Passive filter
A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass signals with desired frequencies and reject or attenuate others.
As a frequency-selective device, a filter can be used to limit the frequency spectrum of a signal to some
specified band of frequencies. Filters are the circuits used in radio and TV receivers to allow us to select one
desired signal out of a multitude of broadcast signals in the environment.
A filter is a passive filter if it consists of only passive elements R, L, and C. It is said to be an active filter if
it consists of active elements (such as transistors and op-amps) in addition to passive elements R, L, and C.
There are four types of filters whether passive or active:
1. A lowpass filter passes low frequencies and stops high frequencies, as shown ideally in Figure.(1a).
2. A highpass filter passes high frequencies and rejects low frequencies, as shown ideally in Figure.(1b).
3. A bandpass filter passes frequencies within a frequency band and blocks or attenuates frequencies
outside the band, as shown ideally in Figure.(1c).
4. A bandstop filter passes frequencies outside a frequency band and blocks or attenuates frequencies
within the band, as shown ideally in Figure.(1d).
Lowpass Filter
A typical lowpass filter is formed when the output of an RC circuit is taken off the capacitor as shown in
Figure.(2).The transfer function is
HIGHPASS FILTER
A highpass filter is formed when the output of an RC circuit is taken off
the resistor as shown in Figure.(4).
The transfer function is
Figure 4. A highpass filter.
Bandpass Filter
The RLC series resonant circuit provides a bandpass filter when the output is taken off the resistor as shown
in Figure.(6).
Figure 6. A bandpass filter.
The transfer function is
Bandstop Filter
A filter that prevents a band of frequencies between two designated values (ω1 and ω2) from passing is
variably known as a bandstop, bandreject, or notch filter. A bandstop filter is formed when the
output RLC series resonant circuit is taken off the LC series combination as shown in Figure.(8).
Figure 8. A bandstop filter.
The transfer function is
