Garth D’Abreu

Garth D’Abreu is the Director, Automotive

Solutions at ETS-Lindgren based at the corporate
headquarters office in Cedar Park, Texas. He
currently has primary responsibility for the design
and development functions within the Systems
Engineering group, specializing in turn-key
solutions for Automotive EMC, Wireless and OTA
test integration. Mr. D’Abreu is a senior member of
the IEEE EMC Society, IEEE 2021 distinguished
lecturer and active participant in standards
development, including the SAE, ISO and CISPR D
automotive EMC standards, with over 30 years of
experience in the RF industry. He holds a BSc
degree in Electronics & Communications
Engineering, from North London University, UK.

©2024 ETS-LINDGREN 1
 What’s new with EMC Tests for
Vehicles

Garth D’Abreu
Director of Automotive Solutions
[email protected]

©2024 ETS-LINDGREN
©2024 ETS-LINDGREN
 Outline
• Introduction
• Chamber design
• Test sites for Vehicle EMC
• Summary

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 Introduction
• RF anechoic chambers are used to provide a controlled
environment for RF testing
• The level of control needed depends on several factors
• Type of tests - EMC, Antenna pattern, OTA etc .
• Frequency of operation - Low frequency increases absorber size, ferrites
• Isolation needed - RF noise from outside the chamber
• Level of reflections - reflections increase uncertainty

• Chambers are designed with either full or partial absorber lining.

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 Introduction
• Test Examples…
• Very Large chamber for large DUT
• Jamming measurements
NAVAIR approved released photo
• Full vehicle
• Small chamber
• Antenna pattern measurements
• OTA
• Standard Sized
• Vehicle and component EMC

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 Why EMC Test ?
- Protect Licensed Electromagnetic Spectrum….

• Maritime - 150KHz
• Radio - 0.5MHz and 88MHz
• Cellular - 700MHz to 60GHz (3G, 4G,LTE, 5G)
• Satellite - 1.6GHz
• WiFi - 2.4/5.8GHz
• DSRC - 5.9GHz
• RADAR - 24GHz / 79GHz / 81GHz

• … Make sure things work safely…

Images courtesy various internet sources

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 Chamber design
• The design of the chamber is based on several factors:
• DUT size
• Type of test
• Test volume characteristics needed
• Based on these, the chamber is designed and modeled

10m Range

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 Automotive EMC Standards
• Automotive EMC standards are developed to standardize the
procedures and in some cases define limits for :
• RF Emissions
• RF Immunity
for testing automotive components and vehicles
• There are standards that cover:
• Electric/Electronic components
• Full vehicles.

• Standards cover several classifications of components

• Several classes of vehicles – including EVs

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 Standardized EMC Testing
• Most manufacturers (OEMs) have their own standards.
• GMW 3097, 10th
• FORD FMC 1278, Ed. 3
• VOLVO STD 515-0003, Iss.5
• HONDA,
• PSA ….

• The main industry standards are

• CISPR 12
• CISPR 25
• CISPR 36

• ISO 11451-1,- 2,-3, -4, -5, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11
• ISO 11452-2, -4, -7
• ISO 7637
• ECE Reg. 10.6

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 Chambers for EMC
• The IDEAL test site is free space or an open field - free of
unwanted reflections and outside sources of RF.
• Some open field EMC tests are done
• With a reflective ground plane
• With natural ground
• Test chambers are an accessible effective compromise
• RF isolation
• Control of internal reflections
• Flexibility with test locations
• Standards define Chambers that are either SAC or FAR

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 IEC and CISPR Standards
• IEC – International Electrotechnical Commission –
• Develop standards which reflect a consensus on definitions, methods, procedures and limits.
• Standards may be adopted by countries to become national, regional or regulatory
documents.

• CISPR – International Special Committee on Radio Interference (Comité

International Special des Perturbations Radioélectriques)
• Founded to set standards for controlling EMI
• Part of the IEC

• TC – Technical committees formed of volunteers tasked with developing specific standards

• IEC TC 77 – Low Frequency Emissions (<9KHz) and low and High frequency Immunity, High Frequency
Emissions (>9KHz) not covered by CISPR.
• CISPR – High Frequency RF Emissions ( >9KHz)

• CISPR/CIS/D – Sub committee – Electromagnetic disturbances related to electric/electronic

equipment on vehicles and internal combustion engine powered devices.

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 IEC and CISPR Standards
• Automotive chamber validation has been a topic of discussion for
several years

• Validation methods for ALSEs

• CISPR 25
• CISPR 12
• CISPR 36

• CISPR D and CISPR A – Joint task group working on chamber

validation methods
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 Chamber validation
• CISPR 25 introduced the LWM chamber validation
• 150KHz to 1GHz

• In development : LWM 1- 6 GHz

• Investigation of variables
• Radiator characteristics 1.00

• Impact of different Rx antennas 1.00

• Ongoing…

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 Chamber validation - CISPR 25
• Challenges…
• Chamber uses a large ground plane and a reflecting floor

• Source of resonances
• depend on chamber dimensions
• Absorber performance
• Antenna in the near field
• Results depend on antenna type 1.00

• Influenced by antenna location 1.00

• Desire to make the test meaningful!

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 Site Validation – CISPR 12

• CISPR 16.1.4 - NSA / sVSWR Validation

• CISPR 12 – No chamber Validation…

• In Development :
• Validation methods for OTS, OATS, ALSEs
• 30MHz - 1GHz
• 1GHz - 6GHz
• Ongoing…

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 Site Validation – CISPR 12

• Challenges…
• There is no Rx antenna height scan.
• Differs from CISPR 16.1.4
• Standard Covers ALSE, OATS and OTS
• Testing of boats on water permitted
• Dividing line between vehicles and appliances
• When plugged into a charging port/WPT
• Other standards apply under certain condition

Extract from CISPR 12

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 ISO 11451 – Full Vehicle
ISO 11451 consists of the following parts, under the general title Road vehicles — Vehicle test
methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy:

— Part 1: General principles and terminology

— Part 2: Off-vehicle radiation sources

— Part 3: On-board transmitter simulation

— Part 4: Bulk current injection (BCI)

— Part 5: Reverberation Chamber

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 Chambers for EMC
• Recent addition of ISO 11451-5
• Reverb chambers for vehicles
• New procedures introduced
• Fast stirring
• VNA method
• Extended low frequency

• Next revision of ISO 11452-11

• Include some of the methods in 11451-5
• Improve the usability of reverb chambers

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Reverb Chambers - Design

Model courtesy Chuck

Bunting, Oklahoma State
University

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 Reverb chamber validation

• Validation methods well defined

• Based on IEC 61000-4-21
• Other new methods introduced

Extract from IEC 61000-4-21

for reference
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 ISO 11452 – Component (ESA)
ISO 11452 consists of the following parts, under the general title Road vehicles —
Component test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated
electromagnetic energy:

⎯ Part 1: General principles and terminology

⎯ Part 2: Absorber-lined shielded enclosure
⎯ Part 3: Transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM) cell
⎯ Part 4: Harness excitation methods
⎯ Part 5: Stripline
⎯ Part 7: Direct radio frequency (RF) power injection
⎯ Part 8: Immunity to magnetic fields
⎯ Part 9: Portable transmitters
⎯ Part 10: Immunity to conducted disturbances in the extended audio frequency range
⎯ Part 11: Reverberation chamber

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 Chambers for EMC 5.70

• Chambers designed for component

1.00
1.00
0.10

tests often use a test bench to support 0.7

1.00

the DUT. 1.00

• Test bench is either metallic or non

5.08

1.50
metallic. Longest Antenna

• Chamber design and performance

2.48
1.20

> 1.00
depends on the standard,
• field uniformity

0.40
• S21 based - Long Wire method.
• e.g. CISPR 25, ISO 11452-2
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 Chambers for EMC
• Challenges unique to e-Vehicles
• Electric motors as source of magnetic interference Image courtesy caranddriver.com

• Rotating high current components

• Inverter drives as source of electric interference
• High frequency high power components
• Vehicle components act as antennas Image courtesy BOSCH

• Interconnecting cables
• Drive shaft
• Half shaft
• Wheel hubs
• Chassis

Image courtesy NTN

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CISPR 25/ ISO Test Setup
• CISPR 25 Test setup for Conducted/Radiated emissions.

Dyno

Motor & Inverter

Illustration for reference

from ECE R.10

AN, LISN, Clamps etc…

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 6.10

Chamber

1.00
• E-Motor

1.60
0.50
• Standard - 0.10

• CISPR 25 1.00

• ISO 11452-2

6.82
1.00 1.00

• DO160
• MIL STD-461 1.20
Longest Antenna

2.50
Example of motor load

1.00
arrangement

0.60

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 > 6.10

Chamber

1.00
• E-Axle
• Standard -
• CISPR 25

1.00
• ISO 11452-2

6.46
• DO160
• MIL STD-461

Example of real world

1.00
implementation of motor
load arrangement

0.60
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 CISPR 25/ ISO Test Setup
• E-motor Test setup

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 Full Vehicle Chamber
• Full 10 Meter Chamber example
• Equipped with EMI/EMS Measurement Instrumentation, and EMC chassis dyno. Antennas.

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 Chamber - ADAS
4 3 2 1

Control PC -

• In discussion
RTS, TT/CD, Immunity

D D
RADAR and Video target simulation
- Programmable distance, speed and RCS
Video Simulation Software - Fixed position for single vehicle traffic
- Offset position for adjacent lane scenarios
- Synchronized with dyno speed
- Test ACC, AEB, LKA
Ethernet

EMC Antenna
Control

RADAR Target Simulator HDMI

(In chamber setup)

Video source
C C

Single RADAR head Turntable with chassis

dynamometer

Signal analyzer

Additional RF absorbers
Ethernet removed for clarity HDMI

B EMC Immunity B
Instruments
FO Control

L
RF coax A
N F R Single & multiple ADAS
N
OC
N RF coax RADAR source Simulation
2 2
C

Directional Coupler Automotive ADAS EMC Test Setup

Power Amplifier SIZE FSCM NO DWG NO REV
Simplified Schematic RADAR-RTS Module Test Chamber A
For illustration ONLY SCALE NTS SHEET 1 OF 1

A ©2024 ETS-LINDGREN A
RTS & Video based ADAS simulation

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Summary
• Chambers can be designed and optimized for specific test functions
• EMC measurements can be adapted to support
• measurements at higher frequencies
• ADAS functions - fitted with simulators
• Several new standards developments
• Chamber validation procedures
• ADAS function test procedure
• Performance needs of the chamber, drives the design

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Thank You

?
Garth D’Abreu
[email protected]
+1 512 750 2397

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