V V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Approved By AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated To Anna University Chennai)

V V Nagar, Arasoor, Tisaiyanvilai, Sathankulam Taluk, Tuticorin District - 628 656.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
OFD351 – Holistic Nutrition
UNIT 1
2 -Marks

1. What are the energy-yielding nutrients?

Energy-yielding nutrients are those that provide energy to the body. They include
carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (fats).
2. What are micronutrients?
Micronutrients are nutrients required by the body in small amounts, including vitamins and
minerals, which are essential for various physiological functions.
3. How are lipids classified?
Lipids are classified into triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids, and sterols. They can
also be categorized as saturated, unsaturated (monounsaturated, polyunsaturated), and trans
fats based on their chemical structure.
4. What are the dietary requirements for lipids?
Lipids should comprise 20-35% of total daily calorie intake. Saturated fats should be limited
to less than 10%, and trans fats should be minimized.
5. How are lipids digested and absorbed?
Lipid digestion begins in the small intestine where bile emulsifies fats, allowing enzymes like
lipase to break them down into fatty acids and glycerol, which are absorbed into the
bloodstream.
6. What is lipid metabolism?
Lipid metabolism involves the breakdown of fats to release energy (lipolysis) or their
synthesis and storage (lipogenesis). Lipids are metabolized to produce energy or are stored in
adipose tissues.
7. How do lipids contribute to heart disease?
Excessive intake of saturated fats and trans fats can increase cholesterol levels, leading to
plaque formation in arteries, which raises the risk of heart disease.
8. What is the primary role of proteins in the body?
Proteins are essential for building and repairing tissues, producing enzymes and hormones,
and supporting immune function.
9. How are proteins digested?
Protein digestion starts in the stomach with the enzyme pepsin, and continues in the small
intestine where proteases break proteins down into amino acids, which are absorbed into the
bloodstream.
10. What functions do micronutrients serve in the body?
Micronutrients, including vitamins and minerals, are crucial for maintaining immune function,
bone health, energy production, and other essential physiological processes.
11. How are vitamins classified?
Vitamins are classified into two groups: fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) and water-
soluble vitamins (B-complex and C).
12. How are minerals classified?
Minerals are classified as major minerals (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride,
magnesium, and sulfur) and trace minerals (iron, zinc, copper, manganese, etc.) based on the
amounts required by the body.
13. What is metabolism?
Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain life, including
the processes of breaking down nutrients for energy and building or repairing body tissues.
 V V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved By AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated To Anna University Chennai)
V V Nagar, Arasoor, Tisaiyanvilai, Sathankulam Taluk, Tuticorin District - 628 656.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
14. What factors influence energy balance?
Energy balance is influenced by factors such as basal metabolic rate (BMR), physical activity
level, thermic effect of food, and overall calorie intake.
15. What is the thermic effect of food?
The thermic effect of food (TEF) is the energy expended by the body to digest, absorb, and
metabolize nutrients from food, accounting for about 10% of total daily energy expenditure.
16. How do carbohydrates contribute to energy balance?
Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for the body. They are broken down into
glucose, which fuels cellular processes, and any excess is stored as glycogen or fat.
17. What are the consequences of excess energy intake?
Excess energy intake can lead to weight gain, obesity, and related health issues such as type 2
diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders.
18. How do vitamins contribute to energy metabolism?
B-vitamins, such as B1, B2, B3, and B6, play key roles in converting carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins into usable energy during metabolic processes.
19. What are the sources of dietary lipids?
Dietary lipids are found in foods such as oils, butter, margarine, nuts, seeds, avocados, dairy
products, fatty meats, and fish.
20. How do saturated fats differ from unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats have no double bonds between carbon atoms and are typically solid at room
temperature (found in animal products), while unsaturated fats have one or more double
bonds and are usually liquid at room temperature (found in plant oils).
21. What role does cholesterol play in the body?
Cholesterol is essential for producing hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids. It is also a
structural component of cell membranes.
22. How does fiber contribute to digestive health?
Fiber helps regulate bowel movements, prevents constipation, and supports a healthy gut
microbiome. It also reduces the risk of diseases like colon cancer and heart disease.
23. What are the health benefits of antioxidants?
Antioxidants help protect cells from damage caused by free radicals, which can lead to
chronic diseases like cancer, heart disease, and premature aging.
24. How does hydration impact metabolism?
Hydration is vital for maintaining optimal metabolic functions, as water is involved in
digestion, nutrient absorption, temperature regulation, and waste elimination.
25. What role do enzymes play in digestion?
Enzymes catalyze the breakdown of complex food molecules (proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates) into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used by the body for energy and
growth.
 V V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved By AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated To Anna University Chennai)
V V Nagar, Arasoor, Tisaiyanvilai, Sathankulam Taluk, Tuticorin District - 628 656.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
UNIT 2

1. What is the philosophy of holistic nutrition?

Holistic nutrition focuses on the interconnection between diet, lifestyle, emotional, and
spiritual health, aiming to nourish the whole person rather than treating isolated symptoms.
2. What is holistic nutrition, and how does it differ from conventional approaches?
Holistic nutrition considers physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects of well-being, using
natural and whole foods. Conventional approaches typically focus more on treating symptoms
and individual nutrients.
3. What are the key principles of Ayurveda?
Ayurveda is based on the principles of balance, the five elements (earth, water, fire, air, and
ether), and the three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha), which govern body functions and health.
4. Can you explain the significance of Vata, Pitta, and Kapha in Ayurveda?
Vata (air and ether) governs movement and energy flow; Pitta (fire and water) governs
metabolism and digestion; Kapha (earth and water) governs structure and stability. Balancing
these doshas promotes health.
5. What dietary recommendations are beneficial for balancing Vata dosha?
To balance Vata, consume warm, moist, and nourishing foods like soups, stews, and healthy
fats. Avoid cold, dry, and raw foods.
6. How can Pitta dosha be balanced through diet and lifestyle?
To balance Pitta, eat cooling, hydrating foods like cucumbers, melons, and leafy greens.
Avoid spicy, salty, and acidic foods. Adopt stress-relieving practices like meditation.
7. What dietary recommendations are beneficial for balancing Kapha dosha?
To balance Kapha, eat light, dry, and warm foods like leafy greens, spices (ginger, turmeric),
and legumes. Avoid heavy, oily, and sweet foods.
8. How does Ayurveda approach the treatment of specific health conditions?
Ayurveda treats conditions by identifying imbalances in doshas and recommending
personalized dietary, herbal, and lifestyle changes to restore balance.
9. Can you provide a real case study illustrating the application of Ayurvedic principles?
A patient with digestive issues (excess Pitta) may be treated by reducing spicy foods,
increasing cooling foods like cucumbers, and taking herbal supplements like aloe vera.
10. How can Ayurveda be integrated into modern healthcare practices?
Ayurveda can be integrated by using its principles of diet, herbal remedies, and stress
management in conjunction with modern medical practices for holistic care.
11. What challenges exist in the integration of Ayurveda into modern healthcare?
Challenges include lack of scientific validation, differing approaches to treatment, regulatory
issues, and the need for more education among healthcare providers.
12. How does holistic nutrition address emotional and spiritual well-being?
Holistic nutrition recognizes that diet affects emotional health and promotes foods and practices
that nourish not just the body, but also emotional and spiritual well-being.
13. What role do dietary recommendations play in addressing emotional health?
Certain foods can help stabilize mood, like complex carbohydrates for serotonin production,
and foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids for reducing inflammation linked to depression.
14. How does Ayurveda view the connection between food and mood?
Ayurveda believes that food can influence emotions. Sattvic foods (fresh fruits, vegetables,
whole grains) promote calmness, while Rajasic and Tamasic foods (spicy, processed, or stale)
may lead to agitation or lethargy.
 V V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved By AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated To Anna University Chennai)
V V Nagar, Arasoor, Tisaiyanvilai, Sathankulam Taluk, Tuticorin District - 628 656.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
15. Can you provide examples of sattvic foods?
Sattvic foods include fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, milk, and
ghee, which are believed to promote purity and balance in the body and mind.
16. How does Ayurveda recommend approaching mealtime for optimal digestion?
Ayurveda suggests eating in a calm environment, at regular times, and focusing on food
without distractions. Meals should be balanced in taste, texture, and temperature.
17. What are some common digestive issues addressed by Ayurvedic principles?
Ayurveda addresses issues like indigestion, bloating, constipation, and acidity by
recommending dietary adjustments and herbal remedies tailored to each dosha.
18. How does Ayurveda recommend treating digestive issues?
Ayurveda treats digestive issues through dietary changes, herbal remedies like ginger or fennel,
and lifestyle practices like eating mindfully and avoiding cold or processed foods.
19. How does Ayurveda view the role of lifestyle factors in promoting health and well-
being?
Ayurveda emphasizes the importance of lifestyle factors like sleep, stress management, and
daily routines (dinacharya) in maintaining health and preventing disease.
20. What are some Ayurvedic recommendations for promoting restful sleep?
Recommendations include having a warm bath before bed, drinking warm milk with spices like
turmeric or nutmeg, and avoiding stimulating activities before bedtime.
21. How does Ayurveda view the relationship between stress and health?
Ayurveda sees stress as a major factor in health imbalances and recommends practices like
yoga, meditation, and pranayama (breathing exercises) to reduce stress and maintain balance.
22. How does Ayurveda approach detoxification and cleansing?
Ayurveda recommends regular cleansing practices like Panchakarma, a detox therapy that
includes herbal treatments, massage, and dietary changes to remove toxins (ama) from the
body.
23. How does Ayurveda recommend supporting the immune system?
Ayurveda supports the immune system through balanced nutrition, herbal supplements like
Ashwagandha and Tulsi, and lifestyle practices that reduce stress and support digestion.
24. Can you provide examples of immune-boosting Ayurvedic herbs and remedies?
Immune-boosting herbs include Ashwagandha, Tulsi (holy basil), Amla (Indian gooseberry),
and Turmeric, which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunity-enhancing properties.
25. What are some dietary guidelines for promoting longevity according to Ayurveda?
Ayurveda recommends eating fresh, seasonal, and sattvic foods, staying hydrated, and
practicing mindful eating to promote longevity and overall health.
26. How does Ayurveda encourage mindfulness and conscious eating?
Ayurveda promotes conscious eating by encouraging individuals to focus on their meals, avoid
distractions, eat slowly, and listen to their body’s hunger and fullness cues.
 V V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved By AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated To Anna University Chennai)
V V Nagar, Arasoor, Tisaiyanvilai, Sathankulam Taluk, Tuticorin District - 628 656.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
UNIT 3

1. What is the foundational philosophy underlying nutrition principles that aim to

promote health and prevent disease?
The foundational philosophy is based on promoting balance, variety, and moderation in food
choices to maintain optimal health, support bodily functions, and prevent chronic diseases.
2. How does this philosophy translate into nutrition principles?
It translates into key principles such as consuming a balanced diet rich in nutrients,
maintaining proper portion sizes, eating whole foods, and avoiding processed and harmful
ingredients.
3. Why is the safety of our food supply important in relation to this philosophy?
Safe food ensures that it is free from contaminants like toxins, harmful microbes, or
chemicals, which could otherwise compromise health and undermine efforts to prevent
diseases.
4. How do naturally occurring and environmental toxins in foods impact health?
Toxins like aflatoxins, heavy metals, and pesticides can cause acute illnesses, long-term
health issues, and increase the risk of diseases like cancer, neurological disorders, and
immune deficiencies.
5. How does the concept of self-determination influence the implementation of nutrition
principles for health promotion and disease prevention?
Self-determination empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their diets,
encouraging personal responsibility in adopting healthy eating habits and preventive care.
6. What role does a balanced diet play in these nutrition principles?
A balanced diet ensures that all necessary nutrients—carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins,
and minerals—are consumed in appropriate proportions to support body functions and
disease prevention.
7. Why is the safety of our food supply crucial in relation to this philosophy?
The safety of the food supply is crucial because contamination can negate the benefits of a
nutritious diet by introducing harmful substances that cause illness and disease.
8. What agricultural practices can reduce environmental toxin contamination?
Sustainable practices like organic farming, reduced pesticide use, crop rotation, and soil
conservation help minimize environmental toxin contamination in food.
9. What role does self-knowledge play in the application of nutrition principles to
promote health and prevent disease?
Self-knowledge allows individuals to understand their own health needs, preferences, and
risk factors, enabling them to apply nutrition principles that best support their personal well-
being.
10. What steps can individuals take to prevent cross-contamination of foods?
Individuals can prevent cross-contamination by keeping raw and cooked foods separate,
using clean utensils and surfaces, and properly storing foods at safe temperatures.
11. How does ensuring the safety of our food supply contribute to the overarching goal of
promoting health and preventing disease?
A safe food supply prevents exposure to harmful microbes, chemicals, and toxins,
supporting the body’s ability to utilize nutrients effectively and maintain good health.
12. What symptoms are associated with food poisoning caused by microbes?
Common symptoms of microbial food poisoning include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
abdominal cramps, and sometimes fever and dehydration.
 V V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved By AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated To Anna University Chennai)
V V Nagar, Arasoor, Tisaiyanvilai, Sathankulam Taluk, Tuticorin District - 628 656.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
13. What are some examples of naturally occurring toxins found in foods, and how do they
pose risks to human health?
Naturally occurring toxins like solanine in potatoes, cyanogenic glycosides in cassava, and
aflatoxins in moldy grains can cause symptoms ranging from gastrointestinal distress to
more severe health issues like liver damage or cancer.
14. How do environmental toxins present in foods impact human health, and what
measures can be taken to minimize exposure?
Environmental toxins like pesticides and heavy metals can lead to developmental,
neurological, and hormonal disruptions. Measures include choosing organic produce,
washing fruits and vegetables, and avoiding fish high in mercury.
15. How can refrigeration help prevent foodborne illness?
Refrigeration slows the growth of harmful microbes, reducing the risk of food spoilage and
the likelihood of foodborne illnesses.
16. What role do microbes play in food safety, and how can microbial contamination lead
to food poisoning?
Microbes like bacteria, viruses, and parasites can contaminate food, and when ingested, they
can multiply in the digestive system, causing food poisoning.
17. How foodborne illnesses be can prevented through effective food handling and
preparation practices?
Proper handwashing, cooking food to appropriate temperatures, avoiding cross-
contamination, and storing food safely can prevent foodborne illnesses.
18. What measures can individuals take to stay informed about food safety issues and
make informed choices?
Individuals can stay informed by reading food safety advisories, following governmental
guidelines, checking expiration dates, and learning about safe food handling practices.
19. How can clean kitchen surfaces and utensils reduce the risk of foodborne illness?
Cleaning surfaces and utensils reduces the presence of harmful microbes that could
contaminate food, helping to prevent the spread of foodborne diseases.
20. What role does personal hygiene play in preventing foodborne illness?
Personal hygiene, such as handwashing before handling food and maintaining clean work
environments, is essential to preventing contamination and the spread of foodborne
pathogens.
21. How do microbes contribute to food poisoning, and what steps can be taken to prevent
it?
Microbes such as Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria can cause food poisoning when they
contaminate food. Preventive steps include thorough cooking, proper storage, and avoiding
cross-contamination.
22. What should individuals do if they suspect food poisoning?
Individuals should seek medical attention if symptoms are severe, stay hydrated, and report
the incident to local health authorities if a widespread issue is suspected.
23. How can education about food safety empower consumers?
Education helps consumers make informed decisions about food handling, storage, and
preparation, which can significantly reduce the risk of foodborne illness.
24. What role do transparent labeling practices play in food safety?
Transparent labeling allows consumers to understand food ingredients, potential allergens,
and expiration dates, helping them make safer food choices.