SHORT ANSWRE QUESTIONS (4 Marks)

COMPLEX NUMBERS
z3  z1
***01. If z  z is a real number, show that the points represented by the complex numbers
2 1

z1 , z2 , z3 are collinear..
Sol. Let Z1  x1  iy1 , Z 2  x2  iy2 & Z 3  x3  iy3
z3  z1 ( x3  iy3 )  ( x1  iy1 )
 (1 M)
z2  z1 ( x2  iy2 )  ( x1  iy1 )


 x3  x1   i  y3  y1 
 x2  x1   i  y2  y1 
By Rationalising the Denominator
( x3  x1 )  i ( y3  y1 ) ( x2  x1 )  i ( y2  y1 )
  (1 M)
( x2  x1 )  i ( y2  y1 ) ( x2  x1 )  i ( y2  y1 )


 x3  x1  x2  x1   i  y3  y1  x2  x1   i  x3  x1  y2  y1   i 2  y3  y1  y2  y1 
2 2
 x2  x1   i 2  y2  y1 


 x3  x1  x2  x1    y3  y1  y2  y1    i   y3  y1  x2  x1    x3  x1  y2  y1  
2 2
 x2  x1    y2  y1 
z3  z1
Given z  z is real  imaginary part = 0 (2 M)
2 1


 y 3  y1  x2  x1    x3  x1  y2  y1  
0
2 2
 x2  x1    y2  y1 
 ( y3  y1 ) ( x2  x1 )  ( x3  x1 ) ( y2  y1 )  0
y3  y1 y2  y1

x3  x1 x2  x1
 z1 , z2 , z3 are collinear..

***02. If z  x  iy and if the point P in the Argand plane represents z. Find the locus of z
satisfying the equation z  3  i  4 . (March-2014, May-2008)
Sol. Given z  x  iy
Z  3  i  4   x  3   i  y  1  4 (1M)
2 2
  x  3   y  1 4  x  iy  x 2  y 2

 x 2  9  6 x  y 2  1  2 y  16 (1M)
 x2  y2  6 x  2 y  6  0
 Locus of Z represents a circle. (2M)
***03. (i) Show that the points in the Argand plane represented by the complex numbers
3 1 7
2  7i,  i , 4  3i, (1  i ) are the vertices of a rhombus.
2 2 2
(ii) Show that the four points in the Argand plane represented by the complex numbers
2  i , 4  3 i , 2  5 i , 3i are the vertices of a square.

(iii) Show that the points in the argand diagram represented by the complex numbers
2  2 i ,  2  2 i ,  2 3  2 3i are the verices of an equilateral triangle.
Sol. (i) Given
 3 1   3 1  7 7 7
A   2  7i    2,7 , B    i    ,  , C   4  3i    4, 3 , D  1 i    ,  (1 M)
 2 2   2 2 2  2 2
2 2
 Distance between two points A(x1 ,y1 ) and B(x2 ,y 2 ) is AB   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2
2 2  3  1  1 169 170
AB   x2  x1    y2  y1     2    7   
 2  2  4 4 4
2 2
 3  1 121 49 170
BC   4     3     
 2  2 4 4 4
2 2
7  7  1 169 170
CD    4     3    
2  2  4 4 4
2 2
 7  7 121 49 170
DA   2     7      (2 M)
 2  2 4 4 4
2 2
AC  4  2   3  7   3 6  1 00  13 6
2 2
7 3 7 1 100 36 136
BD          
2 2 2 2 4 4 4
 AB  BC  CD  DA and AC  BD
In the rhombus all sides are equal but diagonals are not equal
 Given vertices form a rhombus (1 M)

(ii) Given
A   2  i    2,1 , B   4  3i    4,3 , C   2  5i    2,5 , D   3i    0,3 (1 M)
2 2
 Distance between two points A(x1 ,y1 ) and B(x2 ,y 2 ) is AB   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2 2 2
AB   x2  x1    y2  y1    4  2   3 1  44  8
2 2
BC  2  4   5  3  4  4  8
2 2
CD   0  2    3  5  44  8
 2 2
DA   2  0   1  3  44  8 (2 M)
2 2
AC   2  2    5  1  0  16  4
2 2
BD   0  4    3  3  16  0  4
 AB  BC  CD  DA and AC  BD
In the square all sides are equal and diagonals are also equal (1 M)
 Given vertices form a square

(iii) Given

A   2  2i    2, 2 , B   2  2i    2, 2 , C  2 3  i 2 3  2 3,2 3    (1 M)

2 2
 Distance between two points A(x1 ,y1 ) and B(x2 ,y 2 ) is AB   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2 2 2
AB   x2  x1    y2  y1    2  2    2  2   16  16  32
2 2
BC   2  
32  2 32   2  4  12   32

2 2
CA  2  2 3   2  2 3   2  4  12   32 (2 M)

 AB  BC  CA In equilateral triangle all sides are equal (1 M)

Given vertices form an equilateral triangle.

***04. The points P,Q denote the complex numbers z1 , z2 in the argand diagram. O is the
0
origin. If z1 z2  z1 z2  0 then show taht POQ  90
Sol. Let z1  x1  iy1 , z2  x2  iy2 be the po int s P, Q in the Argand diagram .
z1  x1  iy1 , z2  x2  iy2 (1 M)
 P  x1 , y1  , Q  x2 , y2  , O  0, 0 

0  y1 y1 y2  y1
Slope of OP   If A  ( x1, y1 ), B  ( x2 , y2 ) Slope of AB 
0  x1 x1 x2  x1
0  y2 y2
Slope of OQ   (1 M)
0  x2 x2
Taking , z1 z2  z1 z2  0
  x1  iy1  x2  iy2    x1  iy1  x2  iy2   0
 x1 x2  y1 y2  i  x2 y1  x1 y2   x1 x2  y1 y2  i  x1 y2  x2 y1   0
 2  x1 x2  y1 y2   0
 x1 x2  y1 y2  0
 y1 y2   x1 x2
 y1 y2
 .  1 (1 M)
x1 x2
 slope of OP  slope of OQ  1
(1 M)
 POQ  900
 z4 
***05. Determine the locus of z , z  2i , such that Re  0
 z  2i 

z4 x  iy  4  x  4   iy  x  4  iy  x  i  y  2 
Sol.    (2 M)
z  2i x  iy  2i x  i  y  2   x  i  y  2   x  i  y  2 

x 2
 4 x  y 2  2 y   i  2 x  4 y  8
= 2 (1 M)
x2   y  2

x 2
 4x  y2  2 y 

(2 x  4 y  8)
= 2 2
x2   y  2  x2   y  2 

 z4 
Hence, real part of  0
 z  2i 
x2  4x  y2  2 y
 2
0
x2   y  2

 x2  y 2  4x  2 y  0 , z  2 i (1 M)

2  11i 2  i
***06. Show that z1  , z2 
1  2i  are conjugate to each other
2
25
2  i 2  i 2  i
Sol. Z2  2   (1 M)
1  2i  1  4  4i   3  4i 


 2  i  3  4i   6  8i  3i  4  2  11i
(2 M)
9  16 25 25
 Z 2 is the conjugate of Z1 . (1 M)

1
***07(i). If x  iy  then show that  4 x 2  1  0
1  cos   i sin 
1 1 1
Sol. x  iy    (1M)
1  cos   i sin  2 cos 2   i 2 sin  cos    
2 cos  cos  i sin 
2 2 2 2 2 2

  
1  cos  2cos2 , sin  2sin cos
2 2 2

   
cos  i sin cos  i sin
 2 2  2 2  i 2  1
       2  2  
2 cos  cos  i sin    cos  i sin  2 cos  cos  sin 
2 2 2  2 2 2 2 2
    
cos  i sin cos i sin
x  iy  2 2  2  2
   (2 M)
2 cos 2 cos 2 cos
2 2 2
1 
x  iy   i tan
2 2
1
Real part x   4 x2  1 (1 M)
2
2i
(ii) If u  iv  and z  x  iy then find u, v..
z 3
2i 2i ( x  3)  iy
Given u  iv  = 
z 3 x  iy  3 ( x  3)  iy
2 x  6  2iy  ix  3i  y
= (2 M)
( x  3) 2  y 2
(2 x  y  6)  i ( x  2 y  3)
=
( x  3) 2  y 2
(2x  y  6) (x  2y  3)
u  iv  i
(x  3)2  y2 (x  3)2  y2
(2 x  y  6) x  2y  3
u , v (2M)
( x  3) 2  y 2 ( x  3) 2  y 2
 z2  
**08. If the amplitude of    , find its locus.
 z  6i  2
z  2 x  iy  2
Sol. Let z  x  iy. Then 
z  6i x  iy  6i


 x  2   iy   x  2   iy   x  i  y  6  
x  i  y  6   x  i  y  6    x  i  y  6   (1 M)

x  x  2  y  y  6 xy   x  2  y  6 
 2
i 2
 a  ib  say  (1 M)
x2   y  6 x2   y  6

x  x  2  y  y  6 xy   x  2  y  6 
Then a  2 2
,b  2 (1 M)
x   y  6 x2   y  6
But by the hypothesis, amplitude of a  ib   / 2 Hence a  0 and b  0
2 2
 x  y  2x  6 y  0 (1 M)
**09. If z  2  i 7 , then show that 3 z 3  4 z 2  z  88  0
Sol. z  2  i 7  z  2  i 7
squaring on both sides
2
  z  2   7

 z2  4z  4  7  0  (a  b)2  a 2  b 2  2ab
  z 2  4 z  11  0 (2 M)
LHS  3 z 3  4 z 2  z  88  3 z  z 2  4 z  11  8 z 2  32 z  88

 3 z  0   8  z 2  4 z  11  0  8  0   0
 RHS (2 M)

z2 2 z1  z2
***10. If z , z1  0 , is an imaginary number then find the value of
1 2 z1  z2
Z2
Sol. ,  Z1  0  is purely imaginary
Z1
Z2
We can suppose that Z  iy , y  R  0 (1 M)
1

Z2
2 
2Z1  Z 2 Z1 2  iy
 
Now 2 Z 1  Z Z2 2  iy (2 M)
2 2 
Z1

4  y2
 1  x  iy  x2  y2 (1M)
4  y2

3
**11. If x  iy  then, show that x 2  y 2  4 x  3
2  cos   i sin 
Sol. L.H.S
3 (2  cos  )  i sin  3(2  cos )  3i sin
x  iy   
(2  cos  )  i sin  (2  cos  )  i sin  (2  cos )2  sin2 
3(2  cos  )  3i sin 
x  iy 
5  4 cos 
3(2  cos ) 3sin 
x  iy  i
5  4cos 5  4cos
3(2  cos  ) 3sin 
x ; y
5  4 cos  5  4 cos 
9(2  cos  ) 2 9sin 2 
x2  y 2   (2 M)
(5  4cos  ) 2  5  4 cos   2

9(5  4cos  ) 9
x2  y2  2
 .................. L.H.S (1 M)
(5  4 cos  ) 5  4 cos 
 3(2  cos  ) 
Now R.H.S 4 x  3  4  3 (1 M)
 5  4 cos  
24  12 cos   15  12 cos  9
 
5  4 cos  5  4 cos 

 L.H.S = R.H.S
 
**12.The complex number z has argument  , 0    and satisfying the equation
2
 6
z  3i  3. Then prove that  cot     i .
 z
y x
Ans. Let z=x+iy  tan   , so cot   (1 M)
x y
Give that z  3i  3.
 x  iy  3i  3
2
 x 2   y  3  3  x  iy  x 2  y2 (1 M)

 x 2  y 2  6 y  0  x 2  y 2  6 y  (1) (1 M)
Consider
6 x 6 x 6  x  iy  x 6  x  iy 
cot       2   =i  from(1)  (1 M)
z y x  iy y x  y 2 y 6y

6 x  6( x  iy ) 6iy
  i
6y 6y

QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS
x p
***13). If the expression 2 takes all real values for xR then find the limits for ‘’p’’.
x  3x  2
(MAR-06, MAY-06,09)
x p
Sol. Let y  2  yx 2  3xy  2 y  x  p
x  3x  2
2
 yx 2  3xy  2 y  x  p  0  yx   3 y  1 x  2 y  p  0
2
 yx   3 y 1 x   2 y  p   0 . It is in the form of ax 2  bx  c  0
Where a  y, b  3 y  1, c  2 y  p
since x is real    0  b 2  4ac  0
2
   3 y  1   4  y  2 y  p   0 (1M)

 9 y 2  1  6 y  8 y 2  4 py  0  y 2  4 py  6 y  1  0
2
 y  6  4 p y 1  0  x  R,sign of the expression >0, coefficient of x2  0    0

Since sign of the expression >0, coefficient of y 2  0    0

 b 2  4ac  0 , a  1, b  6  4 p, c  1 (1M)
2
  6  4 p   4 11  0  36  16 p 2  48 p  4  0
 16 p 2  48 p  32  0  p 2  3 p  2  0
  p 2  2 p  p  2  0  p  p  2   p  2  0

  p  2  p  1  0  1  p  2 or p  (1, 2)  x  x     0   x   (2M)

x 1
***14) If ‘x’ is real then prove that 2 lies between and 1
x  5x  9 11
(May-07,11,Mar-08,13, 2014)
x
SOL: Let y  2
x  5x  9
2
 x 2 y  5 xy  9 y  x  x 2 y  5 xy  9 y  x  0  yx   5 y  1 x  9 y  0
It is in the form of ax 2  bx  c  0
Where a  y , b  5 y  1, c  9 y
2
since x is real    0  b 2  4ac  0     5 y  1   4 y  9 y   0 (2M)

 25 y 2  1  10 y  36 y 2  0  11y 2  10 y  1  0
 11y 2  10 y  1  0  11 y 2  11 y  y  1  0
 11y  y 1 1 y 1  0   y  111y  1  0
1
  y 1   x    x     0    x  
11
1
i.e. y lies between and 1
11
1
Hence the given expression lies between and 1 (2M)
11
x 2  34 x  71
***15) If ‘x’ is real S.T the value of the expression do not lie between 5 and 9.
x2  2 x  7
(MAY-07, MAR-12)
x 2  34 x  71
SOL. Let y  2
x  2x  7
 x 2 y  2 xy  7 y  x 2  34 x  71  x 2 y  2 xy  7 y  x 2  34 x  71  0
 y  1 x 2   2 y  34  x   71  7 y   0 It is in the form of ax 2  bx  c  0

Where a   y  1 , b  2 y  34, c  71  7 y
2
since x is real    0  b 2  4ac  0   2 y  34   4  y  1 71  7 y   0 (2M)

 4 y  1156  136 y  4  71 y  7 y  71  7 y   0
2 2

 4 y  1156  136 y  4  78 y  7 y  71  0

2 2

 4 y 2  1156  136 y  312 y  28 y 2  284  0

 32 y 2  448 y  1440  0  y 2  14 y  45  0  x    x     0  x   or x  
  y 2  9 y  5 y  45  0  y  y  9  5  y  9  0   y  9  y  5  0
 y  (,5]  [9,  )  y doe’s not lie between 5 and 9
Hence the given expression does not lie between 5 and 9. (2M)
1 1 1
***16) Prove that 3x  1  x  1   3x  1 x  1 does not lie between 1 and 4 if x is real
(MAR-05, 11, MAY-12)
1 1 1 x  1  3x  1 1
SOL. Let y = 3x  1  x  1   3 x  1 x  1 =  3 x  1 x  1   3 x  1 x  1

4x  2 1 4x 1
=  3 x  1 x  1 =  3 x  1 x  1 (1M)

4x  1
 2
3x  3 x  1x  1
4x 1
 y 2  3 x 2 y  4 xy  y  4 x  1
3x  4 x  1
2
 3 x 2 y  4 xy  y  4 x  1  0  3 yx   4 y  4 x   y 1  0
It is in the form of ax 2  bx  c  0
Where a  3 y, b  4 y  4, c  y  1
since x is real    0  b 2  4ac  0 (1M)
2
  4 y  4   4  3 y  y  1  0
 16 y 2  16  32 y  12 y 2  12 y  0  4 y2  20 y 16  0
 y2  5 y  4  0  y 2  4 y  y  4  0  y  y  4   1 y  4   0
 y  1 y  4   0  y does not lies between 1 and 4  x    x     0  x   or x  
Hence the given expression does not lie between 1 and 4. (2M)
2
x  14 x  9
***17) If ‘x’ real find the maxium and minimum values of the expression (JUN-05)
x2  2 x  3
x 2  14 x  9
SOL. Let y 
x2  2 x  3
 x 2 y  2 xy  3 y  x 2  14 x  9
 x 2 y  2 xy  3 y  x 2  14 x  9  0
2
  y 1 x   2 y 14 x   3 y  9  0 It is in the form of ax 2  bx  c  0
Where a  y  1, b  2 y  14, c  3 y  9
since x is real    0  b 2  4ac  0 (2M)
2
  2 y  14   4  y  1 3 y  9   0  4 y 2  196  56 y  12 y 2  36 y  12 y  36  0
 8 y 2  8 y  160  0  8 y 2  8 y  160  0
  y 2  y  20  0  y 2  5 y  4 y  20  0

 y  y  5  4  y  5  0   y  5 y  4   0   x    x     0    x  

5  y  4  maximum value is 4 , minimum value is -5 (2M)

x2
***18) Determine the range of 2 for x  R . (MAY-08, APR-09)
2 x  3x  6
x2
SOL. Let y  2  x 2 2 y  3xy  6 y  x  2
2 x  3x  6
2
2 y.x 2  3xy  6 y  x  2  0   2y x   3y 1 x   6y  2  0
It is in the form of ax 2  bx  c  0
Where a  2 y, b  3 y  1, c  6 y  2
since x is real    0  b 2  4ac  0 (2M)
2
  3 y  1  4  2 y  6 y  2   0  9 y 2  1  6 y  48 y 2  16 y  0
 39 y2 10 y 1  0  39 y 2  10 y  1  0
 39 y 2  13 y  3 y  1  0  13y  3y 1 1 3y 1  0

1 1  1 1 
  3 y  113 y  1  0   y   y , 
13 3  13 3 
  x    x     0    x  

 1 1 
Hence the range of given expression is  , (2M)
 1 3 3 
x2  x  1
***19) Determine the range of the expression for x  R (MAR-10, JUNE-10)
x2  x  1
x2  x  1
SOL. Let y 
x2  x  1
2
x 2 y  xy  y  x 2  x  1  x 2 y  xy  y  x 2  x  1  0   y 1 x   y 1 x   y 1  0
It is in the form of ax 2  bx  c  0
Where a  y 1, b   y 1, c  y 1
2
since x is real    0  b 2  4ac  0     y  1   4  y  1 y  1  0 (2M)
2
  y  1  4  y 2  2 y  1  0

 y2  2 y 1 4 y2  8 y  4  0  3 y 2  10 y  3  0

 3 y 2  10 y  3  0  3 y 2  9 y  y  3  0  x    x     0    x  

1 1 
 3 y  y  3  1 y  3  0   y  3 3 y  1  0   y  3  y  ,3
3 3 
1 
Hence the range of the given expression is  , 3  (2M)
3 
 2 x2  6 x  5
***20) i) If x is real number find the range of 2 (MAR-09)
x  3x  2
2x2  6 x  5
SOL. Let y   yx 2  3xy  2 y  2 x 2  6 x  5
x 2  3x  2
2
 yx 2  3xy  2 y  2 x 2  6 x  5  0   y  2 x   3 y  6 x   2 y  5  0
It is in the form of ax 2  bx  c  0
Where a  y  2, b  3 y  6, c  2 y  5
2
since x is real    0  b 2  4ac  0   3 y  6   4  y  2  2 y  5   0 (2M)

 9 y 2  36  36 y  8 y 2  36 y  40  0  y2 4  0

  y  2  y  2   0  y  , 2  2,   x   x     0  x   or x  

Hence the range of the given expression is   ,  2    2,   (2M)

 x  1 x  2  , x  R
ii) Determine the range of the expression
x3
 x  1 x  2  x 2  2 x  1x  2 x2  x  2
SOL: Let y   y  y
x3 x3 x3
 xy  3 y  x 2  x  2
 x 2  x  xy  2  3 y  0
 x 2  1  y  x   2  3 y   0
It is in the form of ax 2  bx  c  0
where a = 1, b = 1 - y, c = - 2 - 3y
Since x is real    0  b 2  4ac  0
2
1  y   4 1 2  3 y   0 (2M)

 1  y 2  2 y  8  12 y  0
 y 2  10 y  9  0
 y 2  9 y  1y  9  0
 y  y  9   1 y  9   0

  y  9  y  1  0

y  9 or y  1  x    x     0  x   or x  

Hence the range of the given expression  , 9   1,   (2M)
*21) Let a,b,c  R and a  0 such that the equation ax 2  bx  c  0 has real roots  and
 ,    then
(i) for   x   , ax 2  bx  c and a have opposite signs
(ii) for x   or x   , ax 2  bx  c and a have the same sign.
b c
SOL. Let  ,  are roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 then     ,  
a a
 b  c  2  b  c
ax 2  bx  c  a  x 2    x    a  x    x    a  x      x   
2

 a  a   a  a 

ax 2  bx  c  a  x    x       x    x     x 2      x  

ax 2  bx  c
  x    x    ---------------(1) (1M)
a
(I) given   x      x , x   i.e x   , x  
=>  x     0,  x     0   x    x    <0

ax 2  bx  c
from (i) 0  ax 2  bx  c and a have opposite signs (1M)
a
(II) Case (i) x   and we have    Case (ii): x   and   
 x  ,     x    x   and     x  
 x   0, x    0  x  , x   

  x    x     0   x    0 ,  x     0

  x    x     0

ax 2  bx  c
Hence form (i) we have 0
a
ax 2  bx  c and a have the same signs (2M)
*22) Let a,b,c,  R and a  0 then the roots of ax 2  bx  c are non real complex number if
and only if ax 2  bx  c and a have the same sign for all xR

SOL. Given quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0

suppose that the equation ax 2  bx  c  0 have non real complex roots
then   0  b 2  4ac  0
2 2
2  2 b c  2  b   b   b  c
Now ax  bx  c  a  x    x    a  x  2  2a  x   2a    2a   a 
 a a        
2
 b  4ac  b 2 
 ax 2  bx  c  a  x     (1M)
 2a  4a 2 
 2
ax 2  bx  c  b  4ac  b 2
 x  
a  2a  4a 2
2
ax2  bx  c  b   4ac  b2 
a
  x   
 2a   4a 
2 0  4ac  b 2
 0

ax 2  bx  c
 0
a
 ax 2  bx  c and a have same signs (1M)
Conversely suppose that
ax2+bx+c and ‘a’ have same sign
ax 2  bx  c
i.e.  0, x  R
a
2
ax2  bx  c  b  4ac  b2
 x    0 x  R
a  2a  4a2
b
on taking x  then
2a
4ac  b 2
 0  4 ac  b 2  0  b 2  4ac  0 0
4a 2
 ax2  bx  c  0 have non real complex roots. (2M)

*23) If the equations x2  cx  d  0 and x2  ax  b  0 have a common root and the second
equation has equal roots, then P.T 2(b+d) = ac
SOL. Given equations x 2  cx  d  0 ------(1) and x 2  ax  b  0 ------(2)
Let ‘  ’ be the common root of (1) & (2)
 2  c  d  0 ------(3) and  2  a  b  0 ------(4) (1M)
Let,  ,  are two roots of eqation ---(2)
a a b
     a  2  a    and  .   b   2  b (2M)
1 2 1
Substituting  2 ,  in equation -(3)

 a 
 b  c  2   d  0  2b  ac  2d  0  2  b  d   ac (1M)
 
 PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS
4

***24. Simplify 34C   (38  r )C (May-11,Mar-12)

5 r 0 4
4
C5   
34 38 r 
Sol. C4
r 0

nCr n Cr1 
34 n1
C5 34 C 4 35 C 4 36 C4  37 C4 38 C4 Cr
34
C5  34 C4 35 C4 36 C4 37 C4  38 C4 35 C5  35 C4  36 C4  37 C4 38 C 4
=   =  (1M)

36
C5  36 C4  37 C4  38 C4 37 C5  37 C4  38 C4 38 C5  38 C4 39
=   =  =  = C5 (3M)

4nC
2n 1.3.5......(4n 1)
***25. Prove that 2n  2 (May 08)
C n {1.3.5.......(2n 1)}

4n! 4n! 2
C 2n  4n  2n  !2n! 2n!2n!  4n!   n!
4n
n Cr 
n!
LHS 2n  
Sol.
Cn 2n! 2n!
2
 2n!  2n!  n  r  !r ! (1M)
 2n  n  !n! n!n!


 4n  4n  1 4n  2  ....5.4.3.2.1   n!
2
 2n  2n  1 2n  2  ......5.4.3.2.1  2n!


  4n 1 4n 3 ....5.3.1  4n 4n 2 ....4.2   n! 2

2 2
 2n 1 2n 3 ......5.3.1  2n 2n 2 ......4.2  2n!


  4n  1 4n  3 ....5.3.1  2(2n).2  2n  1 ....(2.1)    n ! 2

2 2 (2M)
  2n  1 2n  3 ....5.3.1  (2.n).2  n  1 ....(2.1)   2n !


  4n  1 4n  3 ....5.3.1 2  2n !   n !
2n 2

2
  2n  1 2n  3 ....5.3.1 2  n !  2n !
2n 2


  4n  1 4n  3 ...5.3.1 
1.3.5.......  4n  3 4n  1
2 2 (1M)
  2n  1 2n  3 ...5.3.1 1.3.5......  2n  3 2n  1 
***26. If the letters of the word MASTER are permuted in all possible ways and the words
thus formed are arranged in the dictionary order. Then find the rank of the word
(i) REMAST (Mar 08) (ii) MASTER (Mar 07,09,11, May 06,07,10,11)
Sol. (i) Given word REMAST;
Dictionary Order AEMRST
No of words that begin with A = 5!;
No of words that begin with E = 5!
No of words that begin with M = 5!;
No of words that begin with RA = 4!
No of words that begin with REA = 3!;
No of words that begin with REMAST = 0!=1
Rank of REMAST = 5!+5!+5!+4!+3!+0!=120+120+120+24+6+1=391 (4M)
(ii) Given word MASTER
Dictionary order AEMRST
No of words that begin with A = 5! ;
No of words that begin with E = 5!
No of words that begin with MAE = 3!;
No of words that begin with MAR = 3!
No of words that begin with MASE = 2!;
No of words that begin with MASR = 2!
No of words that begin with MASTER = 0!=1;
Rank of MASTER = 5!+5!+3!+3!+2!+2!+1=120+120+6+6+5=257 (4M)
***27. If the letters of word PRISON are permuted in all possible ways and the words thus
formed are arranged in dictionary order .Then find the rank of the word PRISON.
(March-2014)
Sol. Given word PRISON
Dictionary Order INOPRS
No of words that begin with I = 5!;
No of words that begin with N = 5!
No of words that begin with O = 5!;
No of words that begin with PI = 4!
No of words that begin with PN = 4!;
No of words that begin with PO = 4!;
No of words that begin with PRIN = 2!
No of words that begin with PRIO = 2!;
No of words that begin with PRISN = 1!
No of words that begin with PRISON = 0!=1
Rank of PRISON = 120+120+120+24+24+24+2+2+1+1 = 438 (4M)

***28. If the letters of the word EAMCET are permuted in all possible ways and if the words
thus formed are arranged in dictionary order find the rank of the word EAMCET
Sol. Given word EAMCET;
Dictionary Order ACEEMT
No of words that begin with A = 5!/2!
No of words that begin with C = 5!/2!
No of words that begin with EAC = 3!
No of words that begin with EAE = 3!
No of words that begin with EAMCET =0!=1
5!
Hence the rank of word = 2   2  3! 1  120  12  1  133 (4M)
2!
***29. Find the number of ways of permuting the letters of the word ‘PICTURE’ so that
(i) all vowels come together
(ii) no two vowels come together
Sol. Given word is PICTURE
No.of letters in the word n = 7;
No. of vowels = 3 (E,I,U)
No . of consonants = 4 (C,P,R,T)
i) All vowels come together.
Considering all vowels taken as 1 unit
4 consonants as 4 units + One unit of vowels = 5
No.of ways= 5!
3 vowels are among themselves can be permuted is 3! ways.
Hence No. of Permutations in Which the 3 vowels come together is 5! x 3! = 720 (2M)
(ii) No two vowels come together
First arrange the 4 consonants in 4! Ways. P  C  T  R 
Then we have 5 gapes in between them in these 5 gapes 3 vowels can be arranged
in 5 P3 ways.
5
 No. of ways in which no two vowels come together = 4 ! x P3 = 24 x 60 = 1440. (2M)
***30. Find the number of ways of seating 5 Indians, 4 Americans and 3 Russians at a round
table so that
(i) all Indians are sit together (ii) persons of same nationality sit together
Sol. Given there are 5 Indians, 4 Americans, 3 Rusians
i) All Indians sit together
Consider the 5 Indians as one unit, then we have
4 Americans + 3 Russians + 1 Unit of Indians = 8
They can be arranged at a round table in (8-1)! = 7 ! ways.
Now, the 5 Indians themselves can be arranged in 5! Ways.
Required no. of arrangements = 7 ! x 5 ! ways. (2M)
The number of circular permutations of n different things (taken all at a time) is  n 1 !
ii) Persons of same nationality sit together
Treat the 5 Indians as one unit;
Treat the 4 americans as one unit
Treat the 3 russians as one unit
These 3 units are arranged at round table in (3-1)! = 2!
5 Indians among themselves can be permuted in 5 ! ways.
Similarly 4 Americans in 4! Ways and 3Russians in 3 ! ways.
Required no. of arrangements = 2 ! x 5 ! x 4 ! x 3 ! (2M)
***31. Find the number of ways of arranging 6 red roses and 3 yellow roses of different sizes
into a garland. In how many of them
(i) all the yellow roses are together (ii) no two yellow roses are together
Sol. Given there are 6 red roses and 3 yellow roses.
i) All the yellow roses are together
consider 3 yellow roses as 1 object
Then we have 6 red roses and 1 units of yellow roses total 7
The circular perm utations like garlands o f flow ers, chains of beads etc.,
1
the num ber of circular perm utations of n things is  n  1!
2
  7  1!  6!
These 7 objects can be arranged in ways
2 2
Arrange 3 yellow roses internally in 3! ways
6!
Required no.of ways = 3! (2M)
2
ii) No two yellow roses are together
 6  1!  5!
By leaving 3 yellow roses , first arrange 6 red roses in a garland in ways
2 2
Arrange the 3 yellow roses in 6 empty places in 6 P3 ways.
5! 6
Required no.of ways   P3 (2M)
2
***32. Find the number of ways of arranging 6 boys and 6 girls in a row. In how many of these
arrangements.
(i) all the girls are together. (ii) no two girls are together
(iii) boys and girls come alternately ?
Sol. Given there are 6 boys and 6 girls
NO of ways of arranging 6 boys and 6 girls in a ro
N = 6 girls + 6boys = 12 persons
They can be arranged in 12! Ways
i) all the girls are together :
Treat 6 girls as 1 unit
Then n = 6 boys + 1 unit of girls = 7
They can be arranged in 7! Ways
Internally 6 girls are arranged themselves in 6! Ways
Total no.of arrangements = 7! X 6!
ii) no two girls are together:
First arranging 6 boys in a row in 6! Ways, B  B  B  B  B  B 
7 gaps are filed with 6 girls in 7 P6 ways.
The no.of arrangements = 6! X 7 P6 = 6!x 7! Ways
iii) Boys and girls sit alternately:
The row may be begin with either a boys or a girl
This can be done in a 2 ways.
The 6 boys can be arranged in 6! Ways the 6 girls can be arranged in 6! Ways
The required no.of arrangements = 2 x 6! X 6! Ways

***33. Find the number of ways of arranging 6 boys and 6 girls around a circular table so that
(i) all the girls sit together. (ii) no two girls sit together. (iii) boys and girls sit alternately.
Sol. Given 6 boys and 6 girls
i) all the girls sit together :
Consider 6 girls as one unit, then one unit of girls + 6 boys = 7
The number of circular permutations of n different things (taken all at a time) is  n 1 !
There are 7 objects in a circular table arrange these 7 objects in (7-1)!=6! Ways
Arrange 6 girls internally in 6! Ways.
Required no. of ways = 6! X 6 !
 ii) No two girls sit together :
By leaving 6 girls first arrange 6 boys in a circular table in (6-1)!=5! Ways
Now arrange 6 girls in 6 empty places in 6 P6  6! ways.
Required no .of ways = 5! X 6!
iii) boys and girls sit alternately:
Since there is no importance for the first place in a circular permutation, then arrange 6 boys in
(6-1)!=5! And arrange 6 girls in 6 places in 6 P6  6! ways.
The required no. of arrangements = 5! X 6!
***34. (i) Find the number of ways of selecting a cricket team of 11 players from 7 batsmen and
6 bowlers such that there will be atleast 5 bowlers in the team (Mar 05,June-10)

(ii) Find the number of ways of selecting 11 members cricket team from 7 batsmen, 6 bowlers
and 2 wicket-keepers, so that the team contains 2 wicket-keepers and atleast 4 bowlers.
(March-2014)
Sol. (i) Given no.of bowlers = 6
No. of batsman = 7
We can select a cricket team of 11 players where atleast 5 bowlers in the team as follows

Sno. 6 bowlers 7 batsman No.of selections

6
1. 5 6 C5  7 C 6
6
2. 6 5 C 6  7 C5 (1M)
Required no of selections 6 C5 7 C6  6 C6 7 C5 = 6  7  1 21 =42+21=63 (3M)
(ii) Given no. of batsmen = 7
no. of bowlers = 6
no. of wicket-keepers = 2
We can select a cricket team of 11 players the team contains 2 wicket keepers and atleast 4
bowlers.
Sno. 6 bowlers 7 batsman 2 wicket-keepers No.of selections
6
1. 4 5 2 C4 7 C5 2 C2
6
2. 5 4 2 C5 7 C 4 2 C 2
6
3. 6 3 2 C6 7 C3 2 C 2
(2M)
6 7 2 6 7 2 6 7 2
 Total no. of selections  C4  C5  C2  C5  C4  C2  C6  C3  C2
 15 211   6  351  1 351
 315  210  35  560 (2M)
***35. Find the number of ways of forming a committee of 5 members out of 6 Indians and 5
Americans so that always the Indians will be in majority in the committee. (Mar 08,09)
Sol. Given no.of Indians = 6
No .of Americans = 5
We can select the committee of 5 members such that the Indians will be majority in the committee,
by using the following table
 Sno. 6 Indians 5 Americans No.of selections
6
1. 5 0 C 5 5 C 0
6
2. 4 1 C4 5 C1
6
3. 3 2 C 3 5 C 2 (1M)
No .of selections = 6 C5 5 C0  6 C4 5 C1  6 C3 5 C2
  6  1  15  5    20 10   6  75  200  281 (3M)
***36. Find the number of ways of forming a committee of 5 persons from a group of 5 Indians
and 4 Russians such that there are at least 3 Indians in the committee (Mar-10)
Sol. The committee can have 3 Indians, 2 Russians or 4 Indians, 1 Russian of all 5 Indians
The number of ways of forming a committee with
Sno. 5 Indians 4Russians No.of selections
1 3 2 5
C3  4C2  10  6  60
5
2. 4 1 C4  4C1  5 4  20

3. 5 0 5
C 5  4C 0  11  1 (1M)
No of ways of forming a committee of 5 members with atleast 3 Indians is 60+20+1=81 (3M)

***37. Out of 7 gents, 5 ladies how many 6 member committees can be formed, such that there
will be atleast 3 ladies in the committee (Mar 06)
Sol. Given there are 7 gents, 5 ladies
A committee is formed with 6 members with atleast 3 ladies in a committee
Sno. 7 gents 5ladies No.of selections
7
1 3 3 C3 5 C3  35 10  350
7
2. 2 4 C2 5 C4  21 5  105
7
3. 1 5 C1 5 C5  7  1  7 (1M)
Total no. of ways = 350+105+7=462 (3M)
n
***38. (i) If 1  r  n , then Cr 1  nCr  n 1
Cr (Mar-11)

(ii) For 3  r  n , prove that n  3 C  3.n  3 C  3.n  3 C n  3 C n C

r r 1 r2 r 3 r

n! n! n!
Sol.
n n
(i) C r 1  Cr   n   r  1  ! r  1!   n  r  !r !  nCr 
 n  r  !r !
 1 1   r n  r 1 
 n !    n !  
  n  r  1 ! r  1!  n  r  !r !   n  r  1! r  1!r  n  r !r ! n  r  1 

 r   n  r  1  n ! n  1

 n  1 !  n1 C
 n !  r  n! n 1   n 1 ! (4M)
  n  r  1 !r !   n  r  1 !r !   n  1  r  !r !

(ii)  nCr  n C r 1 n1 C r (1M)

n 3
L.H.S = Cr  3.n 3 Cr 1  3.n 3 Cr  2  n 3 Cr 3
 n3 Cr n3 Cr 1  2. n3 Cr 1 n3 Cr 2  n3 Cr 2 n3 Cr 3  n  2 Cr  2.n  2 Cr 1  n  2 Cr 2

 n  2 Cr  n  2 Cr 1  n  2 Cr 1  n  2 Cr 2  n 1 Cr  n 1 Cr 1 = n Cr (R.H.S) (3M)
***39. (i) Find the sum of all 4 digited numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 4, 5, 6
without repetition (Mar-10)
(ii)Find the sum of all 4-digit numbers that can be formed using the digits 1,3,5,7,9 (with
out repetition) (March-2013)
Sol. (i) Given digits {1, 2, 4, 5, 6}, r = 4, n = 5

 Sum of all r digited numbers = n1Pr 1 (sum of n digits)(111......r times) (1M)

n 1
Sum of all 4 digited nos = Pr 1 (sum of n digits)(111….r times)
51 P41 1  2  4  5  6 1111  24  18  1111

= 4 P3 18 1111 = 24 x 18 x 1111 = 479952 (3M)

(ii) Given digits {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, r = 4, n = 5

 Sum of all r digited numbers = n1Pr 1 (sum of n digits)(111......r times) (1M)
n 1
Sum of all 4 digited no.s= Pr 1 (sum of n digits)(111….r times)
51 P41 1  3  5  7  9 1111
4 P3  251111  24  25  1111  6, 66, 600 (3M)

***40. Find the number of numbers that are greater than 4000 which can be formed using the
digits 0,2,4,6,8 without repetition.
Sol. Given digit 0, 2, 4, 6,8
The number of numbers greater than 4000 which can be formed using the digits 0,2,4,6,8, is
   

case (i) 4-digit number 4,6,8
The first place cannot be filled with 0,2
The first place must be filled with either 4 or 6 or 8 in 3 ways.
Remaining 3 places can be filled with remaining 4 digits in 4 P3 ways.

Number of arrangements = 3 4 P3 = 3  4  3  2  72 (2M)

    

case (ii) 5-digit number 2,4,6,8
‘0’ cannot be filled in 1st place.
1st place must be filled with either 2 or 4 or 6 or 8. in 4 ways
Remaining 4 places can be filled with remaining 4 digits in 4 P4 ways.
Number of arrangements  4 4 P4  4  24  96
 Total number of arrangements greater than 4000 is = 72 + 96 =168. (2M)
**41. Find the number of 4 digited numbers that can be formed by using the digits 1,2,3,4, 5,
6 that are divisible by (i) 2 (ii) 3 when repetation are allowed.
Sol. Given digits are {1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Here n = 6, r = 4
i) numbers divisible by 2
Take 4 blanks, for a number to be divisible by 2, the units place should be filled with an even digit.
This can be done in 3 ways (2 or 4 or 6)
Remaining 3 places can be filled in 6 ways each
Hence the No. of 4 digit numbers that are divisible by 2 is 3  63  3  216  648 (2M)
ii) Numbers divisible by 3
Fill the first 3 places with the given 6 digits in 63 ways. (since repetations are allowed)
out of six consecutive integers, only two of them are exactly divisible by 3.
Hence the units place is filled in 2ways .
Hence the no. of 4 digits numbers divisible by 3 = 2 × 216 = 432 (2M)
*42. Find the number of 4 letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word
‘RAMANA’
Sol. Given word RAMANA
There are 3A’s alike and remaining 3 are different
To form 4 letter words consider 3 cases
case i) one A and 3 other letters, (A, R, M, N) A R M N
4 letters can be arranged in 4 places in 4! Ways
No.of 4 letter words formed = 4! = 24
case ii) two like latters A, A and 2 out of R,M,N A A  N , R, M 
two different letters can be choosen from 3 letters in 3 C  3 ways
2

4!
 number of 4 letter words formed  3   36
2!
Case iii) 3 A’s and 1 out of R,M,N A A A  R, M , N 
One letter can be choosen from 3 different letters in 3C1  3

4!
No.of 4 letter words formed = 3   12
3!
 Total number of 4 letter words formed from the letter of the word RAMANA
 24  36  12  72 (4M)

*43. A double decker minibus has 8 seats in thelower deck and 10 seats in the upper deck.
Find the number of ways of arranging 18 personsin the bus if 3 children want to go to
the upper deck and 4 old people can not go to the upper deck.
Sol. Allowing 3 children to the upper deck and 4 old people to the lower deck.
We are left with 11 people and 11 seats (7 in the upper deck and 4 in the lower deck).
We can select 7 people for the upper deck out of the 11 people in 11C7 ways. The remaining 4
persons go to lower deck.Now we can arrange 10 persons (3 children and 7 others) in the
upper deck and 8 persons (4 old people and 4 others) in the lowerdeck in 10! and 8! ways
respectively.
Hence, the required number of arrangements  11 C7  10!  8! (4M)
*44. Find the sum of all 4 digited numbers that can be formed using digits 0,2,4,7,8 without
repetition.
Sol. Given digits {0, 2, 4,7, 8}, r = 4, n = 5
Sum of all r digited numbers = n1Pr 1 (sum of all digits)(111...r times)  n2 Pr 2  sum of all digits  (111....  r-1 times)

(1M)
Sum of all 4 digited numbers
 (5 1) P41 (0  2  4  7  8) (1111)  (5 2) P4 2 (0  2  4  7  8) (111)
 4 P3  21 1111  3 P2  21 111
 21  ( 4 P3 1111  3 P2  111)
 21 (24 1111  6  111)
 21  (26664  666)  21 25998  5, 45, 958
*45. If a set A has 8 elements. Find the number of subsets of A containing atleast 6 elements?
Sol. We have to fix the number of subsets of A, containing 6 or 7 or 8 elements.
Number of subsets of A, containing exactly 6 elements 8 C6
Number of subsets of A, containing exactly 6 elements 8 C7
Number of subsets of A, containing exactly 6 elements 8 C8
Required number of subsets of A 8 C6  8 C7  8 C8  28  8  1  37

PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Resolve into pratial fractions
2
x 3
***46.  x  2 x 2  1
  (March-05,07,09,12) (May-09)

Sol: It is proper fraction

2
x 3 A Bx C
 
Let  x  2 x 2  1 x  2 x 2 1
 
x 2  3  A( x 2  1)  ( Bx  c)( x  2) ……….. (i) (1M)
Put x = - 2 in ………………. (i)
1
4 - 3 = A (4 + 1)  A = (1M)
5
Equating of coefficient of x2

1 = A + B  B = 1 – A B = 1 1  4 (1M)
5 5
Equating Constants
3  A  2C
1
3   2C
5
 1 16 8
 2C  3   2C  C  
5 5 5
2
x 3 1 4x  8
 
 
 x  2 x  1 5  x  2 5 x 2  1
2
  (1M)

2
2x  3x  4


***47.  x  1 x 2  2
 (March-11) (May-11)

Sol: It is proper fraction

2
2x  3x  4 A x C
  Bx  C
 2
2

 x  1 x  2 x 1
 x 2
2x2 + 3x + 4 = A (x2 + 2) + (Bx + C)(x – 1) ……….. (i)
Put x = 1
2 + 3 + 4 = A (1 + 2) + 0
9 = 3A  A =3 (1M)
Compare x2 coeffcients ……… (i)
2=A+BB=2–3B=-1 (1M)
Compare constants 2A – C = 4
 2(3) - C = 4  - c = 4 – 6  C = 2 (1M)
2
2x  3x  4 3  1 x  2
 
2

 x  1 x  2 x 1
 x 2 2 (1M)

x 1
***48. 2
 x  1  x  2
Sol: It is proper fraction
x 1 A B C
  
2 x 1 x 2  x  22
 x  1  x  2
x - 1 = A (x – 2)2 + B (x + 1) (x – 2) + C(x + 1) …………(i)
Put x = 2 in ………… (i)
1
2 – 1 = c (2 + 1)  1 = 3c c = (1M)
3
Put x = -1 in………(i)
-1–1 = A (-1 – 2)2  9A = -2A = -2/9 (1M)
Compare x2 coefficients in …….(i)
A + B = 0  A = - B  B = - A B = 2/9 (1M)
2 2 1

x 1 9  9  3

2
 (1M)
 x  1  x  2  x  1 x  2  x  2 2
 4
x x3
***49. (i)
 x  1  x  2 (March -10, 2013) (ii)
( x  1)( x  2)
Sol: The above rational fraction is improper fraction.
x 2  3 x  2) x4 ( x 2  3x  7
 x 4   3x3   2 x 2

3 2
3x  2x
3 2
 3x  9 x  6 x
2
7 x  6x
2
 7 x  21x  14
15 x  14

f x
 is im proper
4 gx
x 15 x  14
So
x  1  x  2 

 x
2
 3x  7 
2
x  3x  2
f x
 q x
f x
w h en deg f  x   deg g  x 
(1M)
g x g x

15 x  14 A B
Let  
 x  1 x  2 x 1 x 2
15x – 14 = A(x- 2) + B(x – 1)
Put x = 1, 15 – 14 = A(-1)  A  1 (1M)
Put x = 2, 30 – 14 = B(1)  B = 16 (1M)
4
x 2  1  16
  x  3x  7    (1M)
 x  1  x  2   x  1  x 2

(ii) The above rational fraction is an improper fraction

x3 x3

( x  1)( x  2) x 2  x  2

x 2  x  2) x3 (x 1
3 2
x  x  2x
 x2  2 x
 x2  x  2
3x  2

f  x
 is improper
3 g  x
x 3x  2
 ( x  1)  ....... (i) f  x  f  x (1M)
( x  1)( x  2) ( x  1)( x  2)  q  x  when deg f  x   deg g  x 
g  x gx

3x  2 A B
Let  
( x  1)( x  2) x  1 x  2
3 x  2  A( x  2)  B ( x  1) ............................ (ii)
 Put x  1 in (ii)
1
3  2  A(1  2)  1  3A  A  (1M)
3
8
Put x  2 in (ii) 6  2  B (2  1)  8  3B  B  (1M)
3
Substitute A, B in (i)
x3 1 8
  ( x  1)   (1M)
( x  1)( x  2) 3( x  1) 3( x  2)

3
x x3
***50. i ) ii )
 x a  x b  x c 
2x  1  x  2 x  3
Sol: It is improper fraction
coefficient of highest power of x in numerator 1
when k= coefficient of highest power of x in denominator 
2

f  x
 is improper
3 g  x
x 1 A B C
i)    
2x  1  x  2 x  3 2 2x 1 x  2 x 3 f  x   K  f  x  when deg f  x   deg g  x  (1M)
g  x g  x

2x 3 = (2x – 1) (x+ 2) (x – 3) + 2A (x + 2) (x – 3) + 2B (2x – 1) (x – 3) + 2C (2x – 1) (x + 2)

1
Put x = 2

2
8
 2A
5
2    5
2
A
1
50
(1M)

8
Put x = -2,  2(-8) = 2B(-5) (-5)  B =  25 (1M)
27
Put x = 3, 2(27)= 2c(5) (5)  C = 25 (1M)

x 3 1 1 8 27
 2x 1 x  2 x  3  2  50 2x 1  25 x  2  25 x  3
     
(ii) It is improper fraction
coefficient of highest power of x in numerator
when k= coefficient of highest power of x in denominator  1

f  x
 is improper
3 g  x
x A B C
 1  
x  a x  b x  c    K    when deg f  x   deg g  x  (1M)
f x f x
 x  a  x  b  x  c 
g  x g  x

x3 = (x – a) (x - b) (x – c) + A(x – b) (x – c)+ B( x – a) (x – c) + C(x – a) (x – b)……… (i)

3
a
Put x = a in (i) then A  (1M)
a  b a  c 
 3
b
Put x = b in ……(i) then B  b  a b  c (1M)
  
3
c
Put x = c in …….. (i) then C  (1M)
c  a c  b 
3
a3 b 3b c3 c
3 3
x
 1   
x  a  x  b  x  c  a b a c  x a  (bba a)(
bb c cx)(xb b) c (ac ca)(
bc x b
c)( x  c )

3 2
3x  8x  10
***51. 4 (March-06)
 x  1
Sol: It is proper fraction
Let x – 1= t  x = 1 + t (1M)
3 2 3 2
3x  8x  10 3 1  t   8 1  t   10 3(1  t 3  3t 2  3t )  8(1  t 2  2t )  10
4 = = (1M)
 x  1 t
4 t4

3 2 2
3  3t  9t  9t  8  8t  16t  10

4
t

3t 3  t 2  7t  5 3 1 7 5
   2 3 4 (1M)
t4 t t t t

3 2
3x  8x  10 3 1 7 5
    
4 x 1  x 12  x 13  x 14 (1M)
 x  1
x4
***52. 2 (March-2014)
( x  4)( x  1)
Sol. It is proper fraction
x4 x4
2 =  x  2  x  2  x  1
( x  4)( x  1)

x4 A B C
=  
 x  2  x  2   x  1 x  2 x  2
x  1

x  4  A( x 2  4)  B( x  1)( x  2)  C ( x  1)( x  2)
put x   1
 3 A 1  4   A  1 (1M)
1
put x  2  2  B  2  1 2  2   B  (1M)
2
1
put x  2  6  1 2C  C  (1M)
2
x4 1 1 1
    (1M)
 x  4   x  1 x  1 2  x  2  2  x  2 
2
 x4
***53. Find the coefficient of x n in the power series expansions of 2 specifying the
x  5x  6
region in which the exapansion is valid. (June-10)
x4 A B
Sol. 2
 
x  5x  6 x  2 x  3
 x  4  A  x  3  B  x  2  .....................1

put x  2 in 1
2  4  A  2  3   2  A  A2 (1M)

put x  3 in 1

3  4  B  3  2  B  1 (1M)
x4 2 1
2
 
x  5x  6 x  2 x  3
2 1
 
 x  x (1M)
2  1   3 1  
 2  3
1 1
 x 1 x
  1    1  
 2 3 3

 x x2 xn  1  x x2 xn 
  1    ......  n  .....   1    ......  n  ....   1  x 1  1  x  x 2  x 3  .....
 2 4 2  3 3 9 3 
1 1
now coefficient of x n is n 1  n (1M)
3 2
x 2  13x  15
**54. (2 x  3) ( x  3) 2
Sol. It is proper fraction
x 2  13 x  15 A B C
2
  
(2 x  3)( x  3) 2 x  3 x  3 ( x  3) 2
2
 x 2  13 x  15  A  x  3   B  x  3  2 x  3   C  2 x  3 

3
put x 
2
9 39 9 9 A 9  78  60 9
  15  A       A= - 1 (1M)
4 2 4 4 4 4
put x  3  9  39  15  C  3 
 3C  15  C  5 (1M)
2
Equating x coefficients
A  2B  1  2B  1  A  2B  1  1  B  1
 x 2  13 x  15 1 1 5
 2
   (1M)
 2 x  3 x  3 2 x  3 x  3  x  32

x2  1
*55.
( x 2  x  1) 2
Sol. It is proper fraction

x2 1 Ax  B Cx  D f  x Ax  B
   where g  x  is irreducible
2
( x  x  1) 2 2 2
x  x  1 ( x  x  1) 2
g  x g  x

 x 2  1  ( Ax  B) ( x 2  x  1)  (Cx  D )
Equating the coefficients of x 3 , A = 0 (1M)
Equating the coefficients of x 2 , A  B  1  B  1 (1M)
Equating the coefficients of x, A+B+C = 0, => 1+C= 0, => C = -1 (1M)
Equating the constants, B+D = 1 => D = 1-B,
=> D = 1-1 => D = 0
x2 1 1 x
 2 2
  (1M)
( x  x  1) x  x  1 ( x  x  1) 2
2 2

3 x  18
*56. x 3  x  3
Sol. It is proper fraction
3 x  18 A B C D
3
  2 3 (1M)
x ( x  3) x x x x3

 3x  18  A  x    x  3   Bx  x  3   C  x  3  Dx 3 ................(1)
put x  3 in (1)
3
3  3  18  D  3
 27 D  27  D  1 (1M)
put x  0 in (1)
then 18  3C  C  6 (1M)
Equating the coefficient of x 3 in (1)
0  A D  A  D
 A  1
Equating x coefficients in (1)
2

0  3A  B B3
3x  18 1 3 6 1
 3
  2 3 (1M)
x  x  3 x x x x 3
 2x  3
*57.
5( x  2)(2 x  1)
Sol. It is proper fraction
2x  3 A B
Let   (1M)
( x  2)(2 x  1) x  2 2 x  1
2x  3 A(2 x  )  B ( x  2)

( x  2)(2 x  1) ( x  2)(2 x  1)
2 x  3  A(2 x  1)  B ( x  2) ---------------- (1)
putting x = -2 in (1)
2(-2)+3 = A(-4+1) +B(-2+2)
-4+3 = A(-3)+0
-1 = -3 A
A = 1/3 (1M)
putting x = -1/2 in (1)
 1   1   1 
2    3  A  2     1  B    2 
 2   2    2 
1  3  A( 1  1)  B (3 / 2)
3
2  0 B
2
3
2 B
2
B  4/3 (1M)
2x  3 1/3 4/3
 
(x  2)(2x  1) x  2 2x  1
1 4
 
3(x  2) 3(2x  1)

2x  3 1 1 4 
  
5( x  2)(2 x  1) 5  3( x  2) 3(2 x  1) 

1 4
  (1M)
15( x  2) 15(2 x  1)

PROBABILITY
***58. A, B, C are three horses in a race. The probability of A to win the race is twice that of
B, and probability of B is twice that of C. What are the probabilities of A, B and C to
win the race. (Mar-07,13,2014 May-09)

Sol:: Let A,B,C are three horses win the race representing as events A, B,C respectively.
Given P(A) = 2P(B) ---------------- (1)
P(B) = 2P(C) ------------------ (2)
Let P(C) = x
from (2) P(B) = 2x
from (1) P(A) = 2(2x) = 4x (1M)
 w.r.t P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1 (1M)
1
 4x  2x  x  1  7x  1 x
7
1 2 4
 P (C )  x  , P ( B)  2 x  , P ( A)  4 x  (2M)
7 7 7
***59. (i) Let A and B be independent events with P ( A)  0.2, P( B)  0.5 . Let us find
a) P(A/B) b) P (B/A) (Mar-09,12, May-11) c) P ( A  B) and d) P ( A  B )
(ii) If A and B be independent events with P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.7 then compute.
(Mar-2014)
B
a) P  A  B  b) P  A  B  c) P   d) P  Ac  B c 
 A
Sol: (i) Given A and B be independent events then P  A  B   P  A P  B 
Given that P  A  0.2; P  B   0.5

P  A  B  P  A P  B  P  A B
(a) P  A / B    = P  A = 0.2 P  A/ B  (1M)
P  B P  B P  B

P  A  B  P  A P  B  P  A B
(b) P  B / A    = P  B  =0.5 P  B / A  (1M)
P  A P  A P  A
(c) P  A  B   P  A P  B 
 P  A  B    0.2  0.5  P  A  B   0.1 (1M)
(d) P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B 
 P  A  B   0.2  0.5  0.1  P  A  B   0.6 (1M)
(ii) Given A and B be independent events then P  A  B   P  A P  B 
Given that P  A  0.6; P  B  0.7
(a) P  A  B   P  A   P  B   0.6  0.7  0.42 (1M)
(b) P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B 
 0.6  0.7  0.42  1.3  0.42  0.88 (1M)
P  A  B  P  A P  B 
(c) P  B / A   P A 
P  A  = P  B  = 0.7 (1M)
 
(d) P  AC  B C   P  AC   P  B C   1  P  A   1  P  B  
1  0.6 1  0.7    0.4  0.3  0.12 (1M)

***60. If two numbers are selected randomly from 20 consecutive natural numbers, find the
probabiity that the sum of the two numbers is
i) an even number ii) an odd number ( Mar 07)
Sol: The number of ways of selecting two numbers from 20 consecutive natural numbers  20 C2
(i) To get the sum of two numbers is an even number, we can select two numbers from 10
even numbers (or) two numbers from 10 odd numbers.
This can be done in 10 C2 10 C2 ways.
10
C2 10 C2
 The probability that the sum of two numbers is an even number  20
C2
 45  45 90 9
   (2M)
190 190 19
(ii) To get the sum of two numbers is an odd number,
We can select one number from 10 even numbers and one number from 10 odd numbers.
This can be done in 10 C1.10 C1 ways.
10
C1.10 C1 100 10
 The probability that the sum of two numbers is an odd number  20
C2
  (2M)
190 19

***61 A speaks truth in 75% of the cases and B in 80% cases. What is the probability that
their statements about an incident do not match (June-10)
Sol: Let E1, E2 be the events that A and B speak truth respectively.
75 3 3 1
 P  E1  
100 4
 
  P E1  1  
4 4
P  A  P  A  1
80 4 4 1
P  E2  
100 5
 
  P E2  1  
5 5
(1M)
 The probability that their statements about an incident do not match
       
 P E1  E2  P E1  E2  P  E1  P E2  P E1 P  E2  (1M)
3 1 1 4 3 4 7
 .  .    (2M)
4 5 4 5 20 20 20

***62. If A, B, C are three independent events of an experiment such that

1 1 1
P ( A  B c  C c )  , P ( Ac  B  C c )  , P ( Ac  B c  C c )  , then find
4 8 4
P( A), P( B) and P(C ) . (Mar-10)
C C 1 C C 1
Sol:: Given that P( A  B  C )  ..........(1) ; P( A  B  C )  .................. (2)
4 8

1  If A, B, C are independent events then

P( AC  B C  C C )  ..................... (3)
4 P  A  B  C   P  A P  B  P  C 

1
(2) P ( AC ) P ( B ) P (C C ) 1
 8 P( B) 1
2  P( BC )  2  2 P( B)  P( B )
C C C C
(3) P ( A ) P ( B ) P (C ) 1
4

2 P( B)  1  P( B) P  A  P  A  1

1 1 2
3[ P ( B )]  1  P( B)   1  P( B)  1   (1M)
3 3 3
1
(1) P ( A) P ( B C ) P (C C )
 C C C
 4 1
(3) P ( A ) P ( B ) P (C ) 1
4
P ( A)
1
P ( AC )
 P( A)  P( AC )
P ( A)  1  P ( A)  P ( A )  1  P ( A)   (1M)

1
2 P( A)  1  P( A) 
2
C C C 1
From (3)  P( A ) P( B ) P(C ) 
4
1
 1  P  A   1  P  B   1  P  C    (1M)
4
12 1
   (1  P(C )) 
23 4
3 3 1
1  P (C )   P ( C )  1   P (C )  (1M)
4 4 4
1 1 1
P( A)  , P( B)  , P(C ) 
2 3 4
1
***63. A problem in calculus is given to two students A and B whose chances of solving it are
3
1
and . Find the probability of the problem being solved if both of them try independently..
4
(March-05)

Sol: Let E1, E2 be the events of A and B to solve a problem in calculus respectively.
1 1
 P  E1   ; P  E2    P ( A )  1  P ( A)
3 4
2 3
 
 P E1  ; P E2 
3
  4
(1M)
 The probability of the problem being solved
= 1 - The probability that the problem will not be solved
 1  P  E1  E 2  (1M)
2 3 1 1
   
 1  P E1 .P E2  1 .  1 
3 4 2 2
(2M)

***64. The probability that Australia wins a match against India in a cricket game is given to
1
be . If India and Australia play 3 matches what is the probability that
3
i) Australia will loose all the 3 matches ii) Australia will win atleast one match.
Sol: Let A be an event that Australia wins a match aganist India in a cricket game
1
 P  A 
3
2
P A   3
 
 P A  1  P  A (1M)

     
(i) The probability that Australia will loose all the 3 matches = P A .P A .P A
2 2 2 8
 . .  (2M)
3 3 3 27
 (ii) The probability that Australia will win atleast one match
8 19
=1 - The probability that will loose all the three matches  1   (1M)
27 27

**65. If A and B are independent events of a random experiment then show that A and B
are also independent.
Sol: Given A, B are Independent events.

 
p A  B  p  A  B   1  p  A  B   
 P A  1  P  A (1M)

 1   p  A   p  B   p  A  B    P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B 

 1  p  A  p  B   p  A  p  B  (1M)

   
 1  p  A   p  B  1  p  A    1  p  A   1  p  B    p A . p B (1M)

A and B are also independent events (1M)

2
**66. The probability for a contractor to get a road contract is and to get a building
3
5 4
contract is . The probability to get atleast one contract is . Find the probability
9 5
that he gets both the contracts.
Sol: Let A be the event of getting road contract and B be the event of getting building contract
given probability of road contract
2
p road contract  p  A  (1M)
3
5
p  building contract  =p(B)=
9
4
p ( at least one)  p ( A  B )  (1M)
5

 P A B  P  A  P  B  P  A B (1M)

4 2 5
   p  A  B
5 3 9
2 5 4 19
p  A  B    
3 9 5 45
19
P ( both to be selected )  (1M)
45
**67. A bag contains 12 two rupee coins, 7 one rupee coins and 4 half a rupee coins. If three
coins are selected at random, then find the probability that
(i) the sum of three coins is maximum (ii) the sum of three coins is minimum
(iii) each coin is of different value
Sol: The sample space of the experiment getting 3 coins from 23 coins n  s  23 C3 (1M)
i) Event A: getting sum is maximum
12
C3
select 3 coins from 12 (two rupee) coins in C3 way  n  A  C3 ;
12 12 p  A  23 (1M)
C3
ii) Event B : getting sum minimum ; Select 3 coins from 4 half rupee coins in 4 C3 ways
4
C3
4
n  B   C3 ; p  B  23 (1M)
C3
iii) Event C: each one is of different face value; select one coin from 12 ( two rupee coins )
in 12 C1 ways select
one coin from 7 ( one rupee coins ) in 7 C1 ways select one coin from
4 ( half rupee coins ) in 4 C1 ways
n  C   12C1 7 C1 4 C1
12
C1 7 C1 4 C1
P C   23 (1M)
C3

**68. The probabilities of three events A,B,C are such that P(A)=0.3, P(B)=0.4, P(C)= 0.8,
P  A  B   0.08, P  A  C   0.28, P  A  B  C   0.09 and p  A  B  C   0.75.
Show that P  B  C  lies in the interval  0.23, 0.48 .
Sol: given p  A  0.3
p  B   0.4, p  C   0.8, p  A  B   0.08
p  A  C   0.28 ; p  A  B  C   0.09 ;
p  A  B  C   0.75 (1M)
Clearly 0.75  p  A  B  C   1 0  P  A  B  C   1

 P  A  B  C   P  A  P  B   P  C   P  A  B   P  B  C   P  C  A  P  A  B  C 

 0.75  p  A  p  B   p  C   p  A  B   p  B  C   p  A  C   p  A  B  C   1 (1M)
 0.75  0.3  0.4  0.8  0.08  p  B  C   0.28  0.09  1

 0.75  1.23  p  B  C   1
 0.75  1.23   p  B  C   1  1.23
 0.23  P ( B  C )  0.48  P  B  C    0.23, 0.48 (2M)
**69. If A, B, C are three events then show that
P  A  B  C   P  A   P  B   P  C   P  A  B   P  B  C   P  C  A  P  A  B  C  .
Sol: given A, B, C are three events
 P  A  B  P  A  P  B  P  A  B
p  A  B  C   p  A   B  C    p  A  p  B  C   p  A   B  C   (1M)
 p  A  p  B   p  C   p  B  C   p   A  B    A  C   (1M)
 p  A   p  B   p  C   p  B  C    p  A  B   p  A  C   p  A  B  C   (1M)
 p  A  p  B   p  C   p  B  C   p  A  B   p  A  C   p  A  B  C  (1M)

*70. If P is a probability function then show that for any two events A and B
P  A  B   P  A  P  A  B   P  A   P  B 
Sol: We know that
A  B  A ; p  A  B   p  A .....  i  (1M)
Clearly A  A  B , p  A  p  A  B  ....  ii  (1M)
According to additional theorem, p  A  B   p  A  p  B   p  A  B 
Clearly, p  A  B   p  A  p  B  .....  iii  (1M)
Form  i  ii  iii  p  A  B   p  A   p  A  B   p  A  p  B  (1M)

*71. Find the probability of drawing an Ace or a spade from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards.
Sol: The number of ways of selecting a card from a pack of 52 playing cards = 52 C1  52 (1M)
Let A, B be the events of drawing an ace and a spade respectively.

4 13
P  A  [ There are 4 aces in a pack], P  B   [ There are 13 spades in a pack]
52 52
1
P  A  B  [ only one ace in 13 spade cards] (1M)
52
 The probability of drawing an ace or a spade is
 P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B ) 
4 13 1 16 4
P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B       (2M)
52 52 52 52 13

*72. A pair of dice are rolled what is the probability that they sum to 7 given that neither die
shows a 2?
Sol: When two dice are rolled n  s   36
Event A: sum is 7  1, 6  2,5  4,3 5, 2  6,1 4,3  n  A   6
Event B : no dice shows number 2
(1,1)(1,3)(1, 4)(1,5)(1, 6)(3,1)(3,3)(3, 4)(3,5), (3, 6)(4,1) 
B 
(4,3)(4, 4)(4,5), (4, 6)(5,1)(5,3)(5, 4)(5,5), (5, 6)  6,1 6,3 6, 4  6,5  6, 6  
 n  B   25
A  B  1, 6  3, 4  4,3 6,1  n  A  B   4 (1M)
 4 25 P  A  B
P(A  B)  , P(B)   P  A / B  (1M)
36 36 P  B
4
p  A  B 4
Now P[sum is 7 / neither dice shows number 2 ]  p  A / B    36  (2M)
p  B 25 25
36
**73. A page is opened at random from a book containing 200 pages. What is the probability
that the number on the page is a perfect square.
Sol. Let S be the sample space of an experiment selecting a page from a book containing 200 pages.
 n  S  200 C1  200 (1M)
Let E be the event of selecting number on a page is a perfect square.
E = {1,4,9,.....,196}
n  E   14 (1M)
n  E  14 7
P E    (2M)
n  S  200 100
**74. A fair coin is tossed 200 times. Find the probability of getting a head an odd number of
times.
Sol. Let S be the sample space of an experiment tossing a fair coin 200 times.
n  S  2200 (1M)
Let E be the event of getting head an odd number of times.
n  E  200 C1  200 C3  ...........  200 C199  2199  C1  C3  C5  .....  2n 1 (1M)
n  E  2199 1
P E    (2M)
n  S  2200 2
*75. Suppose that a coin is tossed three times. Let event A be “getting three heads” and B
be the event of “getting a head on the first toss”. Show that A and B are dependent
events.
Sol. In a sample space of an experiment tossing a coin three times n  S   23  8
Let A be the event of getting three heads  A   HHH , n  A   1
n  A 1
P  A  
nS  8
Let B be the event of getting a head on first toss  B    HHH , HTT , HTH , HHT  , n  B   4
n B 4 1
P B   
n S  8 2
A  B   HHH 
1
P A B  (2M)
8
1 1 1
P  A  .P  B     (1M)
8 2 16
 A , B are indipendent events  P  A  B   P  A  P  B 

 P  A  B   P  A .P  B  (1M)
 A anb B are dependent events.
***