GENDER STUDIES

I. WHAT IS GENDER STUDIES? INTRODUCTION

Introduction
 Gender studies is a field for interdisciplinary study devoted to GENDER
IDENTITY and GENDERED REPRESENTATION as central categories
of analysis.
 This field includes women's studies, men's studies and queer studies.
Sometimes, gender studies is offered together with study of sexuality.
WHY IS GENDER STUDIES IMPORTANT?

LIFE IN A GENDERED WORLD

 Gender studies recognizes that we live in a gendered society where
gender is socially constructed. Hence, it needs to be studied and
understood.
 Various aspects of life are gendered. The study of gendered nature of the
physical and social world is an important part of Gender studies
Sex vs Gender: Foundation of Gender Studies
 One of the finding principles of Gender analysis is the Sex/Gender
distinction.
 Sex:
 Biological and Physiological characteristics that define men and women.
 Gender:
 Refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities and
attributed that a given society considers appropriate for men and women.
 It implies that social, cultural, and psychological factors are acquired by
members of society through gender socialization.
FORMATION OF GENDER IDENTITY: NATURE VS NURTURE
 The nature versus nurture debate involves the extent to which particular
aspects of behavior are a product of either inherited (i.e., genetic) or
acquired (i.e., learned) influences.

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS IN GENDER STUDIES

 Gender Socialization: Gender socialization is the process by which we
learn our culture's gender-related rules, norms, and expectations. The
most common agents of gender socialization -in other words, the people
influence the process--are parents, teachers, schools, and the media.
 Gender Roles: Defined as the role a person is expected to fulfil based
upon his gender. These vary in different social, cultural and historical
contexts.
 Gender stratification: it refers to the in-equality between women and
men regarding wealth, power, and privilege. Gender is a socially
 constructed principle and represents a hierarchical, asymmetrical, and
unequal division between men and women.
 Patriarchy: patriarchy is a social system in which men hold primary
power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority,
social privilege and control of property.
 Gender stereotypes: These are the simplistic generalizations about the
gender attributes, differences and the role of individual and groups. E.g.
boys don’t cry.
 Male stereotypes: competent, rational, aggressive, strong-headed,
dominant.
 Female stereotypes: empathetic, sensitive, passive, dependent,
emotional.
 Sexist language: language shows cultural gender bias e.g. all men are
created equal.
 Feminism: The name for the movement that says that women deserve to
be treated as equals to men.
 Masculinity: Masculinity is a set of attributes, behaviours and roles
generally associated with boys and men. These are different from male
anatomical sex.
 Femininity: Femininity is a set of attributes, behaviours and roles
generally associated with girls and women.
 Gender Discrimination and Sexism:
 Discrimination takes place in this manner as men and women are subject
to prejudiced treatment on the basis of gender alone.
 Sexism occurs when men and women are framed within two dimensions
of social cognition.
 Gender equality and Woman empowerment
 Gender equality means that men and women have equal power and
equal opportunities for financial independence, education, and personal
development. (Source)
 Women's empowerment is a critical aspect of achieving gender equality.
It includes increasing a woman's sense of self-worth, her decision-making
power, her access to opportunities and resources, her power and control
over her own life inside and outside the home, and her ability to effect
change.
 Gender mainstreaming
 Gender mainstreaming is the public policy concept of assessing the
different implications for people of different genders of any planned
policy action, including legislation and programmes, in all areas and
levels.
 Gender Analysis in Development
 Gender analysis takes place throughout the entire development process,
throughout research, to problem definition, planning, implementation,
monitoring and evaluation.
 An analysis of gender relations can tell us who has access, who has
control, who is likely to benefit from an initiative, and who is likely to
lose.
 Sexual orientation:
 Sexual orientation is an enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction
to persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, or to
both sexes or more than one gender.
 AUTONOMY VS INTEGRATION DEBATE IN
GENDER STUDIES
 Since the first National Women's Studies Association Conference in
1970, scholars of Women Studies have been debating questions of
interdisciplinary and autonomy.
What is the debate?
 Whether Women studies should be a separate academic field or a
subfield.
 Should Women Studies be integrated into existing disciplines or an
autonomous institution of women studies should be established.
Pro Autonomy
 Do not support integration of Women studies into Gender studies.
 This shift will undo the past forty years in bringing women and women's
standpoints to the forefront in research, knowledge, and cultural
production.
 Women studies will get diluted. The advantage of separate Women
Studies department is that feminist perspectives would not be lost or de-
prioritized
Pro Integration
 It is a more appropriate title as it also includes gay, lesbian, and
transgendered individuals.
 Autonomy will result in Ghettoization of Women studies.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GENDER AND WOMAN STUDIES

WOMAN STUDIES

 HISTORY OF WOMAN STUDIES

 It is an offshoot of the Women's Liberation Movement. In the 1960s and
1970s.
Most of feminist scholarship is part of woman studies.
 First women studies course in San Diego State University in 1970.
 The National Women's Studies Association (of the United States) was
established in 1977.
 The first Ph.D. program in Women's Studies was established at Emory
University in 1990. As of 2012, there are 16 institutions offering a Ph.D.
in Women's Studies in the United States
 FACTORS LEADING TO WOMAN STUDIES
 Women's rights movement of 1970s.
 Second wave feminism.
 The New left and Peace movement.
 Inspiration from Important precursor works
o The Second sex by Simon de Beauvoir
o The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan\
 Induction of women in Higher education.
 Impact of consciousness raising groups.
 ASPECTS STUDIED BY WOMAN STUDIES
 What is female personality:
 Social, Political and Economic analysis of women in society.
 Understanding femininity and how it is constructed o Female
experience in a male dominated society.
 Women empowerment
 Research on Subjects related to women.
GENDER STUDIES
 History of Gender Studies
 1990s: Development of 'queer theory' moves to include sexuality in
woman studies
 1990: Rise of third-wave of feminism seeks to challenge or avoid
what it deems.
 the second wave's "essentialist" definitions of femininity and uses a
poststructuralist interpretation of gender and sexuality as its central
ideology.
 1991: The American Men's Studies Association (AMSA) is
founded. o 2000s: The great naming debate over Women's Studies
versus Gender o Studies
 FACTORS LEADING TO DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER
STUDIES
 Evolution of Men's studies
 Influence of 3rd wave feminism
 Influence of Postmodernism and Post-structuralism
 Development of Queer theory
 Evolution of gay, lesbian and transgender studies.
 Aspects studied by Gender Studies
 Queer Theory
 Women studies
 Men studies
 Sexuality
  Development of Intersectionality theory
Evolution of Men's studies
 Men's studies are an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to
topics concerning men masculism, gender, and politics.
 It often includes feminist theory, men's history and social history,
men's fiction, men's health, feminist psychoanalvsis and the
feminist and gender studies-influenced practice of most of the
humanities and social sciences
NAMING DEBATE BETWEEN WOMEN STUDIES AND
GENDER STUDIES
 Presently, Women's studies are engaged in a heated debate over the
move to eliminate the term women and replace it gender. The
change to gender studies suggests that the field needs to be paying
attention to the relationships between men and women rather than
focusing predominantly on women's experiences and knowledge
itself.
 Against arguments:
o This shift will undo the past forty years in bringing women
and women's standpoints to the forefront in research,
knowledge, and cultural production.
o Concurrent with this is the sense that the fact of women’s
continued social inequality becomes obliterated, resulting in
the depoliticisation of a subject that grew out of controversy
and political radicalism
 For Arguments: it is a more appropriate title as it also includes
gay, lesbian, and transgendered individuals.
MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WOMEN STUDIES VS
GENDER STUDIES

Women studies Gender studies

Offshoot of 2nd wave feminism Offshoot of 3rd wave feminism
older Newer
Studies women Recognizes that categories
“Women and man are fluid
concepts
Studies only women Includes women studies, men
studies and queer studies, gay
and lesbian studies
Major influence of only feminist theories Influence of theories from all
subjects
Interdisciplinary but limited Inter-disciplinary
STATUS OF GENDER STUDIES IN PAKISTAN
 WHY GENDER STUDIES IN PAKISTAN IS IMPORTANT?
 Gender Analysis of Social Institutions
 Patriarchy
 Gender Stratification
 Social roles
 Understanding women's agency
 Masculinities and femininities
 Empowerment of Marginalized groups
 Women
 Transgenders
 For Effective Women Development Programs
 Study of gendered division of labor and distribution of economic
resources
 WID, WAD, GAD PERSPECTIVES
 Women’s health, education, employment
 Studying Gender Based Violence
 Acid victims
 Honour killings
 Karo Kari
 Vani-Swara
 Developing indigenous perspectives on Women
 Islamic feminism.
 Post colonial
 Intersectionality.
 INSTITUTIONS OF WOMEN AND GENDER
STUDIES IN PAKISTAN
 Ministry of Women Development MOWD 1989 (Ministry for
women)
 Centre of Excellence for Gender Studies CEWS in universities ,
1989
o Established in 1989 by Ministry of Women
o Development in 5 public universities with the following
objectives.
 Awareness and debate on women's issues.
 Developing courses on Women studies
 Women Development.
 PAKISTAN ASSOCIATION FOR WOMEN STUDIES PAWS
1991
o Founded in 1991 with the following objectives.
 Forum for interaction and coordination for women studies.
 Build solidarity
  Feminist research and training methodologies.
 Strengthen female researchers.
 THE INSTITUTE OF WOMEN DEVELOPMENT
STUDIES (IWDS)
 The Institute of Women Development Studies (IWDS) was
established in 1994 by the University of Sindh, Jamshoro
 FIRST M.A IN WOMEN STUDIES DEPARTMENT 1996
 First M.A in Women Studies in Pakistan began in University
of Karachi.
 GENDER STUDIES DEPARTMENT IN ALLAMA LABAL
UNIVERSITY 1997
 Gender/Women's Studies department of the Allama labal
Open Universitv 1997
 NATIONAL PLAN OF ACTION 1998
 The National Plan of Action (NPA), endorsed by the
government in 1998. also recommends the promotion of the
'inter-disciplinary field of Gender/Women's Studies in public
and private educational/training institutions and the
strenethening of 'action-based, policy directed research on
women's issues'
 NATIONAL COMMISSION ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN 2000
 National Commission on the Status of Women (NCSW) is a
statutory body, established in July 2000. It is an outcome of
the national and international commitments of the
Government of Pakistan like Beijing Declaration and
Platform for Action, 1995; and National Plan of Action
(NPA) for Women, 1998.
 The National Commission on the Status of Women (NCSW)
was established with the specific purpose to:
Examine policies, programs and other measures taken by the
Government for women's development and gender equality
 HIGHER STUDIES IN GENDER STUDIES
 In 1996, the first batch of students was admitted for the full two-year
MA course.
 In 2002, CEWS launched the MPhil and PhD programmes in
Gender/Women's Studies.
 The CEWS at Karachi University has completed about 100 major and
minor studies on socio-economic, legal, health and environment
issues.
 The Department of Gender/Women's Studies, Punjab University has
conducted a study of women's development NGOs in the Puniab.
 Research and Publications in Gender Studies
  The WRRC of the Fatima Jinnah Women University has supervised the
writing of 16 theses on gender issues at the MA levels.
 The faculty of Institute of Women Development Studies at the
University of Sindh, Jamshoro, has published two studies both by
Professor Parveen Shah.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF GENDER STUDIES
 INTRODUCTION
 Women's and Gender Studies is an essential component of a
liberal arts education.
 Women's and Gender Studies draws upon methods and
content from a wide range of disciplines, including
anthropology, literature and the arts, biology, economics,
history, political science, psychology, religion and
sociology.
 HOW GENDER STUDIES IS MULTIDISCIPLINARY IN NATURE
 Sociology in Gender Studies
 Social institutions
 Gender Socialization
 Political institutions
 Norms, values and beliefs
 Sex/Gender Distinction
 Patriarchy
 Philosophy and Gender Studies
 Influence of Karl Marx
 Dialectical Materialism.
 Gender Identity
 Agency
 Psychology and Gender Studies
 Psychoanalytical feminism
 Freudian theories of Gender development
 History
 Historical development and analysis of gender
 Feminist perspective of history
 Biology
 Study of differences between men and female organs and bodies
 Political science
 Criminology

II. SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER

HISTORICIZING CONSTRUCTIONISM
 Introduction
  Social constructivism is a sociological theory of knowledge according to
which human development is socially situated and knowledge is
constructed through interaction with others
 History of Social Construction
 1966: The Social Construction of Reality by Berger and Lukmann
 Constructionism became prominent in the U.S. with Peter L. Berger
and Thomas Luckmann's 1966 book, The Social Construction of
Reality.
 Berger and Luckmann argue that all knowledge, including the most
basic, taken-for-granted common sense knowledge of everyday
reality, is derived from and maintained by social interactions.
 Berger and Luckmann's social constructionism have its roots in
phenomenology
 Post modernism:
 Social constructionism can be seen as a source of the postmodern
movement, and has been influential in the field of cultural studies.
 Features of Social Construction
 Relativism vs Realism in knowledge.
 Whether there is one reality or many
 Influence of Post-Structuralism and Post modernism as no grand
theories can be formed.
 No objective reality
 reality is not some objective truth waiting to be uncovered through
positivist scientific inquiry
 Social reality is constructed:
 It involves looking at the ways social phenomena are developed,
institutionalized, known, and made into tradition by humans.
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER

 INTRODUCTION: Society and culture create gender roles and these

roles are prescribed as ideal or appropriate behaviour for a person of that
specific gender.
 Historical development of Social Construction of Gender
 1949: Simon De Beauvoir's 'The Second Sex'
 One is not born but becomes a woman.
 1970: Kate Millet's 'Sexual Politics
 Child's development stage creates gender socialization.
 Family is the important unit of patriarchy through which the gender
roles are taught.
 1970: 'The Dialectic of Sex' by Shulamith firestone
 Dialectic historical development of Gender norms.
1990: Judith Butler's 'Gender Trouble'
 Categories of 'male' and 'female' are also constructed.
 Biological sex differences are also socially constructed.
Gender as Socially constructed
 Sex-Gender Distinction
 The fundamental concept is that sex s biological and gender is
cultural.
 Gender Socialization and Gender Roles
 Gender socialization is the process by which we learn our culture's
gender-related rules, norms, and expectations.
 Construction of Masculinity and femininity
 Masculinity and femininity are thought to be products of nurture
or how individuals are brought up.
 Gender as a process of Stratification and Social structure
 As a social institution, gender is a process of creating
distinguishable social statuses for the assignment of rights and
responsibilities. As part of a stratification system that ranks these
statuses unequally, gender is a major building block in the social
structures built on these unequal statuses

MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY

 MASCULINITY
 Introduction
 Masculinity (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of
attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with boys and
men. Although masculinity is socially constructed, most
sociologists believe that biology plays some role.
 Social Construction of Masculinity
 Many aspects of masculinity assumed to be natural are
linguistically and culturally driven.
 Betty Friedan argues in her book that just like the Feminine
Mystique there is a Masculine Mystique as well.
 Masculinity and Gender Socialization
 Gender socialization teaches boys the expectations from them and how to
behave.
 Social Cognitive Theory: Social cognitive theory, used in psychology,
education, and communication, holds that portions of an individual's
knowledge acquisition can be directlv related to observing others within
the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media
influences.
 Masculinity and Appearance: Signifiers of Masculinity
o Physique and Muscular built.
o Body and facial hair.
o Short hair.
 o Car and vehicle.
 Masculinity and Male privilege: Male privilege is a concept within
sociology for examining social, economic, and political advantages or
rights that are available to men solely on the basis of their sex. A man's
access to these benefits may vary depending on how closely they match
their society's ideal masculine norm.
 Range of Masculinities: Masculinities vary by social class as well.
Studies suggest working class constructions of masculinity to be more
normative than are those from middle class men and bovs. As these
contexts and comparisons illustrate, theorists suggest a multiplicity of
masculinities, not simply one single construction of masculinity.
 Machismo: Machismo is the sense of being 'manly' and self-reliant, the
concept associated with "a strong sense of masculine pride: an
exaggerated masculinity." It is associated with "a man's responsibility to
provide for, protect, and defend his family.
 Effeminacy: Effeminacy is the manifestation of traits in a boy or man
that are more often associated with feminine nature, behavior,
mannerism, style, or gender roles rather than with masculine nature,
behavior, mannerisms, style or roles. It is a term frequently applied to
womanly behavior, demeanor, style, clothing and appearance displayed
by a boy or man
 Hegemonic Masculinity:
o Every social system there is a dominant (hegemonic) and idealised
form of masculinity and an apotheosized form of femininity that is
considered as proper for men and women.
o This idealized form of masculinity (hegemonic masculinity)
legitimates and normalises certain performances of men, and
pathologises, marginalises, and subordinates any other expressions
of masculinities or femininities (masculine and feminine subiect
positions).
 Toxic Masculinity
o The concept of toxic masculinity is used in psychology and media
discussions of masculinity to refer to certain cultural norms that are
associated with harm to societv and to men themselves. Traditional
stereotypes of men as socially dominant, along with related traits such as
misogyny and homophobia, can be considered "toxic" due in part to their
promotion of violence, including sexual assault and domestic violence.
o Studies of men in North America and Europe show that men who
consume alcoholic drinks often do so in order to fulfill certain social
expectations of manliness.
o Fast driving
o Alcohol.
 o Strength
o Smoking.
o Firing
o Riding bikes.

 FEMINITY

 Introduction
 Femininity is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles generally associated
with girls and women. Although femininity is socially constructed, most
sociologists believe that biology plays some role.
 Deconstructing Femininity
o Loving,
o Caring
o Nurturing
o Delicate
o Obedient
o Sexually faithful
o Takes care of children and household.
o Gentleness
o Sensitivity
o Beautiful
o Affection.
o Tolerance
 Cult of Domesticity
o Women are Suited for domestic environments.
 Femininity as socially constructed: Feminist Perspectives
o "One is not born a woman, rather becomes one'
i. Analysis in Simon de Beauvoir's 'The Second Sex'
o Simon laid down the Sex/Gender distinction by claiming that
feminine characteristics are taught.
o Second-wave feminists, influenced by de Beauvoir, believed that
although biological differences between females and males were
innate, the concepts of femininity and masculinity had been
culturally constructed, with traits such as passivity and tenderness
assigned to women and aggression and intelligence assigned to
men
ii. Analysis in Bettv Friedan's 'The Feminine Mystique'
o She claims women are expected to follow a 'feminine mystique,
especially as a house wife.
 o ‘In her significant 1963 book The Feminine Mystique, American
feminist Betty Friedan wrote that the key to women's subiugation
lay in the social construction of femininity as childlike, passive and
dependent
iii. Analysis in Kate Millet's 'Sexual Politics'
o Gender roles are created by society to control women.
o "There is no differentiation between the sexes at birth.
Psychosexual personality is therefore postnatal and learned"
iv. Judith Butler's Analysis in 'Gender Trouble'
o Feminist philosophers such as Judith Butler and Simone de
Beauvoir contend that femininity and masculinity are created
through repeated performances of gender; these performances
reproduce and define the traditional categories of sex and/or gender
 Femininity and Gender Socialization
 The Agencies of socialization teach children about roles and expectations
from them.
 Social Cognitive Theory: Social cognitive theory, used in psychology,
education, and communication, holds that portions of an individual's
knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within
the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media
influences.
 Femininity and Nature-Nurture debate
o Scholars have debated the extent to which gender identity and gender-
specific behaviors are due to
socialization versus biological factors.
o Social and biological influences are thought to be mutually interacting
during development.
 Femininity and Appearance: Signifiers of Femininity
o Across cultures clothing and physical appearance differentiates the
feminine gender.
 Signifiers of Femininity
o Long hair.
o Lack of facial and body hair.
o Delicate bodv.
o Bright colors in clothes.
o Narrow waist.
o Clear Skin.
o Cooking
 Muslim Signifiers of Femininity
o Hijab (symbol of modesty)
 Femininity and Deviance
 o Women who fail to adapt to their expected gender roles are
shunned by the society through various means of Social
Control.
o Role congruity theory proposes that a group will be positively
evaluated when its characteristics are recognized as aligning
with that group's typical social roles.
o Prejudice toward female leaders occurs because inconsistencies
exist between the characteristics associated with the female
gender stereotype and those associated with the typical
leadership.
o Social media: ken doll, Nasir khan Jan, Alex Bhatti.
o Smoking for girls, male looking after kids, stay home dad,
Case of Qandeel Baloch:
o Qandeel Baloch was a model and social media celebrity who gained
attention through her provocative videos.
o She seriously challenged the gender norms of the society and was
murdered in response to the deviance from expected feminine role.
o Feminine literature in Pakistan: “Tehmina Durrani “My Feudal Lord”,
Saleema Hashmi daughter of Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Fehmida Riaz, Jalila
Haider, Sajida Vandals “Daachi” initiative.

NATURE VS CULTURE: A DEBATE IN GENDER

DEVELOPMENT (NATURE-NURTURE DEBATE)
 Introduction
 Agender difference is an ongoing debate which contains arguments that
gender differences are caused by different biological or social differences.
 Nature: Role of biology in Gender development

o Evolutionary Psychological Perspective: The differences

between genders and sexuality are a result of evolution and the
different factors in men and women strategies for success in
survival.
o Biological determinism: Biological determinism, also known as
genetic determinism is the belief that human behavior is controlled
by an individual's genes or some component of their physiology,
rather than by social influences.
o Genetic Reductionism: Genetic reductionism is the belief that
understanding genes is sufficient to understand all aspects of
human behavior

 Nurture: Role of Society in Gender development

 Social Cognitive Theory: Social cognitive theory used in psychology,
education, and communication, holds that portions of an individual's
knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within
the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media
influences.
 Gender Socialization and Gender Roles
o Gender socialization is the process by which we learn our culture's
gender-related rules, norms, and expectations
 Analysis in 'The Second Sex' by Simon de Beauvoir
o "One is not born a woman, rather becomes one"
o She ignited this debate of Social construction of gender.
o "So not every female human being is necessarily a woman; she must
take part in this mysterious and endangered reality known as
femininity"
 Analysis in 'Sexual Politics' by Kate Millet
o "Sex is biological, gender psychological and therefore cultural."
 What determines Sexual Orientation? Nature or Nurture
o Sexual orientation is an enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction
(or a combination of these) to persons of the opposite sex or gender, the
same sex or gender, or to both sexes or more than one gender.
o These attractions are generally subsumed under heterosexuality,
homosexuality, and bisexuality, while asexuality (the lack of sexual
attraction to others) is sometimes identified as the fourth category.
 Is Homosexuality Biological or socially learnt? A debate
o Homosexuality and gender play a significant role in the debate between
nature and nurture primarily due to gender being viewed as being nature
or nurture.
o There have been numerous cultural wars not only in the United Stated,
but also worldwide as to the cause of homosexuality.
o Parent's sexual orientation: While some researchers argue that
homosexuality is a learned behavior, there is significant evidence to
support that children raised by homosexuals do not necessarily become
homosexuals.
 Epigenetic Theory: Reconciling Nature and Nurture : Epigenetics in
psychology provides a framework for understanding how the expression
of genes is influenced by experiences and the environment to produce
individual differences in behavior, cognition, personality, and mental
health.
QUEER THEORY: PROBLEMATIZING THE CATEGORY OF
SEX
 INTRODUCTION
 "An approach to literary and cultural study that rejects traditional
categories of gender and sexuality"
 Queer theory holds that individual sexuality is a fluid, fragmented, and
dynamir collectivity of possible sexuality and it may vary at different
points during one's life.
 Queer theory emerged from gay/ lesbian studies, which in turn emerged
from ge ider studies, fthe 19805
 INFLUENCES ON QUEER THEORY
 Michel Foucault
 Sexuality is not an essential human characteristic.
 He refuses that sexuality can be authoritatively defined.
 Sexuality is the result of discursive operations of power.
 Foucault understands sexuality as a historical construct.
 Gayle Rubin
 His essay 'Thinking Sex' is considered a founding text of Queer
Theory.
 He discusses how sexual identities and behaviors are hierarchically
organized through systems of sexual stratification.
 Certain sexual behaviors are encouraged over others.
 Judith Butler's 'Gender Trouble'
 Queer Theory originated in Judith Butler's 1990 book Gender Trouble
and was first described with the term in Case (1971). The immediate
effect of Queer Theory is to destabilize all other notions of gender and
sexuality.
 Influence of Post Modernism & Post Structuralism
 Butler was influenced by Michel Foucault, who argued that
homosexuality was a subject culture, rather than a personality type per se
 Queer theory's attempted debunking of stable (and correlated) sexes,
genders, and sexu out of the specifically lesbian and gay reworking of the
poststructuralist figuring of ident constellation of multiple and unstable
positions
 Features of Queer Theory
 Gender Performativity: A central concept of the theory is that your
gender is constructed through your own repetitive performance of gender.
 Butler's theory does not accept stable and coherent gender identity.
 There is no self preceding or outside a gendered self.
 Performativity of gender is a stylized repetition of acts, an imitation or
miming of the dominant conventions of gender.
 Identities are not fixed
 Queer theory is a set of ideas based around the idea that identities are not
fixed and do not determine who we are
 No essential feature of a Gender category:
 It suggests that it is meaningless to talk in general about 'women' 'man', as
identities consist of so many elements that to assume that people can be
seen collectively on the basis of one shared characteristic is wrong.
 'Biological Sex' also as Socially constructed
 Biological sex is also a social construction.
 In contrast to those who see sexuality as biological and gender as a social
construction, Butler sees sex as no more a natural category than gender.
 'Natural and 'deviant' Sexuality is socially constructed
 She emphasizes that sexuality is a complex arrav of individual
activity and institutional power, of social codes and forces, which
interact to shape the ideas of what is normative and what is deviant
at any particular moment, and which then result in categories as to
"natural," "essential," "biological," or "God-given”.
 There are regimes of sexual normalization and deviance.
 No Unity of 'Biological sex' 'Gender Identification' and
'Heterosexuality
 She shows that the essential unity between biological sex, gender
identification, and heterosexuality is not dictated by nature; indeed, this
unity is an illusion, mediated through cultural systems of meaning that
underlie our understanding of material, anatomical differences
 Challenge to Normative models of sex, gender and sexuality
 These are enforced by society.
 This theory accommodates people who identifv as agender, bigender.
transgender, genderfluid, intersex people, hermaphrodites
 "Gender Roles' enforce Heterosexuality
 " Society seeks Hegemonic Heterosexuality by defining categories of
male and female.
 Specifically, Butler describes a heterosexual matrix in which "proper
men" and "proper women" are identified as heterosexual.
 Marginalization of deviant sexualities

WHAT IS FEMINISM?
 INTRODUCTION
 Feminism is a range of social movements, political movements, and
ideologies that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve the
political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes.
 This includes seeking to establish equal opportunities for women in
education and emplovment. A feminist advocates or supports the rights
and equality of women.
 GOALS OF FEMINISM
 Right to Vote
 Right to property
 Equal wages
  Safe working environment
 Equal rights
 Equal opportunities
 End of Patriarchy
 Challenging gender roles
 Violence against women
 Sexism
 FEMINIST THEORY: Feminist theory, which emerged from feminist
movements, aims to understand the nature of gender inequality by
examining women's social roles and lived experience; it has developed
theories in a variety of disciplines in order to respond to issues
concerning gender
 GOALS OF FEMINIST THEORY
 Understand power differential between men and women. How women's
oppression is evolved and how it changes over time.
How to overcome oppression.
 ANALYZING DIFFERENT STRANDS OF FEMINISM
 MAJOR TYPES
o Liberal Feminism
o Radical feminism
o Socialist feminism
o Psychoanalytical feminism.
 OTHER VARIANTS
o Intersectionality
o Black feminism
o Postcolonial feminism
o Ecofeminism
o Separatists
o Amazon Feminism
 WAVES OF FEMINISM
o First Wave of feminism
o Second Wave of feminism
o Third Wave of feminism

LIBERAL FEMINISM

 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LIBERAL FEMINISM

 MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT 1792
o A Vindication of Rights of Women
o Women should have equal education as men.
o All humans are rational and women are not irrational.
 J.S MILL AND HARRIET TAVLOR
 o Subjection of Women 1869
o Women should have equal political and economic opportunities as
well.
o Equality for all humans.
o Demand for women's suffrage.
 SENECA FALLS CONVENTION 1848
• Declaration of Sentiments and rights
• By Elizabeth Cady Stanton
 WOMEN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT
o Gained momentum in the 19th century.
o 19th Amendment 1920
o Women received the right to vote.
 BETTY FRIEDAN'S 'THE FEMININE MYSTIQUE' 1963
o Focused on white middle class heterosexual women who found
traditional roles of wife and mother unsatisfying. She termed this
'the problem with no name'
 EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT MOVEMENT ERA
o No discrimination on the basis of sex.

 MAJOR IDEAS AND ARGUMENTS

 CENTRAL IDEA OF LIBERAL FEMINISM: There exists gender

inequality which can be ended when women get the same rights as men
through legal, political, educational, and other reforms within the existing
system.
 INDIVIDUALISM: Liberal feminism is an individualistic form of
feminist theory, which focuses on women's ability to maintain their
equality through their own actions and choices.
 WOMEN'S AND MAN'S NATURE IS SAME: Liberal feminists argue
that society holds the false belief that women are, by nature. less
intellectually and phsically capable than men: thus, it tends to
discriminate against women in the academy, the forum, and the
marketplace.
 SEXISM IS THE RESULT OF TRADITIONAL VALUES : Focus on
progress and awareness.
 ACCESS TO PUBLIC SPACE: liberal feminist believe that female
subordination is rooted in a set of customary and legal constraints that
blocks women’s entrance to and success in the so-called public world.
They strive for sexual equality via political and legal reform.
 EQUALITY MEANS S EQUAL OPPORTUNITY:
o Liberal feminism holds that gender equality can be achieved
through providing equal opportunity in all spheres of life.
 o Equal political rights
o Equal economic rights.
 FREEDOM OF CHOICE: liberal feminism argues that every member
of society should be free to choose his profession and other life choices,
be it homosexuality or heterosexuality.
 CONSISTENT WITH AMERICAN DEMOCRACY AND
CAPITALISM:
o Liberal feminism works in the philosophical framework of
American free market economy and liberal democracy where every
individual act as a responsible free moral agent.
o Every person can develop themselves fully according to their own
choice.
o There is focus on individualism, freedom and equality of
opportunity.
 REFORMIST IN NATURE THAN REVOLUTIONARY:
o Instead of focusing on overthrowing the whole system, liberal
feminism seeks legal and political reform.
o Gender equality can be achieved through rational arguments
o Means used are legislation, litigation and democratic means.
 BELIEVE IN AFFIRMATIVE ACTION: they work for active
government role.
 LEGAL RECOGNITION OF RIGHTS : liberals focus on legal
recognition of universal rights.
 Major goals: economic, legal, political equality, affirmative action and
all human are equal recognition.
 CRITICISMS
 Classist and Racist: Demands such as pro-abortion are against the
women of color who had been forced sterilized.
 Heterosexist: Blamed for heterosexist bais b radical and lesbian
feminists.
 Balancing between public and private work
o Many see women as 'Superwoman'
 Ignore Systematic nature of inequality: Focus only on independent
factors of inequality.
 Conservative in nature: Many blames for being conservative
 No Analysis of class and sexuality: Sex/gender divide
 Acceptance of male values as universal values : It is accused of
accepting male values as the desirable values.
 Individualism vs collectivism: Radical feminists argue that liberal focus
on individualism makes collective effort difficult.
 No attention on patriarchal structure: radical feminism another
criticism.
  Major proponents
 J.S Mill,
 Harriet Taylor Mill(enfranchisement of women
1851),
 Mary Wollstonecraft,
 Harriet Martineau,
 Elizbeth Cady Stanton,
 Betty Friedan,
 Gloria Steinem,
 Rebecca Walker,
 Martha C Nussbaum,
 Susan Moller Okin.
 Organizations:
 National Organization for Women(NOW): NOW is the largest liberal
feminist organization in the united states. though their primary focus and
issue is currently is the constitutional equality amendment. They also deal
with reproductive issues and abortion access as well as ending violence
against women, combating racism, economic justice and Lesbian, Gay,
Bisexual, and Transgender rights (LGBT).
 National Women's Political Caucus: The National Women's Political
Caucus (NWPC) was founded in 1971, this organization is the only
national organization dedicated exclusively to increasing women's
participation in all areas of political and public life as elected and
appointed officials, as delegates to national party conventions, as judges
in the state and federal courts, and as lobbyists, voters and campaign
organizers.
****

RADICAL FEMINISM/REVOLUTIONARY FEMINISM

 Introduction
 Radical feminism is a perspective within feminism that calls for a radical
reordering of society in which male supremacy is eliminated in all social
and economic contexts.
 Uptil the 1960s, there was no distinct feminism. Feminists borrowed
either liberalism or socialism.
 Now many rejected these as male oriented philosophies, and it was felt
that a systematic theory was needed to explain the oppression of women.
 Who is a Radical feminist?
 Tong defines a radical feminist as one who "insists) the sex/gender
system is the fundamental cause of women's oppression." Unlike the
liberal feminists who work within the system for change, the radical
feminists want a new system altogether.
 Historical Development:
 Simon De Beauvoir’s “The Second Sex” 1949:
o “Women as the other”
o Opened the debate of sex and power
o She argued that for three reasons women have been treated as secondary:
to fulfill men’s needs, to seek external validation, women historically had
far fewer public rights and hence less influence.
Miss America Protest 1968: New York radical
 Major Ideas and arguments
 Exclusiveness from Liberalism and Socialism : Radical feminism does
not borrow from these two dominant philosophies.
 Men responsible for exploitation of women: The basic argument of
radical feminist s that men are responsible for the exploitation of women.
 System of Patriarchy
o Root cause of women's oppression is Patriarchy.
o Society is dominated by male called the Patriarchy which is
universal phenomenon that has existed tram historically and trans-
culturally.
o The system of patriarchy is maintained through two mechanisms
• By linking sex to gender
• By confining women to Private life.
 Patriarchy links Sex to Gender
o Patriarchy defines gender socially and creates an illusion that the female
sex has those characteristics.
o Sex: Biological identity
o Gender: Social roles and expectation, Social and cultural identity
o Socially defined Genders
o Feminine traits + female (biological) = Woman (Gender)
o Masculine traits + Male (biological) = Man (Gender)
 Challenge to Biological Determinism
o Biological determinism states that biology determines one's traits.
o Radical feminists challenge this view and claim that Gender roles are
artificially constructed through
o Gender Socialization.
o Society converts people into man or women.
 Gender Socialization and Gender Roles : Family transmits gender roles
in children by defining socially accepted roles and expectations.
 Gendered division of labor in Society & Power
o Man is allowed for public sphere: Military, Police, Army: Competitive,
Tough, these positions are paid and also yield power.
o Women are confined to the private sphere: household, rearing children,
taking care of family, caring, loving, these works are paid and have no
power.
 Patriarchy confines women to the Private sphere : This is how women
are kept subordinated.
 Sex and Power: The Personal is Political: Sexuality as a means of
political control by men.
 Women are universally oppressed: Concept of Sisterhood
o Women have the same experience of oppression throughout the world
and throughout history.
o Women form a 'social class' of their own.
 Liberation rather than reform
o Women need to liberate from the patriarchal system.
 Consciousness raising: Consciousness raising (also called awareness
raising) is a form of activism, popularized by United States feminists in
the late 1960s. It often takes the form of a group of people attempting to
focus the attention of a wider group on some cause or condition.
 Anti-Objectification:
o Women are not merely sexual obiects that exist for the pleasure of men.
o Against pornography.
 Anti-Prostitution: Radical feminists argue that most women who
become prostitutes are forced into it by a pimp, human trafficking,
poverty, drug addiction, or trauma such as child sexual abuse.
 Pornography: Radical feminists, notably Catharine MacKinnon, charge
that the production of pornography entails physical, psychological, and/or
economic coercion of the women who perform and model in it.
 HOW TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM BY RADICAL FEMINISM?
 MODERATE APPROACH
o Delink Sex and Gender
o Establish a genderless society
o Destroy all forms of male bias
o Women form a sisterhood and hence they need to work together to bring
change.
 EXTREME APPROACH
o Women are fundamentally different from men.
o Qualities associated with women should become ruling qualities.
 Radical Lesbian feminism: Radical lesbians are distinguished from
other radical feminists through their ideological roots in political
lesbianism. Radical lesbians see lesbianism as an act of resistance against
the political institution of heterosexuality, which they view as violent and
oppressive towards women. Julie Bindel has written that her lesbianism is
"intrinsicallv bound up" with her feminism.
 Views on Transgender topics: Those who exclude transwomen from
womanhood or women's spaces refer to themselves as gender critical.

 CRITICISM
 Ignoring class and ethnicity: Ignores class, race and ethnicity in
explaining women's oppression.
 Does not address structural oppression: Law and rules.
 No intersectionality: Women face persecution based on their class,
race and gender.
 MAJOR PROPONENTS
 Simon De Beauvoir 'The Second Sex'
 Shulamith firestone 'The Dialectic of Sex:" (1970)
 Kate Millet 'Sexual Politics' 1970
 Mary daly 'Gyn Ecology' 1978
 Judith Brown
 Ti-Grace Atkinson
 Catherine MacKinnon
 Groups:
 Redstockings
 New York Radical Women
*****
 Gender Studies Lecture 2

SOCIALIST/ MARXIST FEMINISM

Introduction
o Follows the philosophical framework of socialism. o Socialist feminism rose
in the 1960s and 1970s as an offshoot of the feminist movement and New Left
that focuses upon the interconnectivity of the patriarchy and capitalism
Historical Development
o Friedrich Engels 'The Origin of the family, Private
Property and the Sate' 1884
o Before capitalism, property was transferred along maternal line.
o After capitalism, rights shift from mother to father.
. Work shifts from home to factory.
Major ideas and arguments
Capitalism as the root cause of Women's oppression
This is what leads to women oppression.
• Women maintain and reproduce the workforce in cheap way.
Nexus of Capitalism and Patriarchy
• Socialist feminists do not think that the oppression of women is based solely
on the economic system, and they suggest that patriarchy and capitalism are
combined into one system. They believe that we must understand the continuing
effects that colonization, imperialism, and racism have on the women of the
world.
Productive and Unpaid Reproductive Labor
Productive labor is compensated in the form of paid wage while reproductive
labor is associated with private sphere and is not for the purpose of receiving a
wage. Women are assigned to domestic sphere where the labor is reproductive
and thus uncompensated and un-recognized in capitalist system.
Women as 'Reserve force of labor'
• In World Wars, women were hired in factories.
Women as 'Slave of the slave'
• Women serve the capitalist workforce of men.
Gendered division of labor
Women at home and men at factory
Solutions
o Dissolve family system o Paid Household work.
o Destroy capitalism
Marxist Critique of Liberal feminism
o Calara Zetkin and Alexandera Kollontai are opposed to forms of feminism
that reinforced class status. They believed that liberal feminism would
undermine the efforts of Marxism to improve conditions for working class.
Criticisms
o Mitchell rejected liberal feminists claim that social reforms aimed at giving
women more educational and
occupational opportunities will make men's equal
o Women suffrage co-education studies and affirmative action policies might
change the way femininity is
expressed but these practices could not significantly change the overall status of
women
Major Proponents
o August Babel
• Alexandra Kollantai o Friederich Engels.
o Shulamith Firestone
Important works
o Juliet Mitchell's Womens Estate
o Zillah Eisenstein's Capitalist Patriarch and the Case for Socialist Feminism
o Sandra Bartky's Femininity and Domination
o Iris Young's On Female Body Experience: 'Throwing Like a Girl and Other
Essays o Bell hooks Ain't I a Woman? (hooks later works may depart from this
theory) o Barbara Ehrenreich's Witches, Midwives, and Nurses: A History of
Women Healers and Nickled and Dimed o Sara Evans' 'Personal Politics' o
Angela Davis 'Women, Race, & Class'
Socialist Feminist Groups
• Radical Women
o Chicago Women's Liberation Union.

MEN'S FEMINISM
Introduction
o A growing field of study which applies feminist theories to the study of men
and masculinity.
What is masculinity
o Masculinity is the set of social practices and cultural representations
associated with being a man. o The plural 'masculinities' is also used in
recognition that ways of being a man and cultural
representations of/about men vary, both historically and culturally, between
societies and between different groupings of men within any one society
Maior Ideas
Masculinity is not fixed
• There is a whole range of masculinities.
Hegemonic Masculinity
• In gender studies, hegemonic masculinity is part of R. W. Connell's gender
order theory, which recognizes multiple masculinities that vary across time,
culture and the individual.
• Hegemonic masculinity is defined as a practice that legitimizes men's
dominant position in society and justifies the subordination of the common male
population and women, and other marginalized ways of being a man
Major Proponents
o RW Connell

POST MODERN FEMINISM

Introduction
o Postmodernism is a broad set of ideas and arguments relating to advanced
industrialized societies of the late twentieth century onwards. Post modernism is
primarily a theory of society, culture, and history.
o Postmodern feminism is a mix of post structuralism, postmodernism, and
French feminism. The goal of postmodern feminism is to destabilize the
patriarchal norms entrenched in society that have led to gender inequality.
o For feminists. postmodernism has had much appeal
because of some commonly shared assumptions in both feminist and
postmodernist theory. One of the basic premises of feminist thought is that
gender is socially constructed
Influences
• Jacques Derrida
© Michel Foucault o Helene Cixous
Maior Ideas
Acceptance of diversity and plurality
• Postmodern feminism rejects standardization.
Intersectionality
• Intersection of gender, class, ethnicity
Rejection of essentialism and universal truths
These ideologies are rejected by postmodern feminists because they believe if a
universal truth is applied to all woman of society, it minimizes individual
experience, hence they warn women to be aware of ideas displayed as the norm
in society since it may stem from masculine notions of how women should be
portrayed.
This critical attitude makes postmodernism appealing to feminists because
feminists and postmodernists are fundamentally skeptical about existing
knowledge.
Subjectivity instead of Objectivity
• Postmodern feminists analve these notions and attempt to promote equality of
gender through critiquing logocentrism, supporting multiple discourses,
deconstructing texts, and seeking to promote subjectivity.
No fixed category of 'Man' or 'Woman'
• A contribution of this branch was to argue that there is no universal single
category of
"woman" or "man.
Another basic insight of postmodernist feminism is the idea that there is nothing
essentially male or female-an idea referred to as essentialism. Rather, there are
socially constructed categories that emerge from specific cultural and historical
contexts, not from anything fundamental about male or female biology.
By rendering the identity and the concept of woman problematic, postmodernist
feminists illustrate some of the key theoretical underpinnings of postmodernism.
To wit, postmodernist feminists argue that no universal identity or reality
undergirds "woman."
Sex as a social construction as wel
o In other words, postmodernists take the social construction of gender to
its logical conclusion, arguing that our notion of biological differences
between the sexes is itself a social construction.
o Some feminist postmodernists argue that the distinction other feminists
make between sex and gender (see Chapter 2) is a false one because it
still accepts biological differences as real.
Rejection of Grand narratives-Metanarratives
• The general premise of postmodern social theory is a rejection of the western
ideal of establishing universal grand narratives as a means of understanding and
explaining society.
" Postmodern theory directly challenges claims of a unified subject, which is
then presented as
representing an objective point of view, in essence, a "view from nowhere."

Spectrum of Gender identities

• Post-Structuralism argues that gender identities lie on a spectrum.
Construction of Gender through Language
o Postmodern feminism's major departure from other branches of feminism
is perhaps the argument that sex, or at least gender, is itself constructed
through language, a view notably propounded in Judith Butler's 1990
book, Gender Trouble.
o Mary Joe Frug suggested that one "principle" of postmodernism is that
human experience is located "inescapably within language". Power is
exercised not only through direct coercion, but also through the way in
which language shapes and restricts our reality.
Criticisms
No basis for political action
• Meaghan Morris, who have argued that postmodern feminism runs the risk of
undercutting the basis of a politics of action based upon sender difference,
through its very anti-essentialism
Maior Proponents
o Judith Butler 'Gender trouble' o Mary Joe Frug

PSYCHOANALYTIC FEMINISM
Introduction
o Psychoanalvtic feminism and feminist psychoanalvsis are based on Freud and
his psychoanalytic theories, but they also supply an important critique of it.
What is Pschoanalvtic feminism
o Psycho analytic feminism is a theory of oppression, which asserts that men
have an inherent psychological need to subjugate women. The root of men's
domination and women's subiugation lies deep within the human psvche
Major Ideas and arguments
Micro level and Macro Level Approach
Micro Level
o Childhood learning and formation
o Relationships with parents
o Earl sexuality traits
o It also explores the establishment of masculinity and femininitv.
Macro Level
o Examination of masculinitv and femininit
o Emergence of adult sexuality
o Continual reinforcement of patriarchy
Masculinity and femininity
• Utilizing Freud's object relation theory, Chodrew's examines the relationships
of mothers and their children and concludes that femininity is the strong
representative of the strong tie to the mother, whereas the masculinity manifests
itself as distance from mother and father.
Men's nature to subjugate
• Psycho analytic feminism is a theory of oppression, which asserts that men
have an inherent psychological need to subjugate women. The root of men's
domination and women's subjugation lies deep within the human psyche.
Influence of early childhood development
• Psychoanalytical feminists believe that gender inequality comes from early
childhood experiences, which lead men to believe themselves to be masculine,
and women to believe themselves feminine.
Penis Env and Gender Identity
Penis envy is a stage theorized by Sigmund Freud regarding female
psychosexual development, in which young girls experience anxiety upon
realization that they do not have a penis. Freud considered this realization a
defining moment in a series of transitions toward a mature female sexuality and
gender identity.
Rejection of Freud's Biological Determinism
Unlike Freud's belief that biology determines an individual's future, Alfred
Adler and Karen Horney believed that gender identity, behavior, and sexual
orientation are a result of experiences and not biology.
" Even though these feminist psychologists believed the lack of a penis was
influential on a young woman's life, it was simply because society empowers
men and not because women felt themselves to be defective.
Penis Envy vs Womb Envy
Karen Horney countered Freud's concept of penis envv with what she called
womb envv. or man's envy of woman's ability to bear children. She argued that
men compensate for this inability by striving for achievement and success in
other realms.
• In her mind, women were symbolically castrated by the patriarchal society
because it denied women the power a penis represents
The Phallus and Patriarchy
• The phallus becomes a symbol of patriarchal power rather than a reflection of
how the world should be.
The Unconscious and Gender Identity
• The siting of the unconscious somewhere between language and desire offered
a welcome extra dimension to the feminist study of female subjectivity, where
resistances and conflicts could paint a broader picture of the female self under
patriarchy.
Language and patriarchy
• Kristeva's concept of the 'abject' represents that which is marginalized. in
society in the pre-Oedipal stage, which she calls the 'semiotic. She sees the need
for women to make language their own so that they can communicate feminine
experience, and experiment with new ways of structuring that experience.
Maior Proponents
o Juliet Mitchel 'Psvchoanalvsis and Feminism' o Kate Millet o Nancy
Chodorow o Jessica Beniamin o Jane Flax o Dorothy Dinnerstien
Psvchoanalvtic Feminist Texts
o Judith Butler, "Gender Trouble"
• It explores influence of maternal care on the emerging self, social oppression
of women n the basis of presumed gender differences, oedipal conflict and
heterosexual identification.
o Nancy Chodrow, "The Reproduction of Mothering" o Helene Cixous, "The
Laugh of the Medusa" o Teresa Delauretis, "Alice doesn't and the Practice of
Love" o Dorothy Dinnerstein, "The Mermaid and the Minotaur"
• Elizabeth Grosz, "Volatile Bodies" o Luce Irigaray, "The Sex Which is Not
One" o Julia Kristeva, "Desire in the Language and Tales of Love" o Juliet
Mithcell, "Women's Estate and Psychoanalysis and Feminism" o Jacquline
Rose, "Feminine Sexuality"

FEMINISM IN PAKISTAN
Historical perspective
Independence movement
o Fatima Ali Jinnah (Mother of the Nation)
o Raana Liaquat Ali Khan
After Independence
Role of women in the Refugee Crisis
• Women plaved a significant role.
APWA founded 1949
All Pakistan Women's Association
o Founded by Raana Liaquat Ali Khan
o It was initially founded to handle the refugee crisis in Pakistan.
Avub Era
Muslim Familv Laws Ordinance 1961
Women given Protection.
No second marriage without first wife's consent.
.
Obligation of men to register nikah.
Jinnah Contesting Presidential Election
• She lost the election.
PM ZULFIQAR Ali Rhutto era
Constitution of Pakistan 1973
• Seats for women reserved in Provincial and National assemblies.
Role of Nusrat Bhutto
• In Bhutto"s era his wife Nusrat Buhtto played a important role to highlight
women"s issues and also actively participate in first world women in 1975
conference at Mexico on women empowerment.
President Zia ul Hag Era
Ideology of 'Chadar and Chaar Devari
To confine women.
Hudood Ordinances 1979
Rape victim to provide 4 witnesses to prove rape.
According to Hudood ordinance in case of zina- bil-jabar (rape), victim women
had to proved the offender with four pious Muslim men (never accused for
gunahe-kabera, and obey religious practices) otherwise the victim woman
blamed as zina (adultery), and the punishment of zina offender was hundred
lashes, in such scenario a victim woman of rape was treated as zina offender
and away from her right to justice.
Case of Safia Bibi and Hudood Ordinance 1983
 o 13 vear old Blind Safia bibi of Sahiwal was raped by a landlord son but
unable to prove rape she was punished for public lashing and 3 years
imprisonment fine.
o The verdict was overturned after Asma took on the case.
o Women's Action Forum 1981
o society.
o Qanoon e Shahdat 1984
o • Women's evidence will be taken as half.
o Oisas and Divat Law
o • It was found in reaction to the Hudood Ordinance penal code and to
strengthen women's position in
o Women compensation to be half of men.
o Human Rights Commission of Pakistan 1987
o Co founded by Asma Jahangir.
o • HRCP's goal is to realise the entire body of human rights, as defined in
international instruments, by all citizens of Pakistan as well as all persons
present otherwise in the country.
o Benazir Era
o Ministry of Women Development MWD
o 1989Established by Benazir.
o Women Study centers
o • She developed in universities.
o First Women Bank 1989
o • First women Bank (1989)
o established to provide micro credits for women and to empower them
economically.
Presently women are running 38 branches in the country.
Pakistan ratifies CEDAW 1996
Nawaz Sharif Era
National Plan of Action 1998
• The National Plan of Action (NPA), endorsed by the government in 1998, also
recommends the promotion of the 'inter-disciplinary field of Gender/Women's
Studies in public and private educational/training institutions' and the
strengthening of 'action-based, policy directed research on women's issues'
o
Musharaf Era 1999-2008
National Commission on the Status of Women 2000
• It is an outcome of the national and international commitments of the
Government of Pakistan like Beijing
Declaration and Platform for Action,
1995; and National Plan of Action (NPA) for Women, 1998.
Women Protection Bill 2006
o Diluted the Hudood Ordinance.
 o Removal of whipping and amputation as punishments.
.
Rape to be proved on grounds other than witnesses such as DNA and forensic
evidences.
Quotas for Women
• Musharraf Introduced 33% quota in local government system and 10% in Civil
Services.
PPP 2008-2013
o Adoption of Protection against Harassment of Women at Workplace Act
2010.
o Criminal Law (Amendment) Act.
o Acid Control and Acid Crime Act and Prevention of Anti Women Practices
Act.
o The National Commission for Human Rights Act 2012 has been enacted to
monitor the overall human rights
situation.
o The Women in Distress and Detention Fund Act 2011 has been promulgated
to provide financial and legal
assistance to deserving women
N-League 2013-2018
o Nawaz Sharif has started Prime Minister's Youth Loan to help the youth of
Pakistan build a brighter future for themselves, in which 50 percent of the
scheme has been allocated to women to help encourage women to setup their
own businesses and thus allowing women to have equal rights
Important Organizations in Pakistan
o APWA 1949
o Women Action Forum WAF 1981
o Aurat Foundation 1986
o Human Rights Commission in Pakistan 1987
o National Commission on the Status of Women 2000
Famous Contributors
o Raana Liaquat Ali Khan
APWA (All Pakistan Women Association)
PWNG (Pakistan Women National Guard)
o Jahan Ara Shah Nawaz and Shaista Ikram Ullah
Members of first legislative Assembly of Pakistan
Musim Personal Law 1948
o Muslim family Laws ordinance 1961
Feminist Urdu Literature
Fehmida Riaz
Parveen Shakir
 o Haira Masroor
Ada Jafri
Ishrat Afreen
o Begum Akhtar Riaz Uddin

FIRST WAVE OF FEMINISM (1848-1920)

Woman's Experience throughout history
In Ancient, Medieval or Modern Society
o Subordination
o Discrimination
o Oppression
Age old View
o Women are by nature weak and irrational.
o Women thus are in need of protection and guidance.
o Aristotle said "The relation of male to female is by nature a relation of
superior to inferior and of ruler to ruled"
o Thomas Jefferson said "Woman's position is in the house and not Public
office"

Historical development of feminism: Proto-Feminism in 18th Century

Olympe De Gouges 1791
o 'Declaration of the Rights of Women and of the Female Citizen' was
written on 5 September in 1791 by French activist, feminist, and
playwright Olympe de Gouges in response to the Declaration of the
Rights of Man and of the Citizen'.
o By publishing this document, de Gouges hoped to expose the failures of
the French Revolution in the recognition of sexual equality, but failed to
create any lasting impact on the direction of the Revolution.
o As a result of her writings, de Gouges was accused, tried and convicted of
treason, resulting in her immediate execution.
Mary Wollstonecraft 1792
o 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and
Moral Subjects (1792)', written by the proto-feminist Mary
Wollstonecraft, is one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy.
o In it, Wollstonecraft responds to those educational and political theorists
of the 18th century who did not believe women should receive a rational
education.
She argues that women ought to have an education commensurate with
their position in society, claiming that women are essential to the nation
because they educate its children and because they could be
"companions" to their husbands, rather than mere wives.
 o Instead of viewing women as ornaments to society or
property to be traded in marriage, Wollstonecraft maintains that they are
human beings deserving of the same fundamental rights as men.
o Her later unfinished novel, Maria, or the Wrongs of Woman, earned her
considerable criticism as she discussed women's sexual desires.
Historical Development of First Wave
Feminism
Seneca Falls Convention in New York 1848
This mark the formal beginning of first wave of feminism.
This was the first women rights convention.
• More than 300 men and women assembled for the US first women's rights
convention.
Declaration of Rights and Sentiments
o A document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men-100 out of some
300 attendees at the first women's rights convention to be organized by
women.
o The princinal author of the
o Declaration was Elizabeth
o Cady Stanton, who modeled it upon the United States Declaration of
Independence.
John Stuart Mill 1869
The Subjection of Women 1869
The Subjection of Women is an essay by English philosopher, political
economist and civil servant John Stuart Mill published in 1869,with ideas he
developed jointly with his wife Harriet Taylor Mill.
Mill argued that the inequality of women was a relic from the past, when "might
was right.
• Mill saw that having effectivelv half the human race unable to contribute to
society outside of the home as a hindrance to human development.
Proposal in House of Commons
IS Mill proposed a bill in the House of Commons for giving women right to
vote, which was defeated.
The Women's Suffrage Movement in US
Movement for women's right to vote took hold in US in 1890s.
American Women Suffrage Association AWSA 1869
o The AWSA lobbied state governments to enact laws granting or expanding
women's right to vote in the United States.
• Its most prominent leader, Lucy Stone, began publishing a newspaper in 1870
called the Woman's Journal.
o Designed as the voice of the AWSA, it eventually became a voice of the
women's movement as a whole.
o In 1890. the AWSA merged with a rival
organization, the National Woman Suffrage
VOTES
FOR
WOMEN
Association. The new organization, called the National American Woman
Suffrage Association.
National American Woman Suffrage Association NAWSA 1890
o It played a pivotal role in the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment to the
United States
Constitution, which in 1920 guaranteed women's right to vote.
o Stanton was president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association
from 1890 until
1892.
The 19th Amendment in the US constitution 1920
• This amendment provided women the right to vote in US.
SUNTE
VOTE
SATE
VOTE
TE
VOTE
MATT
VOTE
Influence throughout the world
• Sati banned in India in 1829
Female foot bind banned in China in 1902.
Universities opened for women in Russia in 1905.
.
Universities opened to women in German 1906.
.
Divorce legalized throughout the world.
Factors leading to first wave feminism
Rise against the Cult of Womanhood
• Demanding women's enfranchisement, the abolition of coverture, and access
to employment and education were quite radical demands at the time. These
demands confronted the ideology of the cult of true womanhood, summarized in
four key tenets-piety, purity, submission and domesticity
Proliferation of Liberal philosophy and Enlightenment ideals
The ideas of John Locke, Rousseau and JS Mill focused on equality and rights.
• Equality, Freedom and dignity
Industrialization & Modernization
Massive changes in society.
o Women came out of the homes and went to factories to work.
o New norms and values were emerging.
 o Traditional social structures were breaking down.
-
Rise of Democracy and Individual's Representation
. Individuals status changed from subjects to citizens.
• Every single citizen became important.
Massive changes in social structures of society in the West
• Modernization brought breakdown of traditional social norms and social
structures
Exclusion of women from new earned political rights
The enlightenment era and the new voter and constitutional rights given to
massive segments of society (male) were not being extended to women.
Influence of 19th Century Abolitionist movement in US
It was supported by abolitionists such as Fredrick Douglass, Maria Stewart and
Sojourner truth.
Influence of the Progressive movement in the US
• The Progressive movement of 1890s with its focus on high moral superiority,
better labor rights and temperance also inspired the first wave.
Exclusion of women from new earned political rights
The enlightenment era and the new voter and constitutional rights given to
massive segments of society (male) were not being extended to women.
Influence of 19th Century Abolitionist movement in US
It was supported by abolitionists such as Fredrick Douglass, Maria Stewart and
Sojourner truth.
Influence of the Progressive movement in the US
• The Progressive movement of 1890s with its focus on high moral superiority,
better labor rights and temperance also inspired the first wave.
Right to vote provided to women
New Zealand
United Kingdom
United States
1893
1918
1920 (19th amendment)
Major Proponents
o Elizabeth Cady Stanton
o Virginia Woolf "A Room of One's Own" o Jane Addams o Dorothy day o
Sojourner Truth o Maria Stewart o Elizabeth Balckwell o Lucy Stone o Susan B
Anthony o J.S Mill
• He propo

SECOND WAVE OF FEMINISM

Introduction
o Second wave feminism is a term used to describe a new period of feminism
collective political activism and
militancy which emerged in the 1960s and 19705.
Important Developments in Second Wave of
Feminism
Protest against Miss America 1968
• The Miss America protest was a demonstration held at the
Miss America 1969 contest on September 7, 1968, attended by about 200
feminists and separately, by civil rights advocates.
The feminist protest, organized by New York Radical Women, included tossing
symbolic feminine products, including bras, hairspray, makeup, girdles, corsets,
false eyelashes, mops, and other items into a "Freedom Trash Can" on the
Atlantic Citv boardwalk
manna la
Freedor
Trash
Formation of National Organization for Women NOW 1966
• Founded by Betty Friedan
o The National Organization for Women (NOW) is an American feminist
organization founded in 1966.
o There were many influences contributing to the rise of NOW. Such
influences included the President's Commission on the Status of Women,
Betty Friedan's
Right Act of 1964 (prohibiting sexual discrimination
Movement to Pass 'Equal Right Amendment' ERA to US constitution.
o Discrimination on the basis of sex should become illegal
o The Amendment could not be passed till todav.
Coining of term 'Second Wave' 1968
Martha Lear wrote an article 'The Second feminist Wave
Factors leading to Second wave of
Feminism
Failure of First wave to bring social and economic equality
. The first wave ended on the assumption that 'Right to vote' will bring equality
in all
spheres of life.
Influence of Simone De Beauvoir's 'Second Sex' 1949
o This book laid the foundation of the second wave.
o French writer Simone de Beauvoir had in the 1940s examined the notion
of women beine perceived as "other" in the patriarchal societv.
o She went on to conclude in her 1949 treatise The Second Sex that male-
centered ideology was being accepted as a norm and enforced by the
ongoing development of myths, and that the fact that women are capable
 of getting pregnant, lactating, and menstruating is in no way a valid cause
or explanation to place them as the
"second sex"
Influence of Betty Friedan' The Feminine Mystique' 1963
• The Feminine Mystique is a book written by Bettv Friedan that is widely
credited with sparking the beginning of second-wave feminism in the United
States.
o Main arguments
o Women have no participation in public life.
o Because of the assumption that women enjoy domestic and family life
which is a Myth.
o Women are unhappy, dissatisfied and unfulfilled as a mother and wife.
o They have no independent existence and always identified relatively as a
mother, daughter and wife.
o There is a need to open equal educational and economic opportunities for
women.
Many women connected to the feeling of isolation and dissatisfaction that the
book detailed
Introduction of Birth Control methods
• Food and Drug Administration passed their first Birth control pill in 1960.
Liberal feminists took action in creating panels and workshops with the goal to
promote conscious raising among sexually active women.
The Vietnam war protests
•The 1960s saw a surge of anti-government protests.
The Civil Rights movement
The Black civil rights movement inspired the women to fight for more equalitv.
President Kennedv's Policies
The administration of President Kennedy made women's rights a key issue of
the New Frontier, and named women (such as Esther Peterson) to many high-
ranking posts in his administration.
o Kennedy also established a Presidential Commission on the Status of
Women, chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt and comprising cabinet officials.
The Commission released its report on gender inequality.
o The report along with Friedan's book, spoke to the discontent of many
women (especially housewives) and led to the formation of local, state,
and federal government women's groups along with many independent
feminist organizations.
Influence of Neo-Marxism
Many Neo-Marxists feminists claimed that patriarchy is inherent in a
bourgeoise society and more fundamental than class and race differences.
Approaches of Second Wave Feminism
Liberal Approach
 o Extension of the demands of first wave feminism, expanding from
political equality to economic and social equalitv.
o Betty Friedan's 'Feminine Mystique marks the birth of liberal feminism
second wave in 1963.
o Focus on Discrimination and external restrictions
Radical Approach
• Started in 1968 till 19805.
Protest against Miss America Beauty contest in 1968.
o Focus on oppression and internal restrictions.
o Focus on mindset, attitudes, values and culture of people which keeps
women subjugated
Highly theoretical in nature.
o Dismantling various structures of oppression.
o Start of academic field of feminism
o Simon de Beauvoir 'The Second Sex'
o Kate Millet 'Sexual Politics
o Shulamith Firestone 'The Dialectics of sex'
o Important conceptual tools developed by radical approach
o Patriarchy
o Gender-Sex distinction
o Public-Private divide.
Important features of Second wave feminism
Oppression
• Women all around the world face male dominance.
Sisterhood
• Due to the similar experience of women all around the world of oppression,
women form a 'Social class or
'United group'
Liberation
" Women's oppression will onlv end through 'Liberation'
• No laws, no social reform work can change the patriarchal values and
institutions.
Difference approach
• Women cannot be accommodated in a society based on men's principles.
Important Concepts
o Obiectification o Patriarchy o Sexism
o The Personal is political. o Sisterhood is powerful. o Consciousness raising.
o Gender Conflict o Heterosexism
Uvato of cocond wave feminis
• Anti-Objectification of women o Anti-Sexism in Media o Rape o Pay Equity o
Affirmative action
o Reproductive choice and birth control o Decriminalization of abortion o
Liberation from a patriarchal societv o Fighting domestic violence
Fighting sexual harassment
Influence of Second Wave feminism
o Abortion rights debate
o Emergence of Women Studies as a field. o Rise of Women liberation
movements.
o Formation of Liberal feminism o Birth of Radical feminism
Legal victories
o Women's Educational Equity Act 1974
o Equal Pav Act 1963
o Civil Rights Act 1964
o Equal Credit Opportunitv Act 1974
o Pregnancy Discrimination Act 1978
Criticisms on Second wave feminism
White Middle Class women centric
o Some black women felt alienated by the main planks of the second-wave
feminist mover advocated for women's right to work outside the home
and expansion of reproductive ri
o For example, earning the power to work outside the home was not seen as
an accomplis women since many black women had to work both inside
and outside the home for gent povertv.
Bell Hooks 'Aint I a woman?"
Black Woman and Feminism 1981
Trinh T Minha 'Woman. Native, Other: Writing"
Radical and militant
Too extreme.
o Does the universal category of women represent all women of the world?
Organizations
o National Conference of New Politics NCNP o Chicago Women Liberation
Union
Major Proponents
o Restockings
o New York Radical Women o Betty Friedan
o The Feminine Mystique (1963)
o Shulamith Firestone
'The dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution o Juliet Mitchel
" The Subjection of Women o Kate Millett
_Sexual Politics o Sheila Rowbatham
• Women, Resistance and Revolution( 1972) o Angela Y. Davis
. Women, Race and Class(1981)
~ Zillah Eisenstein
" The Radical Future of Liberal Feminism(1981)
o Gloria Steinem
THIRD WAVE FEMINISM
Introduction
o Third-wave feminism is an iteration of the feminist movement that began in
the early 1990s United States o Third wave feminism has numerous definitions,
but perhaps is best described in the most general terms as the feminism of a
younger generation of women who acknowledge the legacy of second wave
feminism, but also identify what they see as its limitations.
• Third-wave feminism is tied up with the effects of globalization and the
complex redistribution of power, which challenge feminist theory and politics.
Objectives
• Third-wave feminists are motivated by the need to develop a feminist theory
and politics that honor contradictory experiences and deconstruct categorical
thinking.
o Meanwhile, they propose different politics, one that challenges notions of
universal womanhood and articulates ways in which groups of women confront
complex intersections of gender, sexuality, race, class, and age related concerns.

(Factors infuencing the Third Wave of

Feminism
Anita Hill case:
1091
• Anita Hill became a national figure in 1991 when she accused U.S.
Supreme Court nominee Clarence
Thomas, her supervisor at the United States Department of Education and the
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, of sexual harassment.
Rebecca Walker's 'Becoming the Thirdwave
• The term third wave is credited to Rebecca Walker, who responded to
Thomas's appointment to the Supreme Court with an article in Ms. magazine,
"Becoming the Third Wave"
Second Wave as too White centric
• Many felt that the second wave was too white middle class women centric.
Alienation of ordinary women from Radical feminism
• The militant and extreme features of Second wave feminism alienated
ordinary women who enjoyed individual expressions such as cosmetics and
fashion.
Intersectionality
• Intersectionality, also called intersectional feminism, is a branch of feminism
asserting how all aspects of social and political identities discrimination
overlap. For example, race with gender in the case of a black woman.
Increasing globalization
Third wave has a global perspective as well.

Influence of Post-Structuralism
• Third-wave ideology focused on a more post-structuralist interpretation of
gender and sexuality. Post-structuralist feminists saw binaries such as male-
female as an artificial construct created to maintain the power of the dominant
group.
af and ...~ wave ur leminism concepts
Concepts like gender oppression, sisterhood.
Does the universal category of women represent all women of the world?
One category is undemocratic.
Women also feel discrimination on the basis of race, class and ethnicity as well.
Influence of Post-Modernism
Began with the influence of Postmodernism.
Rejection of modernism.
No single explanation such as 'single woman category'
• Anti-foundational. Accepts diversity no generalization
Post-Colonial feminism
• For example, postcolonial, third-wave feminism is concerned with establishing
a new critical global perspective and creating alliances between Black,
diasporic, and subaltern feminisms.
Claims o Broader inclusion of recognition, spoken of color, sexual diversity,
age (recognition of voung girls and older
women), and men.
o Inclusion becomes more trans global; activist activities become a fight for all
women everywhere, beyond US
borders. Transnational/ global feminism) o Volunteerism is new force activist
activities.
o Consciousness raising groups through new texts: the zone movement gives
way to the use of writing, new
technologies( internet, filmmaking, music)
o Women began stepping into male dominated cultural arenas. o Women health
issues are recognized through activist activities.
o Legal and social recognition of: date rape, sexual identity issues (custody
battles, gender reassignment, marriage
rights), reclamation of language (bitch, slut), objectification (body image is a
major issue).
o Shifting of second wave ideals on proper feminism: marriage, pornography.
o Voter registration among women becomes driving force for many activist
activities.
KEY POOSTSAO TEHIROS WAVE
POSTMODERNISM
Non-Universalist
Rejection of universal category of women.
No generalizations and Binary terms
o Men/ Women
o Sex/Gender
o Masculine/ feminine.
-
Intersectionality
Women's oppression is not just based on 'Gender'
There is an intersection of factors
Gender
Race
Cast
• Ethnicitv
Cultural Relativism
• No judrement can be given about women of other cultures from a 'white
woman's perspective
Plurality and Diversity.
• Acceptance of diversitv.
Queer Theory
• Queer theory and politics create a platform for what has now split into the
lesbian, gay, bi-, and transsexual and transgender movements. Queer and
transgender feminists attack what they see as the crux of the problem:
heteronormativity.
Implications of Third Wave of feminism
Diversification of Feminism
• Many different kinds of feminism grew.
Black feminism
• To work for the rights of black women.
Post-Colonial Feminism
• Colonialism has affected the state of many non white women.
Dalit feminism
• Reaction action feminism of upperclass.
Weakening of feminist politics
Diversification led to weakening.
Major Concepts and Strains in 3rd wave
Feminism
Sexual Harassment
Intersectionalitv
• Intersectionality, also called intersectional feminism, is a branch of feminism
asserting how all aspects of social and political identities discrimination
overlap. For example, race with gender in the case of a black woman.
Sex positivity
• The sex-positive movement is a social and philosophical movement that seeks
to change cultural attitudes and norms around sexuality, promoting the
recognition of sexuality (in the countless forms of expression) as a natural and
healthy part of the human experience and emphasizing the importance of
personal sovereignty, safer sex practices, and consensual sex
Vegetarian ecofeminism
• Vegetarian ecofeminism is an activist and academic movement11 which states
that all tupes of oppression are linked and must be eradicated, with a focus on
including the domination of humans over nonhuman animals
/
Transfeminism
• a movement by and for trans women who view their liberation to be
intrinsically linked to the liberation of all women. A trans woman (sometimes
trans-woman or transwoman) is a woman who was assigned male at birth.
Postmodern feminism
• Postmodern feminism is a mix of post structuralism, postmodernism, and
French feminism. The goal of postmodern feminism is to destabiize the
patriarchal norms entrenched in society that have led to gender inequality.
Transversal politics
• According to Nira Yuval-Davis, transversal politics offers a way of moving
beyond the game of identity politics that emerged out of so-called second wave
feminism. Transversal politics strengthens feminist solidarity in productive
ways that cross over established borders while, at the same time, resisting the
trump card of "sisterhood "
Goals of Third Wave feminism
• Rejection of Second Wave radicalism o Global perspective.
o Less demonization of men.
o Reproductive Rights o Reclaiming Derogatory words o Sexual Liberation
• Acceptance of diversity and multiplicity
Influence and Impacts of third wave feminism
Criticisms
Lack of cohesion
The first wave fought for and gained the right for women to vote. The second
wave fought for the right for women to have access to an equal opportunity in
the workforce, as well as the end of legal sex discrimination.
• The third wave allegedly lacked a cohesive goal and was often seen as an
extension of the second wave.
Objection to wave construct
• Feminist scholars such as Shira Tarrant objected to the "wave construct"
because it ignored important progress between the periods. Furthermore, if
feminism is a global movement, she argued, the fact that the "first-, second-,
and third waves time periods correspond most closely to American feminist
developments"
'Girl' feminism
• Third-wave feminism was often associated, primarily by its critics, with the
emergence of so-called
"lipstick" or "girly" feminists.
These emereing positions stood in stark contrast with the anti-pornopraphy
strains of feminism prevalent in the 1980s.
Maior Proponents
o Naomi Wolf
Wolf first came to prominence in 1991 as the author of The Beauty Myth. [6)
With the book, she became a leading spokeswoman of what was later described
as the third wave of the feminist movement
o Judith Butler "Gender trouble' o The Bridge called my Back.
o Nira vuval-Davis
. Gender and Nation (1997)
o Eve Ensler "The Vagina Monolorues

UN CONFERENCES ON WOMEN
UN Conferences
Four conferences by UN on women.
Mexico: First world conference (1975)
Copenhagen: Second world conference (1980)
o Nairobi: Third world conference (1985)
o Beijing: Fourth world conference (1995)
The follow up conferences are.
Beijing review conference +5
o Beiling review conference +10
o Beiling review conference +15
o Beiling review conference +20
Commission on the Status of Women SW 1946
o In June 1946. the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOCI
established the Commission on the
Status of Women (CSW) to ensure the empowerment of women and gender
equality.
The Commission on the Status of Women has been responsible for organizing
and following up the world conferences on women in Mexico (1975),
Copenhagen (1980), Nairobi (1985) and Beijing (1995).
Mexico City 1975: A global dialogue is opened: First UN Conference
o First women conference.
Goals
o Full gender equality and Elimination of gender discrimination
Full participation of women in development.
o Contribution of women in world peace
Major Concerns
Discrimination against women
Ensuring full gender equality
o Participation of women in development
o Social and economic integration for women
Increased contribution of women in global peace
World Plan of Action
Guidelines for governments to follow for next 10 years.
Establishment of two UN Divisions
o UN established two divisions:
o INSTRAW (International Research And Training Institute for The
Advancement of Women)
o UNIFEM (United Nation Development Fund for Women)
UN Women Decade 1975-1985
o The time span of „1975-1985" was declared by United Nations as the "Decade
of Women" because of the wide
spread of movements of women in the world
Copenhagen 1980: Second UN Conference
o Representatives of 145 countries met to review the 1975 World Plan of
Action.
Major Concerns
Involvement of men in improving women's role in society
o Political participation and rights for women
o Addressing women's need in planning
o Women in decision making
o Extending the facility and services related to women at national level
CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All forms of
Discrimination against Women. 1979
o Adopted by UN General Assemblv.
o A powerful instrument for women's equality.
o It has been termed as the bill of rights for women.
o Obligates the ratification parties to report every 4 vears the steps they
have taken to remove the obstacles they face in implementing the
convention.
o Nairobi 1985: The Birth of Global feminism:
o Third UN Conference
o o 15000 representatives of non-governmental organizations.
o o It recognized that all issues were women issues.
o Idea of 'Women Empowerment'
o This idea was introduced by women from the global south.
o It calls for redistribution of social power and control of resources in favor
of women in the development planning and action.
o Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies
 o The Nairobi Forward-looking Strat
o conference, provides a brueprint for action until
o 2090 that link the promotion and maintenance of peace to the eradication
of violence against women throughout the broad spectrum of society.
o Beijing 1995: Legacy of Success: 4th UN
o Conference
o Recognition of the need to shift from woman to gender. o Sparked a new
global commitment to gender equalitv.
Beijing Declaration and Platfo Originar ion BPFA
189 countries signature on adoption which is known as "BPFA" stand for
Beijing
Platform for Action.
The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action were adopted by consensus on
15 September 1995
o The Declaration embodies the commitment of the international
community to the advancement of women and to the implementation of
the Platform for Action,
o An agenda for women's empowerment.
12 Areas for Platform for Action
Women And Poverty
Education And Training Of Women
Women And Health
o Violence Against Women
Women And Arm Conflict
Women And The Economy
o Women And The Power And Decision Making
o Women And The Mechanism For Advancement
Women And The Rights For Human
Women And The Media
Women And The Environment
o Women And The Girl Child
o Idea of Gender mainstreaming was introduced.
Follow up conferences
o Belling +5
o Beiling +10
Gender studies Lecture 3

STATUS OF WONoriginal IN PAKISTAN

International Treaties ratified by Pakistan

CEDAW
o Convention For The Elimination Of All Forms Of Discrimination Against
Women.
o Pakistan ratified it in 1996

UNCRC
• United Nations Convention on the Rights of Child.

Pakistan was ratified it in 1990

Organizations Working for Women Rights in Pakistan

GOVERNMENT BODIES

NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THE STATUS OF WOMEN 2000

Status of Women's Legal rights in Pakistan

LEGISLATION ALREADY IN PLACE

CHILD MARRIAGE RESTRAINT ACT 1929

• Currently, under the Act, the minimum age for marriage is 18 years for a male
and 16 vears for a

female.
• Senator Sherry rehman introduced a bill in which passed in 2019 in Senate to
increase the female age to 18 as well. This is yet to be passed in the National
Assembly.

MUSLIM FAMILY LAWS ORDINANCE 1961

o Passed during Ayub Khan's Era.
Features
o No second marriage without first wife's consent.
o Obligation of men to register nikah.
o Standard Nikah form.
o Procedure for divorce.
Resistance by religious orthodox.

CONSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN 1973

Women seats in national and provincial assemblv.

Article 25: No discrimination of the basis of sex

Article 25-A: compulsory education for bovs and girls till 16.
• Article 35: The State shall protect the marriage, the family, the mother and the
child.
Article 37: Promotion of social justice and eradication of social evils.
DOWRY AND BRIDAL GIFTS RESTRAINT ACT 1976
To restrict dowry
Legal experts believe that one of the major reasons for non-implementation of
the law was the unrealistic ceilings on different expenditures.
Onlv 2500 rupees total marriage expenses.
HUDOOD ORDINANCES 1979
Rape victim to submit 4 witnesses.
QANOON E SHAHDAT 1984
• Women's evidence will be taken as half.

WOMEN PROTECTION BILL 2006

. Abduction for sex
• Death or twenty five years imprisonment.
Buying or Selling persons for prostitution
o Twentv five vears imprisonment.
o Rape
o Death or twenty five vears of imprisonment
o Gang rape
o Death or life imprisonment.
Fornication
o Committed by those who are not married.
o Max 5 years
"Punishment for false accusation of fornication
o Max 5 vears imprisonment.
o No case of rape to be converted into a case of adultery.
PROTECTION AGAINST HARASSMENT AT WORKPLACE ACT 2010
o Tunes of harassment
o Abuse of authority.
o Creation of hostile environment.
• Retaliation
ACID CRIMES PREVENTION ACT 2010
 o It made amendments in Pakistan Penal Code and Criminal Procedure
Code to punish perpetrators of acid crimes by clearly including acid
crimes in the definition of hurt.
o Max Life Imprisonment
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: PREVENTION AND PROTECTION ACT 2012
o For committing a breach of protection order, the respondent can face six
months imprisonment with a fine of
o R$100,000 or more.
o In case of second violation, the imprisonment will be enhanced up to two
vears with a fine of Rs200,000.
PREVENTION OF ELECTRONIC CRIMES ACT 2016
o Sexually explicit imagery photo shopping.
o Online sexual coercion or blackmail.
Crime of Child pornography.
. Crber Stalking.
LEGISLATION NEEDED IN THE FUTURE
CHILD MARRIAGE RESTRAINT ACT 1929
• Need to pass the bill in the National Assemblv alread approved in the Senate.

FORCED MARRIAGE & CONVERSION BILL

o Many underage Hindu women are forced into marriages by Muslims.
o Dr Ramesh Vankwani a parliamentarian has presented a bill in the
assemblv.

REVISED DOWRY AND BRIDAL RESTRAINT ACT

STATUS OF WOMEN EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN

Gender Analysis of Education in pakistar

GENDER STRATIFICATION: PUBLIC PRIVATE DIVIDE IN PAKISTAN

• Girls are stratified to homes.

GENDERED EDUCATION AND DIVISION OF LABOR IN PAKISTAN

o Boys are sent for education while women are expected to learn things to
fulfill their reproductive roles such as cooking and child rearing.
o Education for Reproductive roles instead of Productive roles in Pakistan.
o The primary social role of women is as a mother and a wife and Pakistan.

PATRIARCHY AND EDUCATION

o Women learning is perceived as going against the values of the culture.
o Nexus of Patriarchy and Religiosity in Pakistan both contribute to dismal
state of women's education.
 o Tribal Culture.

CHILD MARRIAGES AND WOMEN'S EDUCATION

o 21% girls are married before the age of 18.

INTERSECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON WOMEN'S EDUCATION

• The status of women education is not homogenous. Punjab records 54% of
women's literacy rate while

Balochistan has the lowest of around 24%.

o Women in tribal areas of Pakistan and who belong to certain ethnic groups are
more likely to receive less education.

Original

STRUCTURAL ISSUES IN EDUCATION

o Only 2% of budget is spend on education.

Current Literacy rates

o Lack of access to education
o Lack of separate facilities and infrastructure for girls.

Solutions

GENDER MAINSTREAMING
o Gender Analvsis of educational policies.
o Gender Mainstreaming cycle.
• Gender-disaggregated data on education

WID DEVELOPMENT APPROACH.

o Based on the Equity Princinle
• Ensuring separate allocation of resources for women and men in budget. o
Integrating women in development policies.

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CHANGE

STATUS OF WOMEN'S HEALTH IN PAKISTAN

WOMEN'S REPRODUCTIVE ROLES IN PAKISTAN

o Women primarily play their reproductive roles in Pakistan.
PATRIARCHY AND WOMEN'S HEALTH IN PAKISTAN
o Women's health are not considered important.
o Illegal abortions cause thousands of deaths in Pakistan due to stigma.
CHILD MARRIAGES AND WOMEN'S HEALTH
o 21% girls are married before the age of 18.
o Many die due to early pregnancies.

INTERSECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON WOMEN'S HEALTH

o The status of women health is not homogenous.
o Baluchistan has the lowest standards of women's health facilities along with
FATA.
o Women in tribal areas of Pakistan and who belong to certain ethnic groups are
more likely to receive less health
facilities along with less educational and economic opportunities.

STRUCTURAL ISSUES IN WOMEN'S HEALTH

o Onlv 2% of budget is spend on health.
o Lack of infrastructure. o Lack of medical staff.
o Lack of health facilities in rural areas.
o No access to health facilities.
o High mortality rate. 44 out of 1000 live births o Breast and Ovarian cancers. o
Anemia in women
o More than 30% women are delivered at home in the presence of unskilled
laborers. (WHO)
o More than 30,000 young women die every year in pregnancy due to poor
health care. o

Every hour 3 women die in Pakistan due to pregnancy related complications.

GENDER BASED VIOLENCE AND WOMEN'S HEALTH

o Acid Victims require facial reconstruction surgeries. o Mental health for
women due to domestic violence.
Solutions

GENDER MAINSTREAMING
• Gender sensitive health policies

WID DEVELOPMENT APPROACH o Principle of equity.

• Ensuring women receive health benefits.

SEX EDUCATION AND FAMILY PLANNING

o No contraceptives and birth control and family plannins.
STATUS OF WOMEN EMPLOYMENT IN PAKISTAN

Gender Analysis of employment in pakistan

GENDER STRATIFICATION: PUBLIC PRIVATE DIVIDE IN PAKISTAN

o Girls are prepared for Reproductive roles rather than Productive roles. o Cult
of Domesticity.

GENDERED DIVISION OF LABOR IN PAKISTAN

o Women as nurses, teachers and education.
o No male dominated jobs.
o Focus on Reproductive roles instead of Productive roles in Pakistan.

PATRIARCHY AND EMPLOYMENT

o Patriarchy suppress all forms of women employment in Pakistan.

WORKPLACE HARASSMENT
o Women face work place harassment.
o Workplace Harassment Act 2010.

ROLE CONGRUITY AND GLASS CEILINGS

o Women are not accepted in leadership roles and glass ceilings exist in almost
all professions.

LACK OF EMPOWERMENT
• No education.
o No role as decision makers.

Recent Developments

AURAT MARCH 2019

o The Aura March was a protest organized in various cities of Pakistan
including Lahore, Hyderabad, Karachi and Islamabad, to observe
International Women's Day on March 8th 2018, and again the following
year.
o It was organised in Lahore and Karachi by a women's collective called
Hum Auratein (We the Women), and in other parts of the country,
including Islamabad, Hyderabad, Quetta, Mardan, and Faislabad, by
Women democratic front (WDF), Women Action Forum (WAF), and
others.
o Famous Activists of Pakistan o Asma Jahangir

GENDER AND GOVERNANCE

Defining governance
 Governance has been defined as the rules of the political system to solve
conflicts between actors and adopt decision (legality). It has also been
used to describe the "proper functioning of institutions and their
acceptance by the public" (legitimacy).

Gender Analysis of Governance

GENDER STRATIFICATION AND PUBLIC PRIVATE DIVIDE

CULT OF DOMESTICITY.

GENDERED DIVISION OF LABOR

o Women's reproductive roles.
Women's lack of participation in governance.
o Governance does not take women's double burden into account.

GENDER BLIND GOVERNANCE

Women are confined to 'soft policy' areas such as health and education.
o Governance institutions also discriminate against LGBT.
o There are far fewer women at local, national and global levels of decision
making in the world.

LACK OF GENDER ANALYSIS IN POLICIES

• Governance institutions and processes are not gender sensitive.

WOMEN AND DEMOCRACY

Not true democracy.

Lack of representation in Political Parties.

ISSUES AS VOTERS
• Not allowed to vote separatelv.

ISSUES AS REPRESENTATIVES
• Not perceived as legitimate

WOMEN IN PARLIAMENTS
22% of world parliaments average in the world.
o Men legislating for women's issues.
 o Women issues are not represented at the highest level or policy making.
o Women related laws are framed by men.

RADICAL FEMINIST ANALYSIS OF GOVERNANCE

Patriarchy.
• Domination of men

ROLE CONGRUITY THEORY

• Women are not perceived as part of governance.
way forward

Gender Mainstreaming

GENDER MAINSTREAMING CYCLE IN POLICY DEVELOPMENT

GENDER ANALYSIS.

ENSURING GENDERED PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY

o Ensure that essential public services like health and education benefit poor
women, men, girls and boys equitably.
o Affirmative action and quota system.

GENDER SENSITIVE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT o Gendering Poverty

reduction o Gender sensitive budgeting.

Implement levels of gendered governance

o Communitv level o District Level o Provincial Level o National Level o
Global level

INTERSECTIONAL APPROACH TO POLICY MAKING

• Taking in account women from all areas and backgrounds.

[WOMEN EMPOWERMENT FRAMEWORK

 Increasing women reserved seats.

GENDERING HUMAN RIGHTS

Right to life, property etc in the context of women.

Promote the ratification, implementation, and reporting on women's
international and regional women's instruments such as the CEDAW WOMEN
PART OF GOVERNANCE/POLITICS IN PAKISTAN
CIVIL SERVANTS
o Shanza faiq

THE SUFFRAGIST MOVEMENT

Seneca Falls Convention in New York 1848 o This mark the formal beginning
of first wave of feminism. o This was the first women rights convention.
o More than 300 men and women assembled for the US first women's rights
convention.

Declaration of Rights and Sentiments

o A document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men- 100 out of some
300 attendees at the first women's rights convention to be organized by
women.
o The principal author of the Declaration was Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who
modeled it upon the United States Declaration of Independence.
o Movement for women's right to vote took hold in US in 1890s.
American Women Suffrage Association AWSA 1869
o The AWSA lobbied state governments to enact laws granting or expanding
women's right to vote in the United States.
• Its most prominent leader. Lucy Stone, beran publishing a newspaper in 1870
called the Woman's Journal. o Desiened as the voice of the AWSA. it eventually
became a voice of the women's movement as a whole. o In 1890, the AWSA
merred with a rival organization, the National Woman Suffrage Association. The
new organization, called the National American Woman Suffrage Association.

National American Woman Suffrage Association NASA 1890

o It played a pivotal role in the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment to the

United States Constitution, which in 1920 guaranteed women's right to vote.
o Stanton was president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association
from 1890 until 1892.

Opposition: Anti Suffragists

o Religion was a factor of opposition in the beginning. Some church people said
the Bible placed women under the power and authority of men

The 19th Amendment in the US constitution 1920

o This amendment provided women the right to vote in US.

Right to vote provided to women

 New Zealand
1893
  United Kingdom
1918
 United States
1920 (19th amendment)

GENDER BASED VIOLENCE

DEFINING GENDER BASED VIOLENCE

o Gender-based violence is physical, sexual or mental harm directed against a

person because
GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE GBV OR VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
VAW?
o Both women and men experience gender-based violence but the majority of
victims are wol
UN ACTIONS AGAINST GENDER BASED VIOLENCE
GENERAL RECOMMENDATION NO 19 (GR 19) 1992
o The original CEDAW did not contain a provision against Violence against
Women.
o CEDAW committee adopted this resolution in 1992 which defines GBV
as "violence th a woman because she is a woman or affects women
disproportionately"

UN DEVAW 1993

UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women adopted by the

Gene defines VAW as
"Any act of gender based violence that results in or likelv to result in physical.
psychol suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary
deprivations I occurring in public or private life"

PERPETrATORS OF GENDER BASED VIOLENCE

NON-PARTNER VIOLENCE
• Strangers, Colleagues, acquaintances
PERSPECTIVES/TYPES OF THEORIES OF FAMILY VIOLENCE
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES: MICRO LEVEL THEORIES
• Biography, Personality, History

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES: MACRO LEVEL THEORIES

o Social Learning Theory
o Situational theories
 o Structural Theories
o Feminist theories
o

THEORIES OF GENDER BASED VIOLENCE

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES: MICRO LEVEL APPROACHES

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY THEORY
1. Men who abuse their wives are mentally ill and hence do violence.

LEARNED BEHAVIOR THEORY

1. Men engage in violence because they had learned violence in their families
as children and women sought out abusive men because they saw their mother
being abused. The behavior is learned
1. Throuch observation
2. Experience and reinforcement
3. In culture
4. In families
5. In communities

LOSS OF CONTROL THEORY

1. When men drink alcohol they lose control' or can lose control due to
extreme frustration and anger. These theorists argue that society doesnot
allow men to vent anger and frustration and this can cause buildup.

ESSNESS THEODY
1. This theory given by Lenore Walker theorized that women stay in
abusive relationships because constant abuse strips them of the will to
leave.

THE CYCLE OF VIOLENCE THEORY

 Men did not express their frustration and anger until he exploded. The
tension was released and the couple enjoyed a 'Honeymoon period' during
which the husband was apologetic and remorseful.

THE POWER AND CONTROL WHEEL THEORY

 Each act of violence is part of the larger pattern of behavior designed to
exert and maintain power and control over the female partner.

TRAUMATIC BONDING THEORY

i. The victim become increasingly dependent on the abuser.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP CONFLICT MODEL
i. Women provoke husbands by 'below the belt arguments and the men
explodes, followed by a
'honeymoon' period.

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES: MACRO LEVEL APPROACHES

FEMINIST AND PATRIARCHAL THEORY

To dominate women through

 Omnipotence
1. Threats of Violence
2. Isolation
3. Emotional abuse
4. Kindness

CULTURE OF VIOLENCE THEORY

Some subcultures develop norms that permits the use of violence.

EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
Societies have become more complex and dependence on violence and
punishment to secure obedience.

ECOLOGICAL THEORY

Violence in family linked in the family to the broader social environment

1. Culture
2. Formal and informal social networks
3. Family history

EXCHANGE THEORY

STRUCTURAL AND DIRECT FORMS OF VIOLENCE:-

DIRECT VIOLENCE
o Use of force like physical force, killing, torture, rape and sexual assault.
Verbal violence as well.

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
o Physical o Emotional o Assault

PHYSICAL VIOLENCE
o Slapping, throwing, punching

SEXUAL VIOLENCE
o Marital rape o Sexual slavery o Sexual harassment o Forced pregnancy o
Forced sterilization o Virginity tests o Female genital mutilation o Trafficking
for sex