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Report About Starting Methods of Three-phase

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Report About Starting Methods of Three-phase

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ko2512004
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Report About Starting Methods of Three-phase

Induction Motors

Under Supervise ELE311


Dr : Gaber Magdy Name : Ahmed Amar
ID : 221100808
Methods of Three-phase Induction Motors

❑ Outline

• Direct-On-Line (DOL) Starting

• Star-Delta (Y-Δ) Starting

• Autotransformer Starting

• Soft-Start Method

❑ Introduction

Three-phase induction motors are widely used in industrial


applications due to their simplicity, robustness, and
efficiency. However, starting these motors can present
challenges due to the high inrush current, which can lead to
voltage drops in the power supply network and cause
mechanical stress on the motor and associated equipment. To
address this issue, several methods of starting three-phase
induction motors have been developed, each with its
advantages and disadvantages. This report provides an
overview of the common starting methods for three-
phase induction motors, explaining their principles,
advantages, and limitations.

• Direct-On-Line (DOL) Starting


Principle :
In the DOL starting method, the motor is connected directly to
the supply voltage. As the motor is started, it receives the full
line voltage and operates at full speed almost immediately.
This method is simple and requires minimal equipment.
Advantages:

• Simple and inexpensive method.


• No complex control circuitry.
• Quick motor start-up.

Disadvantages:

• High inrush current (up to 6-7 times the rated current).


• Causes significant voltage dips in the electrical network.
• Mechanical stress on the motor and connected load.

Applications:

• Small motors (usually below 5 HP) where the high inrush current does
not cause significant issues.

❑ Star-Delta (Y-Δ) Starting

Principle:

The Star-Delta starting method is a widely used technique that


reduces the starting current. In this method, the motor windings are
initially connected in a star configuration, which reduces the voltage
applied to each phase (by a factor of √3). After the motor reaches a
certain speed (typically 70-80% of full speed), the windings are
switched to the delta configuration, providing the motor with full
voltage for normal operation
❑ Advantages :

❑ Significantly reduces the starting current (approximately 1/3 of


the DOL method).
❑ Lower mechanical stress on the motor during start-up.
❑ Common and effective method for medium-sized motors
(typically between 5 HP and 100 HP).

❑ Disadvantages :

❑ Requires a star-delta switch or contactor.


❑ The motor speed during starting is slower.
❑ Not suitable for motors with high inertia or loads requiring high
torque from the start.
❑ Applications:

❑ Motors with moderate power ratings in applications where high


starting torque is not critical.

❑ Autotransformer Starting

Principle:
The autotransformer starting method uses an autotransformer,
which reduces the voltage applied to the motor during starting.
Typically, the motor is connected to the autotransformer, which
supplies a lower voltage (typically 50-60% of the rated voltage). This
reduces the starting current. After the motor reaches a certain
speed, the motor is switched to full line voltage
❑ Advantages:

1. Reduces starting current significantly (to about 2-3 times the


rated current).
2. Provides better starting torque compared to the star-delta
method.
3. Ideal for motors requiring high starting torque.

❑ Disadvantages:

1. Requires an autotransformer, which adds cost and complexity.


2. Requires switching mechanisms to transition between the
reduced voltage and full voltage.
3. Not suitable for very large motors due to equipment
Costs.
❑ Applications:

• Motors with high torque requirements at startup (e.g.,


crushers, conveyors).

❑ Soft-Start Method

Principle:
The soft-start method uses solid-state devices (such as thyristors or
SCRs) to gradually increase the voltage applied to the motor during
the start-up process. This allows for a controlled ramp-up of the
motor speed, reducing inrush current and mechanical stress. Once
the motor reaches full speed, the soft starter switches to direct line
voltage.
❑ Advantages :

• Smooth voltage ramp-up reduces starting current and


mechanical shock.
• Allows for precise control over the motor acceleration.
• Can be used with any motor size.

❑ Disadvantages :

• Requires soft-start equipment, which adds cost and


complexity.
• Some loss in efficiency due to the use of electronic
components.
• Not as economical for small motors.

❑ Applications :

• Large motors with sensitive loads or in applications where


reduced mechanical stress is crucial.

❑ Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) Starting


Principle:
A variable frequency drive (VFD) controls the frequency and voltage
supplied to the motor. During start-up, the VFD gradually increases
the frequency and voltage to the motor, providing a smooth and
controlled acceleration. This results in reduced starting current and
adjustable motor speed, allowing the motor to accelerate without
generating large inrush currents.

❑ Advantages :

• Smooth and controlled motor start-up with minimal inrush


current.
• Provides the ability to control motor speed for various
applications.
• Extends motor lifespan by reducing mechanical stress.
❑ Disadvantages:

• Expensive and complex compared to other starting methods.


• Requires specific maintenance of VFD components.
• May not be necessary for small motors or simple applications.

❑ Applications:
Motors in applications requiring precise speed control, such as
pumps, fans, and HVAC systems.

❑ References
❑ Hughes, A. (2013). Electrical and Electronic Technology (10th
ed.). Pearson Education.
❑ This book provides detailed explanations of various motor
starting techniques, including DOL, star-delta,
autotransformer, and soft-start methods.
❑ Nagsarkar, T. K., & Kothari, M. S. (2010). Electrical Machines
(4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
❑ This textbook offers in-depth coverage of electrical machines,
including induction motor operation and starting methods.
❑ Bose, B. K. (2002). Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives.
Prentice Hall.
❑ This book discusses advanced motor control methods,
including variable frequency drives (VFDs) and soft-start
techniques.
Thank You

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