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JOURNAL World Science

p-ISSN 2413-1032

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PUBLISHER RS Global Sp. z O.O., Poland

ARTICLE TITLE ENZYMATIC WASTE WATER TREATMENT

AUTHOR(S) Nancey Hafez

Nancey Hafez. (2021) Enzymatic Waste Water Treatment.
ARTICLE INFO World Science. 6(67). doi:
10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30062021/7611
DOI https://doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30062021/7611

RECEIVED 16 April 2021

ACCEPTED 03 June 2021

PUBLISHED 08 June 2021

LICENSE This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution

4.0 International License.

© The author(s) 2021. This publication is an open access article.

World Science 6(67), 2021

ENZYMATIC WASTE WATER TREATMENT

Nancey Hafez, Postgraduate student of the Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Safety,
Engineering and Technology, National aviation university, Kiev, Ukraine

DOI: https://doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30062021/7611

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Received: 16 April 2021 Enzymes are biocatalysts provided by cells and are used in most metabolic
Accepted: 03 June 2021 methods. Most enzymes are consisting of proteins containing tertiary
Published: 08 June 2021 amino acid which bind to co enzyme or metal ions. Enzymes are
accelerating biochemical processes by some mechanisms to chemical
KEYWORDS catalysts e.g. metals, metal oxides and metal ions. Enzymes can be very
effective under conditions e.g. (temperature, atmospheric pressure and
Enzymatic treatment, PH). Many enzymes have hydrolyzing, oxidizing and reducing characters.
immobilization process, laccases, Enzymatic reactions always provide less side effects reactions and fewer
oxidoreductase enzyme, Waste waste by products. That is why microbial Enzymes can give an effective
water treatment.
and environmental safe alternatives as metabolic inorganic chemical
catalysts which can be used in all over pharmaceutical industrial processes.
Enzymes are used in waste water treatment. Treatment technologies
depend on physico-chemical approaches in wastewater treatment plants
which require skills, high operation costs (in terms of high energy and
chemical demand). Wastewater treatment is operated to protect the quality
of limited freshwater resources, which are most times the final discharge
points of effluents, and also, to promote the reusability of expended clean
water; amounts of hazardous aromatic byproducts are still generated [3, 4].
The observation shows that wastewater treatment plants, though liable to
remove microcontaminants such as heavy metals, and to a far lesser extent,
aromatic contaminants, were originally structured for the removal of solid
wastes, ecofriendly organic matter and eutrophication stimulants from
wastewater, thereby reducing eutrophicating pollution loads; the
micropollutants may only be moderately affected by the chemical, physical
and biological interactions within the treatment plants.

Citation: Nancey Hafez. (2021) Enzymatic Waste Water Treatment. World Science. 6(67). doi:
10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30062021/7611

Copyright: © 2021 Nancey Hafez. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is
permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal
is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which
does not comply with these terms.

Introduction. Most Pharmaceutical industries release their chemicals and waste toxic water
into the environment. This is leading to a very limited chance to obtain fresh water and worse human
health on the earth. This is calling the world to look forward for a proper waste management system.
Chemicals, industrial dyes, pharmaceutical active constituents, phenols, dioxins, chlorinated organic
compounds and hydrocarbons are excreted in the water and affect human body health. It can cause
side effects on body as allergy, headache and fever. To overcome all this problems by application of
enzymatic waste water treatment.
Classification of microbial enzymes.
Enzymes are classified into many groups depend on the reactions they are catalyzed.
The enzymes that are used in pharmaceutical industrial waste water treatment process are
1. Microbial OXYGENASES:
These enzymes belong to oxidoreductase group of enzymes. It participates in oxidation of
reduced substrates by transferring oxygen from molecular oxygen and utilizes FAD/NADPH as a co-
substrate. These enzymes have a very important role in to increase the reactivity of organic compound

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or solubility in water. Oxygenases also mediate dehalogenation reactions of halogenated methanes,

ethanes and ethylenes [11].
2. Microbial DIOXYGENASES:
Enzymes are using for oxidization of aromatic compounds and reflecting the applications of
dioxygenases in the environmental treatment. Dioxygenases found in the soil of bacteria. It turns up
aromatic precursors into aliphatic products.
3. Microbial MONOOXYGENASES:
These enzymes act as a catalyst in oxidative reactions of substrates from alkanes to complex
molecules as steroids. They require only molecular oxygen for their activations and require substrates
as reducing agent [12]. In desulfurization, dehalogenation, denitrification, ammonification of many
aromatic and aliphatic compounds are catalyzed.
4. LACCASES:
These enzymes are produced by certain fungi, plants, insects and bacteria. These enzymes use
for catalyze the oxidation of phenolic and aromatic substrates with molecular oxygen to water [12].
Many enzymes of laccases are capable of catalyze the amino phenols and inorganic ions.
5. MICROBIAL Peroxidases:
This enzyme is using in oxidation of phenols and lignin.
Table 1. Microbial enzymes and applications.

6. Microbial CELLULASES:
In the hydrolysis, cellulose can be applied for reducing the sugars which are fermented by
yeasts or bacteria to ethanol [16]. Cellulases can be used for removal of cellulose microfibrils which

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can be appear during washing of cotton clothes. It also can be used for removal of ink during recycling
of papers in the paper industries.
7.Microbial proteases:
It hydrolyzes peptide bonds. Use in many industries as food and pharmaceuticals.
8. Lipases:
It accelerates many reactions like hydrolysis and esterification. Can be use in many industries
like food, detergent and cosmetics but on small scales due to its costs.
9.Tyrosinases:
Enzymes that catalyzes oxidation reactions. It can be used in the synthesis of melanin. It is
also useful in treating phenol containing waste water. Their inability to oxidize phenolic compounds
make them unuseful for environment and industries.
Materials and methods:
Enzymatic waste water treatment;
There are many physical and chemical technologies have been developed to treat waste water as
coagulation, flocculation , reverse osmosis ,activated carbon adsorption and nano-filtration , however the
cost of this treatments are so high .In recent years enzymatic methods of waste water treatment started to
attract the attentions due to their low costs , simple equipments and they oxidize toxic pollutants e.g
enzyme oxido reductase which catalyzes the oxidation-reduction reaction and can effectively treat dyes
and phenolic compounds .There are also other process used for waste water treatment.
Immobilization method decrease the enzyme defects by increasing their immobilization.
Advantages of immobilized enzymes in water treatment method that stability, enhance reuse and
decrease costs. The simplest enzyme methods are to introduce cells to produce enzymes to the
sewages which work by using of suitable micro organisms to co-metabolize wastes.
Nanotechnology is the method of waste water treatment applied by use nanoparticles in reactive
remediation technology. This method characterized by degradation of toxic harmful compounds as
carbon dioxide [53]. The treatment of waste water can be processed by using mix of enzyme technology
and nanotechnology called the SEN (Single Enzyme Nanoparticle) [54]. Purified forms of enzymes like
peroxidase can perform the synthesis of SEN. There is compounds like phenols, dyes and pesticides are
decomposing by this enzymes. waste water contamination can be treated by nanotubes containing
enzymes like laccases. Membrane bio reactors are also applied in waste water treatment. The mix
between membrane and the enzymes for waste water treatments can be showed in the form of three
processes. Immobilized enzyme membrane reactor (IEMR), Extractive membrane bioreactor (EMB).
Direct contact membrane reactor (DCMR). In the process of IEMR and EMB the use of hallow fibre
bioreactors increase the surface area ratio and the treatment capacity of the process [55].
Results: The application of enzymes in the treatment of pharmaceutical industrial waste water
has many benefits as;
• Biological transformation of toxics in waste water.
• Enzymes are biodegradable substances.
• For using the enzymes, it is not need for high pressure or corrosions.
• It saving money and energy.
• They can use instead of contaminated chemicals.
• They are naturally coming from micro organisms.
• Modern technologies of biology nowadays helping in improve new enzymes, processes and
new applied methods techniques.
Conclusions. The use of biological enzymes as laccases instead of chemical reactions in the
pharmaceutical industries decrease waste chemical toxic pollutants in the environment. In waste water
treatment enzymes can be used to develop remediation processes that are less hazardous than other
technologies. Enzymes have an advantage over the physico-chemical treatment process. Enzymes are
working on the pollutants to remove then and transfer them to less toxic materials. Use of new
techniques of enzymes are leading to increase the effectiveness of treatment with less energy consume
and low costs. Microorganisms make large amount of catalysts which can be used on large scales of
industrial products as foods, pharmaceutics and leathers.
Acknowledgments: This study was supported by the department of ecology university of
national aviation.

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