C

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SOLAR SYSTEM

R
A
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 C
SS
-
Nearest galaxy: Andromeda Galaxy Universe
I
Study of Universe: Cosmology
R ↓
Milky Way Galaxy
↓
A
Solar System
↓
8 planets
RM

ORIGIN OF UNIVERSE
-

Theories given:
-

BIG BANG THEORY

PA

↑
-

Infinitely hot and dense single

-
point -> Exploded
 George Lemaitre: 1931

↓
-> Increase in distance of celestial bodies
Edwin Hubble

Origin of Big Bang Theory. Also, - Explosion -13.6·

8 billion years ago
known as Big Bang Explosion

C
-> 4.5r8 billion years ago
FORMATION OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
-

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↑ Nebular Theory, 1755: by Immanuel Kant
1796: modified by Laplace
Nebula: A giant cloud of dust and gas

x Cloud
R
Molecular gas
+
Dust
A
RM
PA

·
H + He Nuclear Fusion

=
H+H He = Formation of Sun (mostly made of H2 and He

I70%
(Nuclear Fusion)

Indian Institute of Astrophysics HQ: Bangalore

 CELESTIAL BODIES
-

Two types:
-

~ Luminous: Self-glowing, eg: stars

↑
Non-Luminous: Not self-glowing, but can reflect light from other sources. Eg: Moon , Asteroids,
Meteor, Comets,
1. Asteroids: they are small, rocky objects that orbit the Sun Meteorites
-

2. Meteoroids/Meteors: enters Earth’s atmosphere and burn up in Mesosphere (shooting stars)

C
- >
-

3. Comet: Small icy dirt balls that orbit the Sun, burn upon reaching Sun
-

4. Stars

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* Planetesimal Hypothesis: Theory about
I
Stars: luminous bodies how planets were formed in Solar
System by Thomas C. Chamberlin and
-

1
Colour: Depends on temperature
Forrest R. Moulton in 1905
↑ Group of stars: Constellation
↓
↑

/
Largest: Hydra
-

Urja Major: Sapta Rishi

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A
-

·
Brightest star in Orion Constellation: Rigel
·
Brightest star in night sky (overall): Sirius (Dog Star)
8
-
Closest star to Earth: Sun -> Distance from Earth: 150 million km (1.5 x 10 km)
RM

↓
After Sun, it is Proxima Centuri
·
Light Year/Parsec: celestial distances
12
&
1 LY: 9.46 x 10 km
Sun
↑ 1 Parsec: 3.26 LY -
PA

·
India’s first Solar Mission
-
The only star in our solar system and powerhouse of solar system
Composed of Hydrogen (73%), Helium (25%) and other metals

↓
-

- Carries 99% mass of our solar system

↑ ADITYA L1 mission ISRO, W Approx 109 times of Earth
India
-
Takes 8 minutes 30 seconds for light at speed of 3 lakh km/sec to
reach Earth
Temperature at surface = 5800 K/5600 C
W
Temperature at centre = 15.7 million K
-
Outer layer: CORONA
 Inner zone

L
 L
Asterism pattern formed
 Moon
-

I Earth’s natural satellite ↑

Rotation: object’s spinning motion
-

W
Non-Luminous about its axis
Radii: 1.74 x 10 e
6
I
km
m -
Revolution: object’s orbital motion
- -

- Time of Moon’s light, takes to reach Earth: 1.26 around another object
secs W
All planets rotates from West to East

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- Distance b/w Earth and Moon: 3,84,000 km (anti-clockwise) except Venus and
W
Gravity = Earth’s gravity
- -
Uranus (clockwise)
6

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↑ Rotation = Revolution (same) Chandrayaan 3
-

↓ &
60% of it S
Lander: Vikram
Rover: Pragyaan
27.3 days ->Only one side of the Moon is visible#
(far side)
S

(Near side)
~
Point: Shaktishakti point
L
Rotation = Revolution >
- 27 days

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 **
Kuiper Belt

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Jovian Planets/Exterior
Terrestrial planets/Interior Planets

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planets

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Asteroid Belt: b/w Mars and Jupiter

R
Pandit Jasraj becomes the first Indian musician to have a minor planet
named after him: Panditjasraj (300128) - Derived from his date of
birth, 28 Jan 1930
A
I Characteristics of Terrestrial Planets
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Satellite
PA

- Revolves around
planets
 C
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↓ I
* Halley’s Comet: Appears
-

every 76 years
~
First observed: 1986
v

Next in 2061
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A
Saturn

I
RM

I ↓ ↓
Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

1st Planet: Mercury

PA

-
Closest planet to Sun
Smallest planet in solar system
Diameter: 4900 km
Fastest planet, takes 88 days to complete revolution around Sun
Planet with no satellite
Planet with no water and gases like Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxide
&
Fastest revolution: 88 days
 2nd Planet: Venus

-an Hottest planet in solar system: traps the gas easily, has thick clouds of H SO and COa
Brightest planet in Solar System, also known as “Evening Star” and “Morning Star”
No satellite/Moon Venus is also known as Lucifer
#

-
I
Also known as “Earth’s Twin” due to similar mass and size (light bearer)
-
Rotates clockwise

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I
Slowest rotation: 243 days

3rd Planet: Earth >

- Closest planet to Earth: Venus and Mercury

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the only planet to give support to life
Also known as “Blue Planet”: 70% water
It has one satellite: Moon
- Densest in the entire solar system

4th Planet: Mars

-
R
A
-
Known as “Red Planet”: rich in Iron oxide (red soil)
-
Second smallest planet in solar system
/
Two natural moons: Phobos and Deimos
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Largest Volcano and tallest mountain of Mars: Olympus Mons

-
5th Planet: Jupiter

↑
Largest planet with shortest rotation- 10 hours (9 hrs 56 mins)
PA

-
Atmosphere filled with: Hydrogen, Helium, other gases
·
Third brightest after Moon and Venus
- At present total moons: 95 92 moons
(most no. of satellite)
at present
& Largest satellites: Io, Europa, Ganymede (largest among all), Callisto (all discovered by
Galileo)
Has unclear ring around it
&
It is known as “Winter planet”
 6th Planet: Saturn
-

Second largest planet

- Has bright and concentric rings made of tiny rocks, gas, dust, ice
↑
It is the least dense planet
↑
Has 146
at least 82 at
moons moons
present (the maximum) * Titan and Enceladus (satellites of

C
-
Largest satellite: Titan Saturn) show possibilities of life on
Saturn
↑
1655: Huygenes (discover Saturn’s rings)
↑
1675: Cassini (discovered gap b/w rings)

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↓
Cassini divisions

7th Planet: Uranus

/
-

R
It is greenish in colour: “Green Planet” due to presence of Methane (CH4 )
Discovered by William Herschel in 1781
A
-

-
Known as “Ice Giant”
I
Atmosphere has: Hydrogen, Helium, Water, Ammonia, Methane
Rotates clockwise like Venus
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Coldest planet Due to its tilt

&
-

Its is tilted to 98 at its axis- Rolling/Lopsided Planet

↑
I

8th Planet: Neptune

-
PA

I
Farthest planet Shortest revolution: 165 yrs
-
*Neptune
It is also “Ice Giant”
-

1 day = 16 hrs
I
S

L
Atmosphere composed of: Hydrogen, Helium
/
Bluish in colour due to Methane
↑
Fourth largest planet and third most massive planet
&
Discovered by: Johann Galle and Urbain Le Verrier in 1846 (only planet found by
Mathematical Predictions)
I
Has 14 satellites, famous moon: Triton
~
It is the windiest planet
 Pluto
- -

HQ: Paris, France

·
No more a planet in 2006 by International Astronomical Union (IAU)
: It is known as dwarf planet and is a member of Kuiper Belt
Kuiper Belt is a spherical boundary outside the orbit of Neptune containing a number of
asteroids, rocks and comets

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-
Pluto’s largest satellite: Charon
↑
1 revolution = 248 Earth years

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Increasing to Decreasing Order
7

J S U N E V M M
↓ ↓ + ddt ↓
Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Earth Venus Mars Mercury
R &
A
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* Pluto: Largest and brightest dwarf planet

Three characteristics of dwarf planets are:
A Eris: Second largest dwarf planet
1. To be in orbit around the sun
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* Makemake: Third largest and it orbits in 310 yrs

2. Have a nearly spherical shape
*
Ceres: Dwarf planet present in asteroid belt
not beitsable
3. Should =>
clear pathto clear their orbit of
* Haumea: Fastest rotating in Kuiper belt
debris
Supernova: Explosion of star
Pulsar: A neutron star
Black hole: A place in space with immense gravity
LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE
ROTATION AND REVOLUTION
 Phase 4: Eclipse

Age of Earth
- -

Technique used: Radioactive dating -> invented by Ernst Rutherford (1905)

Types of Dating
-

1. Uranium-lead dating method (oldest rocks)

2. Potassium-argon method
3. Rubidium-strontium method
4. Radiocarbon dating method
5. Chlorine-36 dating method
6. Carbon-dating (C ) (latest rocks)
14
 Shape of Earth
-

B T

A
-

Shape of Earth is Geoid or Oblate Spheroid (a little flat from top and bottom)
-
Reason: more Centrifugal Force at Equator bulges earth at Centre and Gravitation force
at poles pushes surface towards centre due gravitational force towards the centre, it flat in

-
top and bottom
Actual shape

!
When a body revolves, two types of forces is applicable
/
Centripetal Force: towards the axis of rotation or centre of curvature (inside)
/ Centrifugal Force: directed away from the centre of the circle
Radius of Earth

* P

Equatorial Radius: 6378 km

:
Polar Radius: 6357 km
Mean Radius: 6371

Why polar radius Equatorial radius?

Ans: Earth is bulged at the equator and flattened at the poles

Circumference of the Earth

Polar: 40,007 km

i
Equatorial: 40,075 km
Mean: 40,040 km

Why poles circumference Equatorial?

Earth is bulged at equator and flattened at
the poles
 Rotation of Earth

tilted at it’s axis

↓

Rotation: spinning on its own axis

-
One rotation of Earth: 23 hour 56 mins 4 sec
I
Direction: West to East
W Rotational Speed is maximum at Equator and minimum at Poles
↓ 22.5
Fastest rotation speed is of
#=>

- E

Jupiter
-

>

>
66.5
T
-
-

- Orbital plane
-

-
Revolution of Earth
-

-
Revolving around the Sun in Elliptical orbit
W
One revolution: 365 days 6 hours 9 minutes and 9 sec
-

-
Orbital speed: 29.8 km/sec t
·
Max orbital speed: Mercury 6 x 4 = 24 hrs ->Leap year concept (366 days)
-
Min orbital speed: Neptune

Distance from the Sun

-

~
When nearest to Sun: Perihelion (January 3rd - 14,75,00,000 km)
I
When farthest from Sun: Aphelion (July 4 - 15,25,00,000 km)
 Perigee: the point of moon’s orbit when it is closest to Earth
- Apogee: When moon is farthest from Earth

Inclination of the Earth’s axis

-

1 0

I Axial Inclination: Inclination of Earth on its axis = 23 2

-

Orbital Inclination:
- Inclination of Earth on its orbital
1
plane = 66
O

2
Hemisphere
-

Equal division of Earth in two parts

. Equator: divides the globe horizontally into 2 equal parts - Northern and Southern
-

Hemisphere
- Prime Meridian and International Date Line: divides the globe vertically - Eastern and
e

Western Hemisphere

Latitude and Longitude

↓
Imaginary lines

Horizontal lines E IIII Vertical lines

 Latitude
-

-
Imaginary horizontal lines on the globe that run from
East to West
a
-
Angular Distance of a place from the equator
↑
1 degree of latitude = 111 km (approx)
↑Total latitudes: 181
↑
Distance b/w each latitude is same

Important Latitudes:
-

0 : Equator

- ...
231 N: Tropic of Cancer
2
-

66 1 N: Arctic Circle

I
2
231 S: Tropic of Capricorn
· --

2
66 1 S: Antarctic Circle
I
-
--

2
Direct ray of sunlight do not fall ↑ Largest latitude: Equator
Sunlight does not falls beyond
beyond these tropics I
Smallest latitude: Poles (North
these tropics
and South)

Uses
-

1. In Climatology:
I
Temperature zones, wind
-
Responsible for Pressure System
-
Planetary Winds System

2. Location of place
 NH
Longitudes
-

-
- Imaginary vertical lines over the globe that run
North to South
⑪
-
Angular Distance of a plane from Prime Meridian
I
Distance from each longitude varies from poles
towards equator
v
Least distance at poles and maximum distance at
equator: 111.32 km
SH
I
Total longitudes: 360

A
.
↑
All longitudes divide Earth into 2 equal parts
-
All longitudes are Great Circle (circle in case of longitudes)

Important Meridians
-

-
Prime Meridian: 0 degree longitude (passes from
Greenwich, London)
↑
International Date Line: 180 degree Meridian

↓
Zig-Zag lines
International Date Line

I 8

Prime Meridian
-

It passes through Greenwich in London

: Countries: 8
-

UK
France
Spain
Algeria
Mali
Burkina Faso
Togo
Ghana

I
TRICK: BSF GAMe in TOGO Kingdom
 360 = 24 hrs
-

360 = 1 hr
I

24
15 = 1 hr
-

15 = 60 mins
-

1 = 60 = 4 mins
I

15
↑ Prime Meridian will increase the time by 1 hr
Moving East away from prime meridian, will
Moving each 15 towards West of Prime
v

increase the time by an hour for every 15°,

↑ Meridian will ifdecrease
consecutively we move the timefrom
to West by 1the
hr prime
meridian, the time will decrease by an hour

Solstice and Equinox

-

23rd Sep
I

22nd Dec -

Overhead
e 21st June
Rays in
-

Tropic of ↓
I
Overhead Rays fall
Capricorn
·
Longest day and
-
21st March Shortest night

W
Day and Night: due to Rotation
-
Seasons:
-

1. Revolution
2. Tilt
 Solstice

Summer - June 21 Winter - Dec 22

-
-

1. Vertical rays on Tropic of Cancer 1. Vertical rays on Tropic of

2. Northern Hemisphere gets more heat Capricorn
3. Continuous sun rays on North Pole for
6 months, continuous days
4. known as Kark Sankranthi
I 2. Southern Hemisphere gets more
heat
Insolation: incoming solar 3. Continuous Sun rays on South
radiations Pole for 6 months, continuous
daylight
4. known as Makar Sankranthi

Equinox
- -

-
Direct rays of the Sun fall on the Equator
& At this position neither of the poles is titled towards the Sun
-
So, the entire Earth experiences Equal days and nights

Vernal Equinox
- -

I
March 21: It is spring in the NH and
autumn in the SH

Autumnal Equinox
-

- Sep 23: it is autumn in NH and

spring in SH
 -

Sun (at its constant position) is obscured by the moon

t
New Moon
- Amavasya

I
Moon is blocking Sun’s light

Total Solar Eclipse Annular Solar Eclipse Partial Solar Eclipse

 Lunar Eclipse
-

-
Full Moon condition- Purnima
↓
Earth blocks Sun’s light
(light refraction)
-> scatters more
causing blue colour
light to vanish and red - scatters less
light to reach moon

Red Moon Blue moon

↓
2 full moon in a month
~ Lunar Eclipse + Perigee -> Moon appears bigger than its normal size
↓
Super Moon condition

Penumbra
-
-> Umbra

Iight shadow (Penumbra)

of
IIIII- Dark Shadow (Umbra)

⑳@=
-
x
Earth’s Interior
&
Plate Tectonic
 Earth’s Interior

Four method’s to know Earth’s interior:

1. Temperature - indirect source
2. Volcanoes and rock - direct source
3. Meteorites - indirect source
4. Earthquakes - indirect source
 Asthenosphere
-

Crust: made of Silica and Aluminium layer (SiAl)

-

-
Thickness: 5-70 km
Two divisions:
-

1. Continental Crust:
-

W
land part of crust
W 30 km (thick/lighter)
I
made of Granitic rock

2. Oceanic Crust:
-

- water part of crust

~
55 km (thick/denser)
km (thin/denser)
W
made of Basaltic rock

Composition of Earth’s crust:

-

·
O -46.4%
↑
Si - 28%
↑
Al-> 8% (most abundant metal in crust)
-
Fe->5% (2nd most abundant)
 Mantle: made of Silica and Magnesium (SiMa)
-

I Thickness: 2900 km
↓ Top layer: Solid form
Two divisions:
-

1. Upper Mantle
2. Lower Mantle

W Asthenosphere: semi-molten form (plastic form)

Core: made of Nickel and Iron (NiFe)

-

Two divisions:
-

1. Inner Core: Solid form - 2200 km

-

2. Outer Core: liquid form (shows magnetic properties) - 1300 km

-

Crust Mantle Core

-
- - -

By Volume 1% 84% 15%

-

By Mass 1% 68% 31%

- -

I Lithosphere: Crust + Upper solid part of

-

Mantle - thickness: 10-200 km

I Asthenosphere is not part of Lithosphere
 Earth’s Discontinuity
-

dis

Red

Hyd

dat

n
S. No Discontinuity Layers Depth

1. Conrad Outer and Inner Crust 45 km

2. Moho Crust and Mantle 100 km
Inner Crust and Outer Mantle
Inner Crust and Asthenosphere
3. Repiti Outer Mantle and Inner Mantle 700 km
4. Gutenberg- Mantle and Core 2900 km
Weichart Inner Mantle and Outer Core
5. Lehmann Outer Core and Inner Core 5200 km
 Earthquake
-

↑
An Earthquake is intense shaking of Earth’s surface, which causes shifting of
Earth’s plate

Distance nearest to Epicenter

= more destructruction

-
Epicenter

Hypocenter/focus
(Place from Energy released due to movement of
where energy is plates on the form of waves
released first) I
Earthquake/Seismic waves

/
Seismograph: an instrument that
records earthquake waves Waves Rayleigh waves
↓ Rocks ↓
I
First to reach on Body Waves -> Surface Waves/Love waves /L-waves
surface ↓
7-8 km/sec
↓ ↓ 4-6 km/sec
causes more destruction
S waves x
/

P waves
A Travels fastest Transverse
- -

- Longitudinal - Can travel only in Solid medium

Speed ratio:
e

-
Solid > Liquid > Gas (through all mediums)
I
They resemble Sound Waves
 -
S waves P waves
-

↑
creates Compression and Rarefaction

e -
causes stretching and squeezing

-
creates Crest and Trough
 Scales to measure Earthquake
-

Richter Scale

I
Instrument to measure magnitude of
Earthquake
I
Magnitude: 0-10
- It is a limitless scale

Mercalli Scale
e n

·
Instrument to measure intensity of
Earthquake
Magnitude:
: intensity 1-11
1-12

Shadow zone of waves

Liquid outer core

speed slow
->
-
Large shadow zone
40% of Earth’s
surface (not
Liquid medium Liquid medium recorded)
Slow speed Liquid outer core
Tectonic plates

-
Lithosphere makes plates comprising Crust and upper solid part of Mantle
7 Major + few minor plates

·
-
0
00 8

Y
0 oo -

Large boundary: major plate

Minor boundary: minor plate

Major plates marked in red

- Minor plates marked in blue

S
Crust destruction
 Convergent Divergent Conservative

#E
.. ↓
Denser one subducts

Subduction zone created

I distance created, causing lava to
↓
Lateral Sliding
Conservative boundary
explode
Asthenosphere melts
New crust formation -
the crust causing crust
Constructive boundary
destruction

↑
Plate boundary created,
these places are called-
Ring of Fire in Pacific
Ocean

Force behind plate movement:

-

↑
Heat generated
Convection occurswithin
in the the Earth due to Radioactive decay and Residual heat
asthenosphere
The heat from the earth’s interior causes currents of
hot rising magma and cooler sinking magma to flow,
moving the plates of the crust along with them
 C
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WINDS, CLIMATE, OCEAN CURRENTS

R
A
RM
PA
 Pressure difference causes wind because
- Type of winds
Warm air Rises > -> Low pressure
->

Cold air -> Sink -> High pressure Trade winds Local winds

-
Wind: High pressure -> Low pressure

C
SS
High pressure

⑰14
Polar cell Low pressure
LP

cr
Ferrel cell

HP
Warm air rises
are
NP
R
-
Polar Easterlies
A
Cold air sinks down
↓1
↓ ↓ ↓ Forces: Coriolis Force

!
Westerlies

- Tropic of ↓a
x14
Due to rotation
RM

44HP North East

E↓
5
Cancer HP HP
↓ ↓ ->Easterlies

!
LP LP LP NH Right
0 -

↑HP ↑ HP ↑ HP SH Left

I
->
South East
Tropic of
Easterlies
Capricorn
Westerlies
4 Wind name: Due to
PA

* ry4
--
-
↑ direction of origin
Tropical Easterlies SP
Hadley cell Meeting point of these two zones
is known as ITCZ Zone (Inter
(NE + SE)
Doldrum I Tropical Convergence Zone)
Here: v Zone is seen ↓
here Shifts upward to Tropic of Cancer in
- Coriolis force is zero
Winds relatively calm summer and shifts to Tropic of
Capricorn during winter
 =>
Subpolar high
Polar high
Subpolar low
Subtropical high Trade winds: Permanent winds
Equatorial low ↓ ↓
Easterlies Westerlies
(East direction) (West direction)

C
↓ ↓
Tropical Polar

SS
Horse latitude: seen in 30 N/30 S
-
-

when at higher latitude, wind rotates a

Coriolis force -> Max at poles
↓ -> lot and blows parallel to isobar
Zero at equator

Ferrel cell
R Tropopause in Arctic zone

o
A
Tropopause in
temperate zone
RM

Horse latitude
PA
Southern Hemisphere .
7

40 S
·

50 S
·

60 S
·

↑
LOCAL WINDS
Snow eater Warm

/ Cold
-
Warm
Egypt -
Alp -
Blood rain ①

Dr wind ·

Guinea

D
Argentina
 ↑
Geostrophic winds: winds that blow parallel to isobars
-

-
Isobars: line connecting the points having same pressure
- -

Blowing only in local area

-

C
Cold winds Europe winds:

I
1. Bora

-
cold winds

~
2. Mistral

SS
Foehn winds: warm

-
winds
wind
~ Blows in
0-
Alps T

> - In India: Loo

18
-

o
-

↑ -Crosses Mediterranean Sea

North America winds:

I
1. Chinook
R ⑳O ⑫
Warm wind in
Australia

! I
Warm winds
2. Santa ana
A
-

①
RM

Also known as Snow eater

- It is a katabatic wind In Africa all the winds are warm/hot:

I
-

Cold wind that blows in 1. Sirocco: Starts from Sahara

South America Desert, causes blood rain
Snow melts it
-

Local winds 2. Khamsin: it blows in Egypt

3. Harmattan: also known as Doctor

............
I
Warm winds Cold winds wind because of Guinea Coast.
PA

Wind This wind provides health

benefits to local people
Anabatic wind Katabatic wind
 Sea Breeze Wind blows from sea
- to land

C
Or
Land 0
Sea

n
-333)

SS
Low pressure = Heats up slowly

Heats up quickly
- Water ↓
High pressure

R
Land Breeze
A
ble -
-Low pressure
High pressure = -
RM

Land: heats up and cools down quickly

. Water: heats up and cool down slowly
Centre where wind meet is called
Cyclones HP Eye of Cyclone

I
PA

- -

-
In NH, the wind will rotate
↑
At Equator, the Coriolis force anticlockwise
is zero -> No cyclone N

-
=
HP HP
LP

-> no clouds, calm

area, no rainfall

HP
 Conditions favourable:
-

1. Large Sea Surface temperature

2. Coriolis force
3. Small variation in vertical wind speed
4. Pre-existing weak LP area

C
-
During cyclone, Cumulonimbus clouds are formed->Causes heavy rain and
thunderstorms

SS
Cyclone at High Latitudes are caused due to Frontogenesis
↓
Fronts
↓
Two different air masses are
formed/meet
R ↓
Causes Extratropical/Temperate Cyclone
A
/
Difference in Tropical and Temperate cyclone
RM

Tropical
-
Temperate

-
-
Only in Sea In land/sea

&
More destructible -
Less destructible
PA

I Not frequent -
More frequent

/ Flows East to West Flows from West to East

 Anticyclone: forms around high pressure
-

LP

Cyclone Anticlockwise
LP
i HP LP

C
LP
- -

Clockwise direction
NH -> Anticlockwise Clockwise

SS
SH -> Clockwise Anticlockwise

Different names of cyclones:

-

1. Atlantic Ocean: Hurricane

2. Australia: Willy-Willy
3. Western Pacific/South China Sea: Typhoon
R
A
4. Indian Ocean: Cyclone
RM

Koeppen Climatic Classification

S Weather: short term

Mediterranean Sea: Cs
- Climate: long term -> Roughly 30 years data is taken

Koeppen in #
1918
1884 -> Empirical Climatic Classification
PA

↓
-
Used capital and small letters used
/
Climatic groups represented with
different codes On temperature basis

A B C D E H
-
↑I 5 major climatic groups
On precipitation basis
Steppe Koeppen’s Classification
= w: winter
month:dry
-

↑ A: Tropical >
-
Average temperature of coldest 18 C or higher
.

S
I
>
-
=>>
B: Dry Climate Potential evaporation s: summer
exceeds dry
precipitation
↓
W >
-
=> m: monsoon
C: Warm Temperate Average temperature of coldest month of climate years is higher
↓ than -3 C but below 18 C
↑

.
=

C
Desert D: Cold Snow Forest >
- f: fullofbaarish
Average temperature coldest month is -3 C or below

E: Polar type (cold) Average temperature for all months is below 10 C

I
>

SS
Tundra type of climate due to extreme conditions

But
cold polar/tundra
- R cold snow

My
A
forest
RM

⑧ f -
w: winter dry
-
s: summer dry
Y
m: monsoon
-
Tropics /
f: full baarish
K
Monsoon
PA

A
Winter dry
 Ocean Currents
- -

Moves due to:

-

↑
Tides
↑
Waves
-
Tsunami new found land

60

C
⑧

SS
Humboldt =O
current

TRICK
R
A
B P company G O L F W C California
↓ ↓
Benguela
↓

Peru
xd↓↓4 1
RM

Greenland Oyashio Labrador Falkland West Canary California

Australian
a
I Drift ↑
Cold Ocean Current

Reasons of origination: Cold air: water holding capacity less

PA

-
-

1. Heating by Sun -
Warm air: water holding capacity high
2. Wind
3. Density different
4. Coriolis force Types of Ocean Currents

5. Coastline of continents
Surface: 10% Deep Sea: 90%
·
Cold water moves from poles to equator
·

Warm water moves from equator to poles

 Effects:
-

1. Warm ocean current + cold ocean current -> Best fishing zones
↓
Creates foggy conditions: worset for Harbouring
2. Cold ocean current: creates desert
↓

C
Max. desert seen on Western side of the continent

SS
North America

o ⑧

O
R OhNamib o
⑪
Great Australian Desert
A
World’s driest desert Desert Gibson Desert
RM

-
Grasslands: areas where there is not much precipitation (Rainfall)
nor rainfall
PA
 Water vapour: it is a gas, the amount of which decreases with altitude

:
Products of volcanic eruptions:
Pyroclastic debris
·
Ash and dust
Nitrogen compounds
Sulphur compounds

On June 21, every year, Tropic of Cancer and Arctic Circle experiences a sunlight of more than 12 hours

· Coriolis force increases with increase in wind velocity, and it is maximum at poles and is absent at the
equator
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