Aim
Performing and observing the actions of-
1. Water on quicklime
2. Heat on ferrous sulphate crystals
3. Iron nails dipped in copper sulphate solution
4. Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solution
On the following reactions-
1. Combination reaction
2. Decomposition reaction
3. Displacement reaction
4. Double displacement reaction
Experiment 2(A) – Combination
Materials Required
1. Quick lime (Calcium oxide)
2. Borosil beaker
3. Glass rod
4. Distilled water
5. Dropper
6. Test tube
7. Litmus paper strips
Theory
When calcium oxide is mixed in water it dissolves and forms calcium hydroxide (basic in nature).
During this reaction, a lot of heat is liberated and therefore, it is called an exothermic reaction.
The equation is as follows:
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + Heat ………(1)
Procedure
1. Wash a borosil beaker with distilled water and dry it.
2. Take a small amount of calcium oxide (quick lime) and slowly add water to it.
3. Wash and take a clean glass rod to stir the mixture of quick lime and water.
4. Touch the beaker carefully from outside.
5. Observe the change.
6. With the help of dropper take a few drops of the mixture from the beaker and place it on
red and blue litmus paper strips.
7. Wait and observe.
Observation
Experiment Observation
Mixture in beaker A hissing sound is heard during the reaction
when water is added to the beaker containing
quick lime. Due to the evolution of heat during
the reaction the temperature increases and
makes the solution hot.
Solution on litmus paper Drops on the red litmus paper strip change
the colour of the paper to blue whereas there
is no colour change observed on the blue
litmus paper.
Result and Conclusion
From the above experiment we can conclude that the reaction occurred between calcium oxide
(Quick lime) and water combine to produce one single product slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) is called
combination reaction as well as an exothermic reaction.
Precautions
● Since the reaction is exothermic avoid touching the mixture directly.
● Calcium oxide causes severe burns and therefore it should be handled with a spatula.
Experiment 2(B) – Decomposition
Materials Required
1. Ferrous sulphate crystals
2. Test tube holder
3. Boiling tube
4. Bunsen burner
5. Safety glass
6. Litmus paper strips
Theory
On heating the ferrous sulphate heptahydrate it loses seven water molecules to form anhydrous
ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) and is white in colour. The reaction is as follows:
FeSO4.7H2O → FeSO4(s) + 7H2O ………….(1)
(Green colour) (white colour)
Ferrous sulphate when heated is decomposed to ferric oxide, sulphur trioxide, and sulphur
dioxide. The reaction is as follows:
FeSO4(s) → Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g) ………….(2)
(White colour) (brown colour) (colourless) (colourless)
Procedure
1. Wash a boiling tube with distilled water and dry it.
2. Take 2 grams of ferrous sulphate crystals in the tube.
3. Make a note of the colour of the crystals.
4. Use a test tube holder to hold the boiling tube.
5. Heat the boiling tube on the bunsen burner as shown in the figure.
6. Observe the colour of the residue got and smell the odour of the gases evolved.
7. Tiny colourless water droplets are seen near the neck of the tube.
8. Gently turn it towards your nose and smell for any gas evolved.
9. Wet blue and red litmus paper strips.
10. Hold the litmus paper strips near the mouth of the boiling tube.
11. Observe the change
12. Classify the type of reaction.
Observation:
Experiment Observation
Boiling tube test ● Colour of Ferrous sulphate crystals
changes from green to white and later
brown.
● The gas evolved smells like burning
sulphur.
Litmus paper test ● Blue litmus paper strip turns red when
comes in contact with gas.
Result and Conclusion
From the above experiment 3 (B) we can conclude that the reaction occurred on heating ferrous
sulphate crystals is decomposition reaction which decomposes to produce Fe2O3, SO2, and SO3.
Since this decomposition reaction is carried out by heating it is also known as a thermal
decomposition reaction.
Precautions
● Do not keep the mouth of the boiling tube towards yourself.
● Do not smell the gas by directly getting it under your nose but gently turn it towards your
nose and blow it with your hand.
Experiment 2(C) – Displacement
Materials Required
1. Test tube stand
2. Two test tubes
3. Two iron nails
4. Measuring cylinder
5. Beaker
6. Sandpaper
7. Copper sulphate solution
8. Laboratory stand with clamp
9. Distilled water
10. Thread
Theory
When iron nails are placed in CuSO4 iron displaces copper from copper sulphate to form ferrous
sulphate. The iron nails get deposited with a brownish red substance of the copper metal. The
reaction is as follows:
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Metallic iron displaces copper ion (Cu2+) from its salt is an example of a chemical displacement
reaction. Metallic iron is converted to ferrous iron, the cupric ion is converted to metallic copper.
The reaction is as follows:
Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Fe2+(aq) +Cu(s)
Procedure
1. Wash two test tubes with distilled water and dry them.
2. Label the test tube as P and Q.
3. Add 20mL of distilled water in the test tube and mix copper sulphate crystals in P.
4. Transfer 10Ml of solution from P to Q.
5. Take two iron nails by cleaning them with sandpaper.
6. Take one iron nail and dip it in the CuSO4 in test tube P for 15 minutes.
7. Take another iron nail and dip it in the CuSO4 in test tube Q for 15 minutes.
8. Observe the intensity of the blue colour of CuSO4 before and after the experiment
performed in test tube P and Q.
9. Record your results.
Observation
Experiment Before Experiment After Experiment
Colour of CuSo4 Blue Green
Colour of iron nail Silvery grey Brownish red coating
Result and Conclusion
From the above experiment 3 (C) we can conclude that the reaction occurred when iron nails
were dipped in the copper sulphate solution for 15 minutes the colour of the solution changes to
green and brownish red copper metal is deposited on the nail. Therefore this is a displacement
reaction.
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Precautions
● Clean the iron nails by sandpaper before dipping them in a copper sulphate solution.
● Make dilute CuSO4 for the experiment otherwise, the colour change will not be seen in its
concentrated form.
Experiment 1(D) – Double Displacement
Materials Required
1. Test tube stand
2. Measuring cylinder
3. Two test tubes
4. Glass rod
5. Conical flask
6. Barium chloride solution
7. Sodium sulphate solution
Theory
When two solutions viz sodium sulphate and barium chloride are mixed, double displacement
reaction as below occurs.
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(s)
Sulphate ions from the solution of sodium sulphate are displaced by chloride ions and the
chloride ions from the solution of barium chloride are displaced by sulphate ions.
Procedure
1. Take two test tubes, wash them with distilled water and dry them.
2. Label the test tube as P and Q.
3. Pour 5mL of barium chloride in the test tube P and observe the colour.
4. Pour 5mL of sodium sulphate in the test tube Q and observe the colour.
5. Take a conical flask and pour the solutions from both the test tube into it.
6. Stir the mixture added to the conical flask with a glass rod.
7. Keep it undisturbed for some time.
8. Observe the change in colour of the solution.
9. Record your results in the below-given table
Observation
Experiment Observation
Colour of test tube P and test tube Q Colourless
Mixture of solution in conical flask Precipitation is formed
Result and Conclusion
From the above experiment 3 (D) we can conclude that the reaction occurred on mixing the
solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate produce a white precipitate compound by
exchanging their ions. This reaction is known as a double displacement reaction.
Precautions
● The volume of sodium sulphate and barium chloride should be equal.
