

b) A Continuous tense (Present/Past/Future) is used to denote an

action that is in action at a certain point of time.
Unlike Simple Tense, the length of time for a continuous action is
limited and has a beginning and an end too.
Structure:
Present Continuous – Subject + is/am/are + Verb (1st form) + ing + Obj.
Example – Rohan is eating a sandwich.
Example – They are playing football.

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Past Continuous – Subject + was/were + Verb (1st form) + ing + Object
Example – Rohan was eating a sandwich when I called him.
Example – They were playing football at 8 am.
(For Past Continuous or Future Continuous Tense, there is always an
exact /particular time required for their happening)

Future Continuous – Subject + will/shall + be + Verb (1st form) + Object

Example – Rohan will be eating a sandwich in breakfast in his hostel
days.
Example – They will be playing football at 9 am tomorrow.

c) A Perfect tense is used to express that an action has been completed

or finished. It doesn’t have any reference on for how long the action
was carried out. It expresses just completion.
Structure:
Present Perfect – Subject + has/have + Verb (3rd form) + Object
Example – Rohan has eaten a sandwich.
Example – They have played football.

Past Perfect – Subject + had + Verb (3rd form) + Object

Example – Rohan had eaten a sandwich before he slept.
Example – They had played football in their school days.
Future Perfect – Subject + will/shall + have + Verb (3rd form) + Object
Example – Rohan will have eaten a sandwich before you ask him.
Example – They will have played football before you reach there.
Note – If a sentence of Past Perfect and Future Perfect doesn‟t have
another action/time to relate it, it is advised to be written in Simple
tense.

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d) A Perfect Continuous tense is used to express the time period of an
action. It may have a time period of a second or a long duration. This
shows the time for which an action would have continued at a certain
point of time.
Structure:
Present Perfect Continuous –
Subj. + has/have + been + Verb (1st form) + ing + Object + for/since +
time
Example – Rohan has been eating sandwich in his breakfast for months.
Example – They have been playing football since their school days.

Past Perfect Continuous –

Subject + had + been + Verb (1st form) + ing + Object + for/since + time
Example – Rohan had been eating sandwich in hostel for many days.
Example – They had been playing football since 5 am on that day.

Future Perfect Continuous –

Subj. + will/shall + have + been + Verb (1st form) + Obj. + for/since +
time
Example – Rohan will have been eating sandwich in his hostel for days.
Example – They will have been playing football for 4 years in this
January.
Note – If a sentence of Past Perfect Continuous or Future Perfect
Continuous doesn‟t have a period of time related to it, it is advised to
be written in Continuous Tense.

18. If two or more nouns or adjectives are joined by „and‟ but they
represent the same person, we use singular helping verb after it.
Example – Slow and steady wins the race.
Example – Curd and rice is my favorite dish.

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19. If there is only one article before two nouns connected with „and‟,
it means that both the nouns represent a same person and in that case,
we use a singular helping verb.
Example – The MD and CEO of the company has come.
Example – My best friend and cousin, is calling me.
Note – If there is an article before both the nouns connected with
“and”, it means that there are two different nouns. In that case, we use
a plural helping verb.
Example – The MD and the CEO of the company have come.
Example – My best friend and a cousin are calling me.

20. Words like “Each, Every, Everyone, Someone, Somebody, Nobody,

None, One, Any, Many a, More than one” represent a singular thing.
Therefore, these are followed by a Singular Noun/Pronoun and a
Singular verb after it.
Example – Someone is knocking the door.
Example – Every boy was wearing a red shirt.

21. “Each and Everyone” when followed by “of‟ is followed by a plural

noun and a singular helping verb.
Example – Each of the boys was cheerful and joyous.
Example – Every one of the kids in the hall is keen to know the surprise.
22. If a sentence starts with words that show imagination (like if, as if,
as though, suppose, I wish, in case, would that), we use the helping
verb “were” and not “was”.
Example – If I was the captain, I would have managed well. (X)
Example – If I were the captain, I would have managed well. (✔)

23. For Optative Sentences (Sentences of Blessings, Curse, Wishes),

Singular Subjects are also followed by Plural Verbs.
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Example – Long live the King.

24. If “Amount of/Quantity of” is followed by Uncountable Nouns, it is

always followed by Singular helping verb.
Example – The amount of cash is insufficient.
Example – The quantity of grain filled in the vessel is less.

25. Uncountable nouns are always followed by Singular helping verbs.

Example – The news I received just now, is true.
Example – The scenery is really beautiful.

26. Some nouns are always used in plural forms. Therefore, these are
always followed by plural helping verbs.
These nouns are: Pants, Pajamas, Trousers, Scissors, Tongs, Pliers,
Gallows, Spectacles, Bangles, Goggles, Sunglasses, Fireworks, and
Outskirts etc.
Example: Where are my spectacles?
Example – The goggles are so big.

27. When Conjunctions like “and, as well as, both-and, not only-but
also” are used to join two adjectives, then the adjectives are both
either a pair of two desirable (positive) or two undesirable (negative)
adjectives, but not a pair of a desirable and an undesirable adjective.
Note – If a desirable and an undesirable adjective is to be joined, then
the adjectives like but, yet, though etc can be used,
Example – He is both annoying and honest. (X)
Example – He is both annoying and irresponsible. (✔)
Example – He is both hard working and honest. (✔)
Example – He is annoying but hard working. (✔)
Example – Rohit is smart as well as a poor boy. (X)

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Example – Rohit is smart as well as a hard working boy. (✔)
Example – Rohit is cunning as well as a poor boy. (✔)
Example – Rohit is poor but a smart boy. (✔)

28. There are some fixed conjunctions which are many times paired
wrong. These are: Though–yet, although–yet, No sooner-than,
Hardly/Scarcely/Barely-when, lest-should, so-that, between-and,
from-to, else-but, whether-or, rather/other-than, both-and, not only-
but also.
Example – The party is between 7 to 9. (X)
Example – The party is between 7 and 9. (✔)
Example – I have no other aim but to succeed in life. (X)
Example – I have no other aim than succeed in life. (✔)
Example – He asked me if I was coming with him or not. (X)
Example – He asked me whether I was coming with him or not. (✔)

29. If two actions of future are one after another and are dependent
on each other, then the first action is written in simple present
(irrespective of its position) and the second action is written in simple
future.
Example – As soon as I will come to Jaipur, I will contact you. (X)
Example – As soon as I come to Jaipur, I will contact you. (✔)

30. “If/When” is not paired with “then” and “Since/as/because” is not

paired with “so/therefore”.
Example – If I buy a pen, then I will buy a refill too. (X)
Example – If I buy a pen, I will buy a refill too. (✔)
Example – Since I was going there, so I have called you to come along.
(X)
Example – Since I was going there, I have called you to come along. (✔)

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31. “Unless and until” are not followed by a negative word like not,
never because these are already negative words.
“Until and till” are used to denote time.
“Unless” is used to denote an action.
Example – Until the bus does not start, I will not ride it. (X)
Example – Until the bus starts, I will not ride it. (✔)
Example – Unless the minister does not apologize for his action, I will
not meet him. (X)
Example – Unless the minister apologizes for his action, I will not meet
him. (✔)

32. A preposition is always followed by an objective case.

Example – I do not depend on He. (X)
Example – I do not depend on him. (✔)
Example – Give this pen to she. (X)
Example – Give this pen to her. (✔)

33. “Home” is not preceded by any preposition if words like bring, get,
go, arrive, reach are written before it. But if there is a possessive
adjective like my, his, our, her, their, your before it, we use „to‟ before
it.
Example – I went home by car.
Example – I went to his home by car.

34. When the following words are written in active voice, these are not
followed by any preposition. The words are Emphasize, consider,
violate, succeed, violate, resist, describe, order, tell, demand, control,
attack, resemble, discuss, say, suppose, propose etc.
Example – The teacher emphasized on the need of discipline in life. (X)

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Example – The teacher emphasized the need of discipline in life. (✔)
Example – I shall discuss about the problem with you. (X)
Example – I shall discuss the problem with you. (✔)
Note – If the following words are followed by an object, these are
followed by “to”. The words are Speak, reply, explain, complain, talk,
listen, write etc.
Example – He did not reply to me.
Example – He complained to me about you.

35. Adverbs like “seldom, nowhere, never, nothing, hardly, scarcely,

barely, neither, rarely, deny, forbid, lest, until, unless, both” are
negative words. Therefore, negative words are not used with these.
Example – She denied that she had not stolen the pen. (X)
Example – She denied that she had stolen the pen, (✔)
Example – I hardly know nothing about him. (X)
Example – I hardly know anything about him. (✔)
Example – Both of us are not going there. (X)
Example – Neither of us is going there. (✔)

36. Adverbs “as” is not used with the words like ‘name, elect, think,
consider, call, appoint, make, choose etc’.
Example – He was appointed as a police officer. (X)
Example – He was appointed a police officer. (✔)
Example – He called me as a brave man. (X)
Example – He called me a brave man. (✔)

37. When an adverb is used in the beginning of the sentence, it must

be followed first by a helping verb and then by a subject.
Example – Seldom he goes there. (X)
Example – Seldom does he go there. (✔)
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Example – No sooner I came home than I turned on the TV. (X)
Example – No sooner did I come home than I turned on the TV. (✔)

38. Verbs of sensation (Taste, smell, appear, feel, seem, sound, look)
are not active verbs as these do not make a direct action. Therefore,
these are followed by adjectives and not adverbs.
Example – He felt bad. (Adjective)
Example – He drives badly. (Adverb)

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