AT THE END OF THIS COURSE THE STUDENT
WILL BE ABLE TO EXPRESS IN WRITING AND
DEMONSTRATE ON ONE OF HIS COLLEAGUES
THE PROCEDURES OF EVALUATION OF THE
RANGE OF MOTION FOR ANY JOINT IN THE
BODY AND ASSESSING MUSCLES OF
CERVICAL REGION AND UPPER LIMB.
Measurement: is the assignment
of numbers to objects, variables,
or events according to rules.
MEASUREMENT
OF VARIABLES
What is a Measurement
Variable?
THE FOUR SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
1. NOMINAL SCALE
2. ORDINAL SCALE:
3. INTERVAL SCALE:
Subjective versus objective measurement
Subjective measurement is how scientists measure
what people say.
Objective measurement is something that is
measured consistently
The objective measurement should be valid, reliable,
and calibrated.
• WHAT MAKES A GOOD TEST?
• AN EMPLOYMENT TEST IS CONSIDERED "GOOD" IF THE FOLLOWING CAN BE SAID ABOUT IT:
• THE TEST MEASURES WHAT IT CLAIMS TO MEASURE CONSISTENTLY OR RELIABLY. THIS MEANS THAT IF A
PERSON WERE TO TAKE THE TEST AGAIN, THE PERSON WOULD GET A SIMILAR TEST SCORE.
• THE TEST MEASURES WHAT IT CLAIMS TO MEASURE. FOR EXAMPLE, A TEST OF MENTAL ABILITY DOES IN
FACT MEASURE MENTAL ABILITY, AND NOT SOME OTHER CHARACTERISTIC
TEST RELIABILITY
RELIABILITY REFERS TO HOW DEPENDABLY OR CONSISTENTLY A TEST
MEASURES A CHARACTERISTIC.
HOW DO WE ACCOUNT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL WHO DOES NOT GET EXACTLY
THE SAME TEST SCORE EVERY TIME HE OR SHE TAKES THE TEST?
• TEST TAKER'S TEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PHYSICAL STATE
• ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
• TEST FORM
• MULTIPLE RATERS
TYPES OF RELIABILITY ESTIMATES
• TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY
• ALTERNATE OR PARALLEL FORM RELIABILITY
• INTER-RATER RELIABILITY
• INTERNAL CONSISTENCY RELIABILITY
TEST VALIDITY
• VALIDITY ALSO DESCRIBES THE DEGREE TO WHICH YOU CAN MAKE
SPECIFIC CONCLUSIONS OR PREDICTIONS ABOUT PEOPLE BASED ON
THEIR TEST SCORES. IN OTHER WORDS, IT INDICATES THE USEFULNESS
OF THE TEST.
THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF VALIDITY ARE POPULARLY USED
• 1. FACE VALIDITY
• 2. CONTENT VALIDITY:
• 3. PREDICTIVE VALIDITY
• 4. CONCURRENT VALIDITY:
• 5. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY:
